The comarques of Catalonia (singular comarca , Eastern Catalan: [kuˈmarkə] , Western Catalan: [koˈmaɾka] ), often referred to in English as counties , are an administrative division of Catalonia . Each comarca comprises a number of municipalities , roughly equivalent to a county in the United States. Currently, Catalonia is divided into 42 comarques and Aran , considered a "unique territorial entity" and not a comarca.
51-559: Alt Urgell ( Catalan pronunciation: [ˈalt uɾˈdʒeʎ] ) is a comarca (county) in the Alt Pirineu region, in Catalonia , Spain . It is part of the historic County of Urgell (ca. 789 - 1413) and the historic region of Urgellet . The capital is La Seu d'Urgell . 42°14′19″N 1°24′22″E / 42.23861°N 1.40611°E / 42.23861; 1.40611 Comarques of Catalonia Each comarca has
102-681: A Casa de la Generalitat in Perpignan , which aims to promote the Catalan culture and facilitate exchanges between each side of the Franco – Spanish border. Under application of article 155 of the Constitution following the constitutional crisis of 2017 Catalonia only retained one delegation abroad, after the rest were closed, this delegation was the one of Brussels , Belgium . The Catalan Government elected after 21 December election began
153-676: A court of cassation . It was presided by Francesc Macià (1931–1933) and Lluís Companys (1933–1940). The governments of Macià and Companys enacted a progressive agenda, despite the internal difficulties, while fought to demand the complete transfer of the powers estipulated in the Statute. After the right wing coalition won the Spanish elections in 1933, the leftist leaders of the Generalitat of Catalonia rebelled in October of 1934 against
204-658: A comarca but a "unique territorial entity" with additional powers. Its current status was formalised in February 2015. Revisions to the comarques took place in 1988 (creation of Pla d'Estany, Pla d'Urgell, and Alta Ribagorça), 1990 (various adjustments), and May 2015 (creation of Moianès). The Catalan government 's "Report on the revision of Catalonia's territorial organisation model" (the Roca Report [ ca ] ), published in 2000, recommends many more changes to comarques, which have not yet been adopted except for
255-486: A greater degree of self-government in recent years, the Catalan Government has established nearly bilateral relationships with foreign bodies. For the most part, these relationships are with the governments of other powerful subnational entities such as Quebec or California . In addition, like most Spanish autonomous communities, Catalonia has permanent delegations before international organizations, such as
306-789: A majority of municipalities of the Lluçanès region of Osona voted to join a proposed new comarca of that name. It was finally added to the list of Comarques on the 3rd of May 2023. There are six comarques which are often referred to as the historical comarques of Catalonia , because their present-day territory was a part of the former Principality of Catalonia , but nowadays they lie in Northern Catalonia , administered by France . Generalitat de Catalunya The Generalitat de Catalunya ( Catalan pronunciation: [ʒənəɾəliˈtad də kətəˈluɲə] ; Spanish : Generalidad de Cataluña ; Occitan : Generalitat de Catalonha ), or
357-574: A minority government dependent on pacts with other parties including the Socialists' Party of Catalonia following the 2010 election and the 2015 election . Former president Artur Mas was charged by the Spanish government for civil disobedience, after he organised and staged a referendum on independence in 2014. In 2016, Carles Puigdemont , member of the Catalan European Democratic Party , successor formation to
408-449: A particular comarca in the same way that people in other parts of the world might identify with a particular region. In some cases, comarques consist of rural areas and many small villages centring on an important town, where the people of the region traditionally go to shop or to sell their goods. This is the case of comarques such as the Pla de l'Estany , centred on the town of Banyoles , or
459-494: A referendum, eliminating or reinterpreting more than 200 articles, due to a signature collection promoted by then the Spanish opposition leader, Mariano Rajoy . This event is considered one of the main reasons for the independence boom that happened from 2010 with 8% support to 2018 with 52.4% of support. Artur Mas held the office of President of the Generalitat from December 2010 until his resignation in January 2016, leading
510-608: A representative county council (Catalan: consell comarcal ), except for Barcelonès , which abolished it in 2019, and Aran, which instead has the Conselh Generau d'Aran . Comarques form the second-level administrative division within Catalonia, being a subdivision of vegueries (or provinces at state level). Although today the comarques are officially defined under a Catalan parliamentary act, for centuries they had existed unofficially, with citizens identifying with
561-492: A result, some revisions to the official division have been made, such as the additions of Moianès and Lluçanès to the map, in 2015 and 2023 respectively. Comarques exist as a local government area, and have a representative county council . They are often known as counties in the English language, but this can be confused with the counties that were ruled by counts . Borders of comarques generally do not cross those of
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#1732773363610612-615: A territorially differentiated community with its own representative and separated institutions, materialized in the institutional systems of the combined Catalan counties (9th–12th centuries), the Principality of Catalonia within the Crown of Aragon (1164–1714) and the Monarchy of Spain (1516–1714/1833), as well the establishment of Catalan self-government from 1931 onwards, can be divided into different stages, separated by ruptures in
663-637: A whole. The region has gradually achieved a greater degree of autonomy since 1979. After Navarre and the Basque Country regions, Catalonia has the greatest level of self-government in Spain. When it is fully instated, the Generalitat holds exclusive and wide jurisdiction in various matters of culture, environment, communications, transportation, commerce, public safety and local governments. In many aspects relating to education, health and justice,
714-600: Is administered by national judicial institutions. The legal system is uniform throughout the Spanish state, with the exception of some parts of civil law – especially family , inheritance , and real estate law – that have traditionally been ruled by so-called foral law . The fields of civil law that are subject to autonomous legislation have been codified in the Civil Code of Catalonia (Codi civil de Catalunya) consisting of six books that have successively entered into force since 2003. Another institution stemming from
765-642: Is currently known in Catalonia as Northern Catalonia , one year after the signature of the Treaty of the Pyrenees in the 17th century, which transferred the territory from Spanish to French sovereignty. Then, by the early 18th century, with the issue of the "Nueva Planta Decrees " after the Catalan defeat in the War of the Spanish Succession , the institution, as well as the other political institutions of
816-537: Is formed by the center-left pro-independence Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) after a political crisis in which the center-right member of the coalition Together for Catalonia (Junts) abandoned in 2022 its ministerial seats. It is made up of 14 ministers, alongside to the President and a secretary of government. As an autonomous community of Spain, Catalonia is not recognized as a sovereign state by any sovereign state. However, as Catalonia has progressively gained
867-651: Is the body responsible of the government of the Generalitat, it holds executive and regulatory power, being accountable to the Catalan Parliament. It comprises the President of the Generalitat, the First Minister ( conseller primer ) or the Vice President , and the ministers ( consellers ) appointed by the president. Its seat is the Palau de la Generalitat , Barcelona. The current government
918-672: The Catalan constitutions . The first constitutions were that of the Courts of 1283. The Medieval precedent of the Generalitat, the Diputació del General de Catalunya ("Deputation of the General of Catalonia") was a permanent council of deputies established by the Courts in order to collect the new "tax of the General" (or tribute for the King) in 1359. The "general" refers to the combination of
969-490: The European Union . More recently, Catalonia has embarked upon an expansion process of its international representation by opening a number of delegations worldwide. As of 2017, these exceeded 40. Most of these offices are located in major world cities like London , New York City , Los Angeles , Paris , Tokyo and others. Each office has specific duties assigned by their ministry or department agency. Generally,
1020-807: The Government of Catalonia , is the institutional system by which Catalonia is self-governed as an autonomous community of Spain . It is made up of the Parliament of Catalonia , the President of the Government of Catalonia , and the Executive Council of Catalonia (or council of ministers, also very often referred to as Govern , "Government"). Its current powers are set out in the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 2006 . The origins of
1071-587: The Kingdom of Aragon , ruled by Count of Barcelona , since the year 1151 AD when Count Ramon Berenguer IV married Princess Petronilla of Aragon ). A commission was then designed as " Diputació del General " (Deputation of the General), as to temporarily collect the "services" or tributes that the "branches" granted the king on his demand. This tax was popularly known as " Drets Generals " (General Rights) or " generalitats " (generalities), finding its counterpart in
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#17327733636101122-531: The Presidents of Catalonia have been Josep Tarradellas (1977–1980, president in exile since 1954), Jordi Pujol (1980–2003), Pasqual Maragall (2003–2006), José Montilla (2006–2010), Artur Mas (2010–2016), Carles Puigdemont (2016–2017) and, after the imposition of direct rule from Madrid, Quim Torra (2018–2020), Pere Aragonès (2020–2024) and Salvador Illa (2024–). The Executive Council (Catalan: Consell Executiu ) or Government ( Govern ),
1173-576: The Ripollès , centred on the town of Ripoll . In other cases, comarques are larger areas with many important population centres that have traditionally been considered part of the same region, as in the case of the Empordà or Vallès . The current official division of Catalonia into comarques originates in an order of the autonomous Catalan government under the Spanish Republic in 1936. It
1224-537: The revolutionary situation created after the coup d'etat, the Generalitat lost most of the effective power over the territory, largely controlled by local committees under the command of the Central Committee of Antifascist Militias of Catalonia . As the weeks passed, the Catalan government progressively recovered somewhat control until May 1937. In 1939, as the Spanish Civil War finished with
1275-484: The 2015 creation of Moianès. The other proposed new comarques are: Vall de Camprodon [ ca ] (capital at Camprodon ), Selva Marítima [ ca ] (capital at Blanes ), Alta Segarra [ ca ] (capital at Calaf ), Segre Mitjà [ ca ] (capital at Ponts ), and Baix Llobregat Nord [ ca ] (capital at Martorell ). In a non-binding referendum in July 2015,
1326-602: The Catalan Republic was renamed Generalitat of Catalonia (Catalan: Generalitat de Catalunya) and given its modern political and representative function as the institution of self-government of Catalonia within the Spanish Republic. The restored Generalitat was ruled by a statute of autonomy approved by the Spanish Cortes in 1932 and included a parliament , a presidency , an executive council and
1377-457: The Catalan autonomy statute, but independent from the Generalitat in its check and balance functions, is the Síndic de Greuges ( ombudsman ) to address problems that may arise between private citizens or organizations and the Generalitat or local governments. The Parliament of Catalonia (Catalan: Parlament de Catalunya ) is the unicameral legislative body of the Generalitat and represents
1428-509: The French "Généralités", which were also founded as taxing districts. The Pau i Treva de Déu (" Peace and Truce of God ") was a social movement born in the eleventh century promoted by the Church, united with the peasantry as the response to the violence perpetrated by feudal nobles. The hometowns, then, delimited a space protected of feudal violence. However, to ensure a coexistence climate, it
1479-507: The Generalitat are in the 13th century when permanent councils of deputies (deputations) were created to rule administration of the Courts of the different realms that formed the Crown of Aragon which gave birth to the Deputation of the General of the Principality of Catalonia (1359), the Deputation of the General of the Kingdom of Aragon (1362) and the Deputation of the General of the Kingdom of Valencia (1412). The modern Generalitat
1530-449: The Generalitat was maintained in exile from 1939 to 1977, when Josep Tarradellas returned to Catalonia and was recognized as the legitimate president by the Spanish government. Tarradellas, when he returned to Catalonia, made his often quoted remark " Ciutadans de Catalunya: ja sóc aquí " ("Citizens of Catalonia: I am back!"), reassuming the autonomous powers of Catalonia, one of the historic nationalities of present-day Spain. After this,
1581-669: The Principality, was abolished. The Generalitat was restored in the Catalonia under Spanish administration in 1931 during the events of the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic when Francesc Macià , leader of the Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), declared the Catalan Republic within an Iberian Federation on 14 April but later reached an agreement with the Spanish ministers, in which
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1632-595: The Republican Left of Catalonia was elected the 132nd president of the Generalitat. Referendums Local The autonomous government consists of the Executive Council, the President and the Parliament. Some people wrongly apply this name only to the executive council (the cabinet of the autonomous government); however, Generalitat de Catalunya is the system of Catalan autonomous government as
1683-656: The Spanish authorities, and it was temporarily suspended from 1934 to 1936. After the victory of the left in the Spanish elections of February 1936 the new Spanish government pardoned the Catalan government and the self-government was fully restored. Throughout the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) the Generalitat remained loyal to the Republic, assuming powers in areas belonging to the State in Catalonia, such as border controls, coinage, justice and defense. However, due to
1734-545: The Spanish government level, enhanced fiscal autonomy and finances, and explicit recognition of Catalonia's national identity; however the details of its final redaction were harshly fought and the subject became a controversial issue in the Catalan politics, with ERC, themselves members of the Tripartite, finally opposing it. In 2010, the Spanish Constitutional Court reduced the Statute voted in
1785-611: The defeat of the Republican side, the Generalitat of Catalonia as an institution was abolished and remained so during the Francoist dictatorship until 1975. The president of the Generalitat at the time, Lluís Companys , was tortured and executed on 15 October 1940 for the crime of 'military rebellion'. Nonetheless, the Generalitat maintained its official existence in exile , led by presidents Josep Irla (1940–1954) and Josep Tarradellas (1954–1980). The succession of presidents of
1836-405: The defunct Convergence and Union alliance. was elected President of the Generalitat of Catalonia . He was suspended from office on 27 October 2017, by the Spanish government. After a number of attempts to invest a new president, Quim Torra became president on 17 May 2018, with Together for Catalonia and Republican Left of Catalonia votes in favor. On 22 May 2021, Pere Aragonès from
1887-466: The ecclesiastical (clergy), the military (nobility) and the popular (villages and towns submitted to direct rule of the king). This union of the tree branches was named "Lo General de Cathalunya", where "General" means the political community of the Catalans as a whole. Is in 1289 when the first step into becoming an institution happens during the Courts celebrated in the castle of Montsó (located in
1938-422: The functions of these are the representation of specific interests of the Government of Catalonia, trade and foreign investment, Catalan culture and language support, tourist promotion, and international cooperation activities. There are no specific Catalan political institutions in Northern Catalonia , other than the French département of Pyrénées-Orientales . However, since 5 September 2003, there has been
1989-776: The legal/public order. The Generalitat of Catalonia can trace its origins in the Catalan Courts , as during the reign of James I the Conqueror (1208–1276) they reunited and were convoked by the king, as representatives of the social statements of the time. Under the reign of Peter the Great (1276–1285), the Catalan Courts gained institutional status, after the king obliged himself to celebrate an annual "General Court". The Catalan Courts exercised as Council and had legislative functions through its three branches ( braços ):
2040-456: The opposition for the first time after 23 years of Jordi Pujol 's government. On 18 June 2006, a reformed version was approved of the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia and went into effect in August. In its inception, the reform was promoted by both the leftist parties in the government and by the main opposition party (CiU), which were united in pushing for increased devolution of powers from
2091-432: The people of Catalonia. Its 135 members ( diputats ) are elected by universal suffrage to serve for a four-year period. According to the Statute of Autonomy, it has powers to legislate over devolved matters such as education, health, culture, internal institutional and territorial organization, nomination of the President of the Generalitat and control the Government, budget and other affairs. The last Catalan election
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2142-607: The powers given to the autonomous Catalan government according to the Spanish Constitution of 1978 were transferred and the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia ( Estatut d'Autonomia ) was passed after being approved both by referendum in Catalonia and by the Spanish parliament . José Montilla , leader of the Catalan Socialist Party, had been the president of the Generalitat until November 2010, he
2193-599: The region shares jurisdiction with the Spanish government. One of the examples of Catalonia's degree of autonomy is its own police force, the Mossos d'Esquadra ("Auxiliary Force"), which has taken over most of the police functions in Catalonia which used to be served by the Civil Guard (Guardia Civil) and the Spanish National Police Corps . With few exceptions, most of the justice system
2244-402: The state-level provinces ( Barcelona , Girona , Lleida , Tarragona ), since the provinces are defined by the Spanish government, while comarques are defined by the Catalan government - notably in the case of Cerdanya which is split into two between the provinces of Lleida and Girona (most other cases involve only one or two municipalities). Aran , which is included here, is officially not
2295-436: The three estates: nobility, church and people. The tax became known was the drets del General or Generalitats . The council gained important political power during the next centuries, assuming tasks including that of prosecutor . In 1931, the name Generalitat was chosen by the legislators of the new self government to help legitimise their function. Catalan institutions which depended on the Generalitat were abolished in what
2346-433: Was backed up by a tripartite coalition of left-wing and Catalan nationalist political parties. His party actually won fewer seats in parliament than the main opposition party, Convergence and Union, in the 2006 election , but as he gathered more support from MPs from other parties in the parliament, he was able to repeat the same coalition government that his predecessor ( Pasqual Maragall ) had formed in order to send CiU to
2397-463: Was established in 1931, as the institution of self-government of Catalonia within the Spanish Republic . After the end of the Civil War in 1940 the President was executed and the Generalitat abolished. Notwithstanding, the presidency went into exile until it was reestablished in 1977. Its headquarters are at the Palau de la Generalitat , in the city of Barcelona . Catalonia's political past as
2448-432: Was held on 12 May 2024 , and its current speaker ( president ) is Josep Rull , incumbent since 11 June 2024. The President of the Generalitat of Catalonia (Catalan: president de la Generalitat de Catalunya ) is the highest representative of Catalonia, and is also responsible of leading the government's action, presiding the Executive Council. Since the restoration of the Generalitat on the return of democracy in Spain,
2499-464: Was necessary to go further, establishing an authority that prohibited the practice of any type of violent act anywhere in the territory. This was the objective of the assemblies of Peace and Truce of God, the first of which, in the Catalan counties, took place in Toluges (Roussillon), in 1027, under the presidency of Abbot Oliba , on behalf of Bishop Berenguer d'Elna , absent from the diocese because he
2550-519: Was on a pilgrimage. The origin of the Catalan Courts can be considered from the Peace of Truce of God. The Generalitat of Catalonia stems from the medieval institution which ruled, in the name of the King as Count of Barcelona, some aspects of the administration of the Principality of Catalonia . The Catalan Courts were the main institution of the Principality during its existence as a polity and approved
2601-424: Was superseded after the 1939 victory of Francisco Franco 's forces in the Spanish Civil War , but restored in 1987 by the re-established Generalitat of Catalonia . Since the definition of comarques is sometimes ambiguous, many new proposals have been made since the comarques were first officially designated as attempts to modify the official distribution with what some regions consider to be a traditional comarca. As
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