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43-569: The Altai Republic is one of Russia's ethnic republics, primarily representing the indigenous Altai people , a Turkic ethnic group that form 37% of the republic's population, while ethnic Russians form a majority at 54%. Other minority populations include Kazakhs , other Central Asian ethnicities, and Germans . The official languages of the Altai Republic are Russian and Altai. Kazakh is official in areas of compact settlement of its speakers. The Xiongnu Empire (209 BC – AD 93) governed

86-691: A competing force in the Russian Civil War, and stayed neutral from 1918 until January 1920, when it was annexed back into Russia. A second Altai Republic was formed in 1921 and lasted until 1922 when they were annexed by the Bolsheviks . On June 1, 1922, the Altaians regained autonomy with the creation of the Oyrot Autonomous Oblast ( Ойро́тская автоно́мная о́бласть ), part of Altai Krai . The original name for this region

129-480: A discipline in 10,404 schools. The Ministers of Council of Europe has noted significant efforts to improve the supply of minority language textbooks and teachers, as well as a greater availability of minority language teaching. However, as Ministers has noted, there remain shortcomings in the access to education of a person(s) belonging to certain minorities. There are more than 2,000 national minorities' public associations and 560 national cultural autonomies, however

172-443: A great amount of fresh water. The general volume of ice for registered Altai glaciers comes to a total of 57 km, 52 km of which is water. The total water stock of the glaciers exceeds the average annual effluence of all Altai rivers, which are equal to 43 km per year. The largest glaciers are Bolshoy Taldurinsky (35 km), Mensu (21 km), Sofiysky (17 km), and Bolshoy Maashey (16 km). Mineral resources in

215-615: A large part of the economy, and a significant number of new hotels and resorts have appeared. The Altai Republic is one of the few Russian political divisions without rail access . The main paved road is the Chuysky Tract, which spans the republic from the capital Gorno-Altaisk in the north to the Mongolian border in the south. The republic's main paved road threads its way through the rugged Altai Mountains . A system of taxis and buses transports people between settlements. Within

258-507: A religious significance for native Altaians, as well as for many Russians who live in the area, as Mount Belukha is known in Altai folklore to be the gateway to the mystical kingdom of Shambhala . The hydrographic network of the Republic also includes approximately 7,000 lakes, adding up to a total area of more than 700 km (270 sq mi). The largest lake is Lake Teletskoye, which

301-456: Is 80 km (50 mi) long and 5 km (3.1 mi) wide, has an area of 230.8 square kilometers (89.1 sq mi), and has a maximum depth of 325 meters (1,066 ft). The mountain lakes of Altai contain enormous freshwater reserves of a very pure quality as a result of their distance from civilization. Lake Teletskoye alone contains more than 40 cubic kilometers (9.6 cu mi) of very clear water. Potential groundwater storage

344-566: Is a semi-autonomous period with the supervision of two Altan Nuur Uriankhai Governor Banners and part of the seven Altai Uriankhai banners. During the Qing administration, the General of Siberia Fedor Ivanovich Soimonov launched a non-military expedition into the Altan Nuur region in 1760 and began fort building. This was subsequently removed by Heseri Jalafungga of the Qing. Since the 1820s,

387-760: Is also home to a particular category of minority peoples, i.e. small indigenous peoples of the North and Far East , who maintain very traditional lifestyles, often in a hazardous climatic environment, while adapting to the modern world. After the fall of the Soviet Union , Russia passed legislation to protect rights of these small northern indigenous peoples. Gil-Robles has noted agreements between indigenous representatives and oil companies, which are to compensate potential damages on peoples habitats due to oil exploration . As Committee of Ministers of Council of Europe noted in 2007, despite some initiatives for development,

430-466: Is considered to be the location of Shambhala both by some Pagans and locals of Altai. One can often find manifestations of shamanistic spirituality in the region; for example, at points along the Katun River, local believers in shamanic religions are known to tie white ribbons to nearby trees and leave offerings of coins or food to the spirits. Although shamanism is much less widely practiced today, it

473-659: Is evaluated at 22 million cubic metres (780 × 10 ^  cu ft) per day, while the present use constitutes about 44,000 m (1,600,000 cu ft) per day. The most striking geographical aspect of the Republic of Altai is its mountainous terrain. The Republic is situated within the Russian part of the Altai Mountains system, which covers a large part of the Republic and continues into neighboring Kazakhstan , Mongolia and China. The region continues to experience periodic notable seismic activity, which

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516-438: Is regaining popularity as a result of new religious freedom following the collapse of the Soviet Union. The indigenous Altai culture holds the lands of Altai to be sacred. The indigenous (Turkic) languages are focused on the stewardship of the lands. The Altai oral history is transmitted by throat-singers. The Altai culture was repressed during Soviet times and has been rebounding since then. The clans of all ten regions gather in

559-648: Is the highest peak of the Altai Mountains in Russia and the highest of the South Siberian Mountains system. It is part of the Golden Mountains of Altai World Heritage Site . Since 2008, one is required to apply for a special border zone permit in order to be allowed into the area (if travelling independently without using an agency). Foreigners should apply for the permit to their regional FSB border guard office two months before

602-626: Is unknown when Buddhism came into Altai but in various periods of history, the territory of the Altai and its population found themselves in full or partial subjection to neighboring states, where Buddhism was the official or one of the official religions: the state of the Khitans (tenth-twelfth centuries), the Mongol Empire (thirteenth-fourteenth centuries), and the Dzhungar Khanate (seventeenth-eighteenth centuries). From 1904 until

645-527: Is visually made apparent through the mountains' characteristically high and rugged mountain ridges, separated by narrow and deep river valleys. The Republic's highest peak, Mount Belukha (4,506 m), is the highest point in Siberia. Various bodies of water are among the most important natural resources of the Republic. Mineral and hot springs are popular destinations for tourists and locals, sought for their therapeutic effects. Additionally, Altai glaciers contain

688-469: The 2021 Census , ethnic Russians make up 53.7% of the republic's population, with the indigenous Altai people making up 37.0%. Other groups include people of Kazakh (6.4%), together with smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population. The head of government in the Altai Republic is the Head of the Republic, popularly elected for a four-year term. As of 2024, the current Head of

731-582: The Ob River , one of the longest rivers in Siberia, which flows northward to the Arctic Ocean. The source of the black Biya River is Lake Teletskoye , the region's largest lake located in an isolated area far south in the mountains. The emerald-colored Katun River has its source at the Gebler glacier, which is situated on the Republic's highest point, Mount Belukha . The Katun River, in particular, holds

774-804: The Russian Federation include: Based on the Last Census, 2021, the total population was 147,182,123, but only 130,045,163 indicated a nationality. It is estimated that the percentage of those who didn't indicate a nationality is very similar to the percentage of those who did. (Russians, Ukrainians, Mordvins, Belarusians, Germans, and others.) (Chechens, Dagestanis, Armenians, Circassians, Ingush, Ossetians, and others. A separate group because they cluster separately from Europeans.) (Tatars, Bashkir, Chuvash, Mari, Udmurt, and others. Predominantly Europeans with more than 10% asiatic admixture.) The ethnic demographic mix of

817-451: The dissolution of the Soviet Union , the Altai Republic's tourism industry has greatly expanded. Although wealthy Russians from neighboring Russian regions are the most common sort of tourist in Altai, foreign interest has also grown in the area, especially due to the area's spiritual significance. Popular tourist destinations tend to be concentrated in the north, where the roads are more accessible. They are also almost entirely located along

860-464: The 1930s, a new religious movement called Burkhanism (or Ak Jang , the "white faith") was popularized among native Altaians. The religion originated in Altai and emphasized the "white" aspect of shamanistic practice. Burkhanism remains an important component of Altai national consciousness and is currently being revived in several forms along with indigenous Altai culture in general. Russian Pagan followers often go on pilgrimages to Mount Belukha, which

903-492: The Chuiskiy highway, which is the main road from the north into the mountains, although it is currently (2006) only two lanes wide. The north is also significantly warmer than the elevated southern areas, which tend to be chilly even in the summer. Some of the more well-known tourist spots in the Altai Republic include Lake Aiya, a popular bathing spot, and the picturesque Chemal region. More adventurous travelers sometimes visit

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946-1475: The Committee of Ministers has noted that in many regions, amount of state support for the preservation and development of minority cultures is still inadequate. There's a significant difference between "eponymous" ethnic groups and nationalities without their own national territory, as resources of the last are relatively limited. Population of Russia by language family, 2021 census (% of those who declared ethnicity) (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles, Bulgarians, Serbs, Czechs, Rusyns, Slovaks, Croats, Macedonians, Slovenes, Bosnians, Montenegrins) (Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvash, Kazakhs, Kumyks, Yakuts, Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks, Tuvans, Crimean Tatars, Karachays, Kyrgyz, Balkars, Turks, Nogais, Altai, Khakas, Turkmens, Shors, Gagauz, Dolgans, Nagaibak, Soyots, Meskhetian Turks, Kumandins, Uyghurs, Teleuts, Krymchaks, Karakalpaks, Tofalar, Crimean Karaites, Chulyms) (Chechens, Avars, Dargins, Kabardians, Ingush, Lezgins, Laks, Tabasarans, Cherkess, Georgians, Adyghe, Abazins, Aghuls, Rutuls, Tsakhurs, Abkhazians, Udis, Shapsugs) (Mordvins, Mari, Udmurts, Komi, Komi-Permyaks, Nenets, Karelians, Khanty, Mansi, Estonians, Finns, Vepsians, Selkups, Besermyan, Sami, Hungarians, Nganasan, Izhorians, Enets, Votians) (Armenians, Hemshins) (Ossetians, Tajiks, Yazidis, Kurds, Talysh, Afghans, Persians, Tat, Pamiris) (Buryats, Kalmyks, Mongols) Russia

989-754: The Republic is Andrey Turchak , who succeeded Oleg Khorokhordin in this post. The supreme legislative body of the republic is the State Assembly—El Kurultai , with 41 deputies popularly elected every four years. Igor Yaimov is the current Chairman of the State Assembly-El Kurultai from January 2002. The Republic's Constitution was adopted on June 7, 1997. The Altai Republic is a highly agricultural region. However, it does have some industry which includes foodstuffs, non-ferrous metallurgy , chemicals , gold mining, footwear, dairying, and timber. Tourism has also begun to be

1032-663: The Republic of Altai and the Municipal House of Culture. Regularly held national holiday Maslenitsa, Nowruz, Chaga – Bayram, received in February 2013 with the official status of the Republican celebration. In 2013, the Altai Republic participated in the Turkvision Song Contest . The Altai Republic's entry was the song "Altayym Menin" performed by Artur Marlujokov. The Altai Republic placed fifth in

1075-493: The Russian Federation is projected to change far into the future. The majority population, ethnic Russians, who have been in slight decline since the 1950s will decline further due to a below replacement fertility rate and population ageing. In 2010, rough population projections from Ivan Beloborodov projecting to 2030 estimated that the percentage of Russians within the population would decrease to around 70 to 60% of

1118-530: The contest. Bandy is played in the Altai Republic. Ethnic groups in Russia Russia , as the largest country in the world , has great ethnic diversity, is a multinational state , and is home to over 190 ethnic groups nationwide. According to the population census at the end of 2021, more than 147.1 million people lived in Russia, which is 4.3 million more than in the 2010 census, or 3.03%. At

1161-736: The flow of cosmic energy into the Earth. Thus, there is great local indignation about the excavation and removal of the Siberian Ice Maiden , an extraordinary 2,500-year-old mummy that had been preserved in permafrost. Gorno-Altaisk is the location of the National Museum of the Altai Republic, which houses the mummy, the "Altai Princess", the National Library of the Republic of Altai, the National Theatre of

1204-602: The more remote Lake Teletskoye or Mount Belukha in the south. There is one university ( Gorno-Altaysk State University ), 12 colleges, and 205 secondary schools in the republic. Different religions are present in Altai. According to a 2012 survey, 27.6% of the population adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church . The second most popular religions are ethnic and nature religions , namely Rodnovery (Slavic native faith), Tengrism (Central Asians' native faith) and Burkhanism , constituting altogether 13% of

1247-471: The planned date. Located in the Altai Republic , Belukha is a three-peaked mountain massif that rises along the border of Russia and Kazakhstan , just a few dozen miles north of the point where this border meets with the border of China . There are several small glaciers on the mountain, including Belukha Glacier. Of the two peaks, the eastern peak (4,506 m, 14,784 ft.) is higher than

1290-709: The population. 6% of the population follows Islam , 2% Hinduism (including Slavic-Vedic , Krishnaite , and Tantric movements), 1% are Old Believers and 1% Protestants . 25% of the population is "spiritual but not religious", 14% is atheist and 7.4% follows other religions or did not answer the question. The traditional religion of the native Altaians is Tengrist shamanism , revived by modern Tengrist movements and Burkhanism . Ethnic Russians primarily practice Russian Orthodox Christianity and Rodnovery (Slavic native faith), while Kazakhs are traditionally Muslims . Tibetan Buddhism has also recently begun making some inroads by way of neighboring Mongolia and Tuva . It

1333-512: The region primarily include gold, silver, iron ores, and lithium , in addition to other smaller amounts of minerals. The large city of Barnaul in neighboring Altai Krai was founded as a processing center for minerals from the Altai region, although the mineral extraction industry today is much smaller than in the past. The republic has a temperate continental climate with relatively short and mild summers (June–August); and long, cold, and often quite frosty winters (November–March). In general,

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1376-421: The remote Belukha Glacier to assess the feasibility of extracting ice cores at the site. Research was carried out from 2001 to 2003: both shallow cores and cores to bedrock were extracted and analyzed (Olivier and others, 2003; Fujita and others, 2004). Based on tritium dating techniques, the deeper cores may contain as much as 3,000–5,000 years of climatic and environmental records. A Swiss-Russian team also studied

1419-515: The republic's climate of the southeastern areas, such as the ( Ulagansky and Kosh-Agachsky Districts ), is harsher than the climate of the less elevated northern areas. The Altai Republic is administratively divided into ten districts and Gorno-Altaysk Urban Okrug . The districts are further subdivided into ninety-two rural settlements . Population : 210,924 ( 2021 Census ) ; 206,168 ( 2010 Census ) ; 202,947 ( 2002 Census ) ; 191,649 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . As per

1462-684: The routine border check was less frequent and the Chuy drainage basin has been occupied by Russians. The entire Altan Nuur Uriankhai voluntarily became part of Russian Empire in 1864-1865 by the Treaty of Tarbagatai . During the Russian Civil War , the Confederated Republic of Altai (Karakorum-Altai Region) was established in 1918, and declared as the first step to rebuilding Genghis Khan 's Mongol Empire. But it never became

1505-470: The same time, only 130.587 million census participants indicated their nationality. The top ten largest nations besides Russians included in descending order: Tatars , Chechens , Bashkirs , Chuvash , Avars , Armenians , Ukrainians , Dargins and Kazakhs . Population censuses in Russia allow citizens to report their nationality according not only to their ancestry, but also to self-identification. The 83 (or 85) federal subjects which together constitute

1548-521: The semi- deserts of Mongolia . Forests cover about 25% of the republic's territory. More than 20,000 tributaries sprawl throughout the mountainous Republic, making for a total of more than 60,000 kilometers (37,000 mi) worth of waterways. The republic's largest rivers are the Katun and the Biya , both of which originate in the mountains and flow northwards. The junction of the two rivers eventually forms

1591-571: The settlements, people generally walk or ride horses. Helicopters are used for emergency transportation, to supply remote government outposts, and by wealthy tourists. In 2012, runway capacity at the Gorno-Altaysk Airport near the republic 's capital, was doubled. In June that same year, S7 Airlines started direct flights from Moscow. Prior to this, passengers used to fly through Barnaul in Altai Krai or Novosibirsk . With

1634-605: The social and economic situation of numerically small indigenous peoples was affected by recent legislative amendments at the federal level, removing some positive measures as regards their access to land and other natural resources. Indigenous peoples: Mount Belukha Belukha Mountain ( / b ə ˈ l uː x ə / ; Russian: Белуха , IPA: [bʲɪˈɫuxəl] , also known as Beluga Mountain , Icemount Peak ( Kazakh : Мұзтау Шыңы / Mūztau Şyñy [mʊsˈtɑw ʃəˈŋə] ), or The Three Peaks ( Altay : Ӱч-Сӱмер / Üç-Sümer [ʏc͡ç sʏˈmer] ),

1677-923: The territory of the modern Altai Republic. The area was part of the First Turkic Khaganate , the Uyghur Empire , and the Yeniseian Kyrgyzs . It was during this time that the local population became fully Turkicized culturally and linguistically. The southern part of the Altai Republic came under the Naiman Khanate . The territory of the modern Altai Republic has been ruled by the Mongolic Xianbei state (93–234), Rouran Khaganate (330–555), Mongol Empire (1206–1368), Golden Horde (1240–1502), Zunghar Khanate (1634–1758) and Qing Empire (1757–1864). The Qing period

1720-698: The total population. Although the constitution of Russia recognizes Russian as the official language, the individual republics may declare one or more official languages. Many of these subjects have at least two—Russian and the language of the "eponymous" nationality. There is a minority language scene in most subjects of the country, with more than 1,350 newspapers and magazines, 300 TV channels and 250 radio stations in over 50 of these minority languages. Moreover, new legislation allows usage of minority languages in federal radio and TV broadcasting. In 2007, there were 6,260 schools which provided teaching in 38 minority languages. Over 75 minority languages were taught as

1763-628: The village of Yelo for a biennial cultural celebration. There is also a large contingent of "Old Believers" who fled to Altai when they split from the Russian Orthodox Church over 300 years ago. The UNESCO World Heritage Site "Golden Mountains" protects the Ukok Plateau , on which there are many standing stones and kurgans . Although archaeologists consider kurgans to be burial sites, the indigenous people believe that they are highly refined magnetic instruments for directing

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1806-464: The western peak (4,440 m, 14,567 ft.). Belukha was first climbed in 1914 by the Tronov brothers. Most ascents of the eastern peak follow the same southern route as that taken in the first ascent. Though the Altai is lower in elevation than other Asian mountain groups, it is very remote, and much time and planning are required for its approach. In the summer of 2001, a team of scientists traveled to

1849-588: Was Bazla. On January 7, 1948, it was renamed Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast ( Го́рно-Алта́йская автоно́мная о́бласть ). In 1991 it was reorganized into the Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR). In 1992 it was renamed as the Altai Republic. The Altai Republic is situated in the Altai Mountains in the very center of Asia at the junction of the Siberian taiga , the steppes of Kazakhstan and

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