Misplaced Pages

#296703

39-679: The website was founded in 1996 by June Kinoshita, funded by an anonymous philanthropic foundation , and launched at the International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders in Osaka , Japan, The forum brings together a team of specialists in science writing and editing , data curation , information architecture , project management and technology. Alzforum was established as an independent neutral Non-profit organization , without affiliation to any specific university or research institute . Its relations with

78-516: A database, and provide tools for editors to post news and comments and crosslink them to related material. The development of semantic web tools is a current and ongoing development. These assist in the identification of hypotheses and related evidence in papers and discussions. SWAN (Semantic Web Applications in Neuromedicine) has resulted from a collaboration between the forum and Massachusetts General Hospital . Work on this continues with

117-458: A declaration of intention including a purpose and endow assets for such purpose. This document can be in the form of a notarized deed or a will. To obtain legal personality, the foundation must enroll in the legal register of each prefettura (local authority) or some cases the regional authority. There are several nuances in requirements according to each foundation's purpose and area of activity. Non-profit foundations are termed as stichting in

156-540: A distinct patrimony independent of its founder . In Finland, foundations ( Finnish : säätiö , Swedish : stiftelse ) are regulated by the Finnish Patent and Registration Office and have the four following characteristics: Foundations are considered legal persons in Finland. The Foundations Act in 2015 dramatically updated the laws regarding foundations. There are not many foundations in comparison to

195-432: A diversity of forms and may follow varying regulations depending on the jurisdiction where they are created. Foundations are often set up for charitable purposes , family patrimony and collective purposes which can include education or research. In some jurisdictions, a foundation may acquire its legal personality when it is entered in a public registry, while in other countries a foundation may acquire legal personality by

234-895: A general discussion on foundations was brought forth to the Jersey government concerning this possibility. It was adopted by the states of Jersey on 22 October 2008 through the Foundations (Jersey) Law 200. In the United States, many philanthropic and charitable organizations (such as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation ) are considered to be foundations. However, the Internal Revenue Code distinguishes between private foundations (usually endowed by an individual, family, or corporation) and public charities ( community foundations or other nonprofit groups that raise money from

273-485: A role in supporting research on foundations. Community foundations Community foundations (CFs) are instruments of civil society designed to pool donations into a coordinated investment and grant making facility dedicated primarily to the social improvement of a given place. Community foundations are a global phenomenon with 1700 existing around the world, of which over 700 are in the United States. Private foundations are typically endowed by an individual or

312-618: A single family. Community foundations are independent registered philanthropic institutions serving geographically defined territory, typically a city or administrative area (county, region and the like). The six main characteristics of the CFs are: It is a combination of all these basic characteristics what makes true CF, although there are many other types of community organizations that have some of these characteristics. Families, individuals, businesses, and nonprofit groups establish funds within community foundations into which they can contribute

351-474: A specific purpose. When the purpose is for the public benefit, a foundation may enjoy favorable tax treatment. A foundation may have diverse purposes, including but not limited to public benefit, humanitarian or cultural purposes, religious, collective, familiar, or the simple passive administration of funds. Normally, the supervision of a foundation is done by the county government where the foundation has its domicile, however, large foundations must be registered by

390-566: A variety of assets to be used for charitable purposes. The people or organizations that establish the funds can then recommend that grants be distributed, in the name of the fund or anonymously, to qualified nonprofit groups and schools. In the USA the donor receives a charitable tax deduction in the year that gifts are made into their funds, but not all countries where community foundations currently operate provide such incentives for donors. Increasingly, community foundations are hosting giving circles as

429-402: A way to further support giving in their communities. The assets of community foundations are pooled and invested, with donors typically having a choice of investment products. The funds established at community foundations can be non-endowed or expendable funds (i.e., the corpus of the fund can be spent in its entirety) or they can be endowed, which limit distributions to the interest earned on

SECTION 10

#1732801730297

468-510: Is dominated by private entities). Foundations may only be operational after being recognized by the Prime Minister of Portugal . Foundations must designate and pursue at least one of twenty-five public benefit goals defined by law. They must also have enough assets to pursue those goals. They may not benefit the founders or any other restricted group, but the general public. Portuguese foundations may voluntarily associate themselves via

507-507: Is no commonly accepted legal definition across Europe for a foundation. There was a proposal for a European Foundation Statute , a legal form that would create a legal definition recognised across all EU Member States . However, this proposal was withdrawn in 2015 following its failure to pass through COREPER 1 . The term "foundation", in general, is used to describe a distinct legal entity. Foundations as legal structures ( legal entities ) and/or legal persons ( legal personality ) may have

546-458: Is taxed like any other legal entity. There is no central register for German foundations. Only charitable foundations are subject to supervision by state authorities. Family foundations are not supervised after establishment. All forms of foundations can be dissolved, however, if they pursue anti-constitutional aims. Foundations are supervised by local authorities within each state ( Bundesland ) because each state has exclusive legislative power over

585-594: The Foundation Center website, the top five largest community foundations, by assets, were: Statistics made available by the Foundation Center enable also financial comparison of the largest community foundations with the largest corporate and private foundations and illustrate the fact that community foundations in the United States tend to be larger than corporate foundations in both assets and grants given. There are 46 Community Foundations in

624-635: The Michael J. Fox Foundation) are using the same approach as Alzforum. Philanthropic foundations A foundation (also referred to as a charitable foundation ) is a type of nonprofit organization or charitable trust that usually provides funding and support to other charitable organizations through grants, while also potentially participating directly in charitable activities. Foundations encompass public charitable foundations, like community foundations , and private foundations , which are often endowed by an individual or family. Nevertheless,

663-566: The scientific community include an advisory board with leaders in the scientific community representing diverse points of view. At first the site took the form of ‘Papers of the Week’ listings, including abstracts of all relevant publications (initially manually produced in order to avoid copyright infringement ), commentary, virtual audio seminars , and a list of seminal papers in Alzheimer's research. The Web's potential for interactivity

702-571: The AlzGene database of genetic studies of Alzheimer's disease, which has been cited more than 1,200 times in the scientific literature, and the AlzRisk database of epidemiologic studies. The forum acts as an integrator of these diverse sources, linking primary research articles to related news, papers, databases, and discussions . From 2000 onwards a data-driven dynamic system has been used to automatically search and download PubMed citations into

741-609: The Grand Victoria Foundation supports development of Illinois community foundations. The Kansas Health Foundation operates a similar program in Kansas communities. There are 191 community foundations in Canada, accessible to more than 90% of Canadian communities. The Winnipeg Foundation was Canada's first community foundation, established in 1921. According to the latest data available, from October 2014, on

780-627: The Netherlands which are regulated by Dutch law . A foundation ( Fundação ) in Portugal is regulated by Law 150/2015, with the exception of religious foundations, which are regulated by the Religious Freedom Law. Foundations may be private, wholly public (created and managed exclusively by public bodies), or public but with private management (created by public entities and optionally also private entities, but whose management

819-739: The Portuguese Foundation Centre ( CPF – Centro Português de Fundações ), that was founded in 1993 by the Eng. António de Almeida Foundation, the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation and the Oriente Foundation. Foundations in Spain are organizations founded with the purpose of not seeking profit and serving the general needs of the public. Such foundations may be founded by private individuals or by

SECTION 20

#1732801730297

858-825: The Scientific Collaboration Framework. The forum has become a point of reference for researchers into AD. As of June 2013 it has more than 8300 registered users. It is estimated that 30–50% of researchers from a wide range of institutions and countries studying Alzheimer's internationally are registered or active on the site. The success of Alzforum has resulted in its online disease-specific scientific community framework being cloned in other areas of research into neurological disorders . Multiple Sclerosis Discovery Forum , Pain Research Forum , Schizophrenia Research Forum and PD Online (a site for research into Parkinson's disease , funded by

897-801: The UK, the word "foundation" is sometimes used in the title of a charity, as in the British Heart Foundation and the Fairtrade Foundation . Despite this, the term is not generally used in English law , and (unlike in civil law systems) the term has no precise meaning. Instead, the concept of charitable trust is in use (for example, the Wellcome Trust ). The States of Jersey are considering introducing civil law type foundations into its law. A consultation paper presenting

936-693: The assets and/or the amount granted by the foundation as long as the corpus is not spent. Endowments last in perpetuity due to the corpus never being able to be spent. The first community foundation was set up in Cleveland in 1914 by Frederick Goff and operates now as The Cleveland Foundation . Others soon followed including the California Community Foundation and the Chicago Community Trust . The first Community Foundation in Canada, The Winnipeg Foundation ,

975-541: The charity's structure, funding sources, and mode of operation. Charities receive notification of their designation from the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) upon registration. A charity with only one director or trustee is automatically designated as a private foundation. To be designated as a charitable organization or public foundation, more than half of the directors, trustees, or officials must be at arm's length. The CRA applies specific criteria to determine

1014-671: The county administrative board (CAB), which must also supervise the administration of the foundation. The main legal instruments governing foundations in Sweden are the Foundation Act (1994:1220) and the Regulation for Foundations (1995:1280). A foundation needs to be registered with the company register. Under Canadian law , registered charities may be designated as charitable organizations , public foundations, or private foundations. The designation depends on factors such as

1053-557: The designation, including the charity's purposes, activities, income allocation, and relationships with officials and donors. The law does not prescribe any particular form for a foundation in Ireland. Most commonly, foundations are companies limited by guarantees or trusts. A foundation can obtain a charity registration number from the Revenue Commissioners for obtaining tax relief as far as they can be considered under

1092-475: The foundation or have reverted the initial assets. The private foundations or civil code foundations are under the section about non commercial entities of the first book of the Civil Code of Law of 1942. Article 16 CC establishes that the foundation's statutes must contain its name, purpose, assets, domicile, administrative organs and regulations, and how the grants will be distributed. The founder must write

1131-428: The general public). While they offer donors more control over their charitable giving, private foundations have more restrictions and fewer tax benefits than public charities. At an international level there are a series of networks and associations of foundations, among them Council on Foundations , EFC ( European Foundation Centre ), WINGS (Worldwide Initiatives for Grantmaker Support). Those organization also have

1170-603: The law on charity, however, charitable status does not exist in Ireland. The definition usually applied is that from the Pemsel Case of English jurisprudence (1891) and the Irish Income Tax Act 1967. Trusts have no legal personality and companies acquire their legal status through the Company law and the required documents of incorporation. Foundations are not required to register with any public authority. In

1209-542: The laws governing foundations. In contrast to many other countries, German law allows a tax-sheltered charitable foundation to distribute up to one-third of its profit to the founder and his next of kin, if they are needy, or to maintain the founder's grave. These benefits are subject to taxation. As of 2008 , there are about 15,000 foundations in Germany, about 85% of them charitable foundations. More than 250 charitable German foundations have existed for more than 500 years;

Alzheimer Research Forum - Misplaced Pages Continue

1248-402: The main purpose of the foundation. There is no minimum starting capital, although in practice at least €50,000 is considered necessary. A German foundation can either be charitable or serve a private interest. Charitable foundations enjoy tax exemptions. If they engage in commercial activities, only the commercially active part of the entity is taxed. A family foundation serving private interests

1287-440: The mere action of creation through a required document. Unlike a company, foundations have no shareholders , though they may have a board, an assembly and voting members. A foundation may hold assets in its own name for the purposes set out in its constitutive documents, and its administration and operation are carried out in accordance with its statutes or articles of association rather than fiduciary principles. The foundation has

1326-429: The oldest dates back to 1509. There are also large German corporations owned by foundations, including Bertelsmann , Bosch , Carl Zeiss AG and Lidl . Foundations are the main providers of private scholarships to German students. In Italy, a foundation is a private non-profit and autonomous organization, its assets must be dedicated to a purpose established by the founder. The founder cannot receive any benefits from

1365-432: The public. These foundations have an independent legal personality separate from their founders. Foundations serve the general needs of the public with a patrimony that funds public services and may not be distributed to the founders' benefit. A foundation in Sweden ( Swedish : stiftelse ) is a legal entity without an owner. It is formed by a letter of donation from a founder donating funds or assets to be administered for

1404-486: The rest of Europe. In practice public administration requires at least €1 million necessary. State representatives have a mandatory seat in the board. German regulations allow the creation of any foundation for public or private purposes in keeping with the concept of a gemeinwohlkonforme Allzweckstiftung ("general-purpose foundation compatible with the common good"). A foundation should not have commercial activities as its main purpose, but they arre permitted if they serve

1443-463: The term "foundation" might also be adopted by organizations not primarily engaged in public grantmaking. Legal entities existing under the status of "foundations" have a wide diversity of structures and purposes. Nevertheless, there are some common structural elements. Some of the above must be, in most jurisdictions, expressed in the document of establishment. Others may be provided by the supervising authority at each particular jurisdiction. There

1482-584: Was established in Winnipeg in 1921. Since the 1980s, a number of private foundations in the United States have created initiatives to develop community foundations in various states. One of the earliest such initiatives was in Michigan. In Indiana, the Lilly Endowment funded a program that has spurred development of community foundations in each of the state's 92 counties. On a smaller scale,

1521-564: Was used for informal live chats and commentary on papers by registered users of the site. By the end of the first year there were 1200 users, adding as many as 100 new users a month in the first years of its existence. From 1997, the website also began to develop as a community repository, enabling researchers to deposit data sets . Currently it maintains several databases relating to gene mutations , gene association studies, epidemiological studies , antibodies , drug trials , protocols and antecedent biomarker studies. Of particular note are

#296703