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20-849: The Aketajawe-Lolobata National Park is located in the northern part of Halmahera island in North Maluku . It is part of the Wallacea biodiversity hotspot . The vegetation of the national park consists primarily of lowland and montane rainforest . The forest is characterised by a high level of biodiversity, including Agathis species, Calophyllum inophyllum , Octomeles sumatrana , Koordersiodendron pinnatum , Pometia pinnata , Intsia bijuga , Canarium mehenbethene gaerta , and Palaquium obtusifolium . From 51 mammal species found in North Maluku, 28 are found on Halmahera Island, of which seven are endemic to this region, and one,

40-757: A religious nature as it spread through much of the North Moluccas, called the Maluku sectarian conflict . Thousands of people on Halmahera were killed in the fighting between religious militias. In June 2000, about five hundred people were killed when a ferry carrying refugees from the fighting on Halmahera sank off the northeast tip of Sulawesi island. Conspiracy theories about this event abound. A memorial to this tragedy can be found in Duma village in North Halmahera district. Today, much transportation to

60-579: A total area of 167,300 ha, which is formed by the Aketajawe Protected Forest Group (77,100 ha) in the districts of Central Halmahera and Kota Tidore Kepulauan, and Lolobata Forest Group (90,200 ha) in East Halmahera district. Threats to the national park are posed by illegal logging and mining. Between 1990 and 2003 forests declined in North Maluku from 86% to just under 70%, with much of it occurring in

80-491: Is surrounded by flat land, Tobelo has the potential for expansion. Ternate is limited by its size, being a small island which can be driven around in forty-five minutes. Also, in 2010, the provincial government has moved the provincial capital from Ternate City to Sofifi , a small village on the Halmahera coast opposite Tidore island. North Maluku Province consists of eight regencies and two municipalities (cities); five of

100-661: Is the site of several mining projects. PT Weda Bay Nickel operates a nickel and cobalt mining project in North and Central Halmahera Regencies, the Weda Bay Industrial Park . Sofifi Sofifi is a town on the west coast of the Indonesian island of Halmahera , and since 2010 has been the capital of the province of North Maluku . It straddles between the North Oba ( Oba Utara ) District of

120-498: The Pacific Plate . Dukono is an active volcano at the north end of the island. Mount Ibu is an active volcano on the island's northwest coast. The flightless invisible rail is endemic to the island. The recently discovered palm tree Jailoloa halmaherensis is also endemic to Halmahera. The naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace visited Halmahera, as described in his 1869 book The Malay Archipelago . He considered

140-578: The Tobelo people (or the O’Hoberera Manyawa (literally "people that live outside of the forest")), while a small semi-nomadic related population living on the inner parts of Halmahera, the number of Togutil people (or the O'Hongana Manyawa (literally "people that live inside of the forest")) is estimated between 1500 and 3000 people (according to studies of ethnologists since 2001). ' From 300 to 500, (also an estimatation), live in isolation in

160-456: The standardwing bird of paradise , Semioptera wallacii , to be his greatest prize. It was in February 1858, on the island of Ternate (or perhaps while on Halmahera itself), between bouts of fever, that Wallace came to the idea of natural selection via the survival of the fittest. Wallace wrote his ideas during the next couple of days, and sent the historical letter to Darwin . Halmahera

180-636: The city of Tidore Islands as well parts of the South Jailolo ( Jailolo Selatan ) District of the West Halmahera Regency . At the 2020 Census, the town had a population of 2,498, while North Oba District had a population of 19,552. Previously, Ternate had been the province's capital. Tourism-wise, Sofifi is far from being a popular destination. It is a spread-out place connected by wide roads and interspersed with forlorn-looking government buildings, Sofifi serves travellers mainly as

200-560: The coastal village communities of the Tobelo people. Their number is estimated to be around 2,000. From 300 to 500, and this is also an estimate, live in real isolation in the forest where they obtain their means of subsistence. In 1981 the National Conservation Plan proposed the designation of four protected areas: Aketajawe, Lolobata, Saketa and Gunung Gamkonora. The 1993 Indonesian Biodiversity Action Plan recommended

220-466: The designation of an integrated protected area. Survey work by BirdLife in 1994–1996 identified Aketajawe-Lolobata as an Important Bird Area . In 1995 the Aketajawe and Lolobata areas, were proposed as National Park. In 1999 a large forest area of 7,264,707 has been classified as State Forest Area, which included the Aketajawe and Lolobata Forest Groups. In 2004 a National Park has been declared with

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240-498: The entire archipelago. The north of the island is also the base of Loloda Kingdom  [ id ] , one of the earlier 13th century Moluccan kingdom, but not recognized as one of the prominent four. During World War II , Halmahera was the site of a Japanese naval base at Kao Bay. In 1999 and 2000, Halmahera was the site of violence that began as a purely ethnic dispute between residents of (mainly Christian) Kao and (entirely Muslim) Malifut sub-districts and then took on

260-557: The forest in the Aketajawe-Lolobata National Park where they obtain their means of subsistence. Uncontacted members are being threatened by a massive Indonesian mining project to produce nickel for electric car batteries. The volcanic island lies on an island arc that includes the Raja Ampat Islands , all uplifted by the northward migration of the continent of Australia and subduction of

280-426: The island's inhabitants are Muslim and half are Christian . Sparsely-populated Halmahera's fortunes have long been closely tied to those of the smaller islands of Ternate and Tidore , both off its west coast. This island was the site of Sultanate of Jailolo , one of the four kingdoms of Maluku ( Maloko Kië Raha , of Ternate , Tidore , Bacan , and Jailolo) in the era before Dutch East India Company colonized

300-547: The island. Halmahera has a land area of 17,780 km (6,860 sq mi). It is the largest island of Indonesia outside the five main islands. It had a population of 162,728 in 1995; by 2010, it had increased to 449,938 for the island itself (excluding the tip which is considered part of the Joronga Islands, but including Gebe and Ju islands) and 667,161 for the island group (including all of South Halmahera and Tidore , but not Ternate ). Approximately half of

320-462: The lowlands (below 400m). As a result, species with large amounts of their range at low elevations were most strongly affected. Halmahera Halmahera , formerly known as Jilolo , Gilolo , or Jailolo , is the largest island in the Maluku Islands . It is part of the North Maluku province of Indonesia , and Sofifi , the capital of the province, is located on the west coast of

340-511: The ornate cuscus ( Phalanger ornatus ), is endemic to the island. Of the 243 bird species in North Maluku, 211 have been recorded on Halmahera Island of which 24 are endemic, including Wallace's standardwing , Halmahera cuckooshrike , sombre kingfisher , white cockatoo , invisible rail , blue-and-white kingfisher , dusky-brown oriole , Moluccan goshawk , dusky scrubfowl , long-billed crow , grey-headed fruit dove , ivory-breasted pitta , and azure dollarbird . Reptiles and amphibians in

360-512: The park include the Callulops dubia , Caphixalus montanus , and Hydrosaurus werneri . Other endemic animals on Halmahera include two grasshopper species, three dragonfly species, one butterfly species, and twenty land mollusc species. The park is home to a semi-nomadic community of people known as the Togutil people or Tobelo Dalam (Forest Tobelo). They share a common language with

380-508: The regencies and one municipality include a part of Halmahera island. The regencies are North Halmahera , West Halmahera , East Halmahera , Central Halmahera , South Halmahera , Morotai , Sula Islands and Taliabu , while the municipalities are Ternate and Tidore Islands . Only Ternate Municipality, and Morotai, the Sula Islands and Taliabu regencies do not include any part of Halmahera. The coastal area of Halmahera inhabited by

400-423: The rest of Indonesia is through connections on the provincial capital, Ternate island although Tobelo , the largest town on Halmahera, also has direct ferry and cargo sea links to Surabaya and Manado . Particularly, since the inauguration of the first ever directly elected Bupati (Regent or District Head), Tobelo is undergoing rapid development and is aiming at rivaling Ternate's historical dominance. As it

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