79-534: The Wellcome Trust is a charitable foundation focused on health research based in London, United Kingdom. It was established in 1936 with legacies from the pharmaceutical magnate Henry Wellcome (founder of Burroughs Wellcome , one of the predecessors of GSK plc ) to fund research to improve human and animal health. The aim of the Trust is to "support science to solve the urgent health challenges facing everyone." It had
158-687: A financial endowment of £ 29.1 billion in 2020, making it the fourth wealthiest charitable foundation in the world. In 2012, the Wellcome Trust was described by the Financial Times as the United Kingdom's largest provider of non-governmental funding for scientific research, and one of the largest providers in the world. According to their annual report, the Wellcome Trust spent GBP £ 1.1 billion on charitable activities across their 2019/2020 financial year. According to
237-677: A British subject. In 1928, he was made an Honorary Vice-President of the Society for Nautical Research . He was appointed a Knight Bachelor in the 1932 Birthday Honours . In 1932, he was made an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England . He died of pneumonia in The London Clinic in 1936, aged 82, after an operation. On his death, the Wellcome Trust was established. In his will, Wellcome vested
316-750: A Special Cancer Investigations laboratory at Harvard Medical School . This marked the beginning of a partnership with universities. In 1930, the Hygienic Laboratory was re-designated as the National Institute of Health by the Ransdell Act , and was given $ 750,000 to construct two NIH buildings at the Old Naval Observatory campus. In 1937, NIH absorbed the rest of the Division of Scientific Research, of which it
395-618: A café and a bookshop. The galleries show a small sample of works from Sir Henry Wellcome's collection, and host a programme of events and exhibitions. The Wellcome Collection and exhibitions are open to the public free of charge six days a week. The Wellcome Collection and Wellcome Library are members of The London Museums of Health & Medicine . The Wellcome Trust runs an annual photography prize which aims to explore "the human side of three urgent health challenges". Judges in 2021 include Dr Dixon Chabanda, Sir Jeremy Farrar, Dr Katerina Srahulkova and Azu Nwagbogu. Winners in each category receive
474-471: A certain percentage (2.8% in 2014) must be granted to small businesses under the SBIR/STTR program. As of 2011 , the extramural funding consisted of about 50,000 grants to more than 325,000 researchers at more than 3000 institutions. By 2018 , this rate of granting remained reasonably steady, at 47,000 grants to 2,700 organizations. In FY 2010 , NIH spent US$ 10.7bn (not including temporary funding from
553-508: A clinical trial, except for the most critically ill, as determined by the NIH Director. Over the last century, the responsibility to allocate funding has shifted from the OD and Advisory Committee to the individual ICs and Congress increasingly set apart funding for particular causes. In the 1970s, Congress began to earmark funds specifically for cancer research, and in the 1980s there was
632-402: A daughter of orphanage founder Thomas John Barnardo . They had one child, Henry Mounteney Wellcome, born 1903, who was sent to foster parents at the age of about three. He was considered to be sickly at the time, and his parents were spending much time travelling. The marriage was not happy, and in 1909 the couple separated. After that Syrie (as she was known) had several affairs, including with
711-468: A diverse research portfolio in order to capitalize on major discoveries in a variety of fields such as cell biology, genetics, physics, engineering, and computer science. Fourth, address public health needs according to the disease burden (e.g., prevalence and mortality). And fifth, construct and support the scientific infrastructure (e.g., well-equipped laboratories and safe research facilities) necessary to conduct research. Advisory committee members advise
790-485: A prize of £10,000. The Wellcome Trust sponsors an annual book prize, the Wellcome Book Prize , which "aims to excite public interest and encourage debate" around medicine and health. In June 2019, Wellcome released the results of the 2018 global survey on public attitudes toward science and health. Topics include trust of scientists, doctors, and nurses; religion and science, and vaccines, among others. It
869-601: A rate similar to inflation since the 1970s, research funding for the NIH nearly tripled through the 1990s and early 2000s, but has remained relatively stagnant since then. By the 1990s, the NIH committee focus had shifted to DNA research and launched the Human Genome Project . The NIH Office of the Director is the central office responsible for setting policy for NIH, and for planning, managing, and coordinating
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#1732765322851948-400: A series of audit reports revealing that throughout the fiscal years 2000–2010, institutes under the aegis of the NIH did not comply with the time and amount requirements specified in appropriations statutes, in awarding federal contracts to commercial partners, committing the federal government to tens of millions of dollars of expenditure ahead of appropriation of funds from Congress. The NIH
1027-523: A significant amount allocated for AIDS/HIV research. Funding for the NIH has often been a source of contention in Congress, serving as a proxy for the political currents of the time. During the 1980s, President Reagan repeatedly tried to cut funding for research, only to see Congress partly restore funding. The political contention over NIH funding slowed the nation's response to the AIDS epidemic; while AIDS
1106-613: Is available to the general public whereas the individual-level data is accessible to researchers. According to the City Journal NIH denies access to such attributes as intelligence, education and health on the grounds that studying their genetic basis would be stigmatizing. The NIH partnered with Moderna in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic to develop a vaccine. The final phase of testing began on July 27 with up to 30,000 volunteers assigned to one of two groups—one receiving
1185-612: Is composed of 27 separate institutes and centers that conduct and coordinate biomedical research. These are: In addition, the National Center for Research Resources operated from April 13, 1962, to December 23, 2011. The Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H) is an entity formerly within the Office of the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services , which was created by Congress in
1264-443: Is determined by the scientist. The total number of applicants has increased substantially, from about 60,000 investigators who had applied during the period from 1999 to 2003 to slightly less than 90,000 in who had applied during the period from 2011 to 2015. Due to this, the "cumulative investigator rate", that is, the likelihood that unique investigators are funded over a 5-year window, has declined from 43% to 31%. R01 grants are
1343-471: Is now managed by the Science Museum , London, and has been in their care since 1976. Many objects from the collection are now on display in the museum's Medicine: The Wellcome Galleries. The Wellcome Collection exhibited a number of objects from Wellcome's collection in "Medicine Man", from 2007-2022. His collection of books, paintings, drawings, photographs and other media is available for viewing at
1422-491: Is responsible for many scientific accomplishments, including the discovery of fluoride to prevent tooth decay , the use of lithium to manage bipolar disorder , and the creation of vaccines against hepatitis , Haemophilus influenzae (HIB), and human papillomavirus (HPV). In 2019, the NIH was ranked number two in the world, behind Harvard University , for biomedical sciences in the Nature Index , which measured
1501-597: The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 ) on clinical research , US$ 7.4bn on genetics -related research, US$ 6.0bn on prevention research, US$ 5.8bn on cancer, and US$ 5.7bn on biotechnology . In 2008 a Congressional mandate called for investigators funded by the NIH to submit an electronic version of their final manuscripts to the National Library of Medicine 's research repository, PubMed Central (PMC), no later than 12 months after
1580-509: The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 . Modeled after DARPA , HSARPA , IARPA , and ARPA-E , it is intended to pursue unconventional research projects through methods not typically used by federal agencies or private sector companies. Secretary Xavier Becerra delegated ARPA-H to the NIH on May 24, 2022. It received $ 1 billion in appropriations in 2022, and $ 1.5 billion in 2023, and as of June 2023 it
1659-941: The F1000 Research platform. Article processing charges will be covered directly by Wellcome Trust. Papers from the system are now indexed in PubMed Central . In the summer of 2015, the Wellcome Trust joined the Japanese government, 7 Japanese pharmaceutical and diagnostics companies, The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the United Nations Development Program as funding partner of the Global Health Innovative Technology Fund (GHIT) , which funds scientific research and development for anti-infectives and diagnostics for diseases that primarily affect
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#17327653228511738-725: The OECD , the Wellcome Trust's financing for 2019 development increased by 22% to US$ 327 million. The Wellcome Trust's operations are run from two buildings on Euston Road in London . The Wellcome Building, at 183 Euston Road, built in 1932 in Portland stone houses the Wellcome Collection and the adjoining glass and steel building at 215 Euston Road is the Gibbs Building, by Hopkins Architects , which opened in 2004 as
1817-1036: The United States Department of Health and Human Services . Many NIH facilities are located in Bethesda, Maryland , and other nearby suburbs of the Washington metropolitan area , with other primary facilities in the Research Triangle Park in North Carolina and smaller satellite facilities located around the United States. The NIH conducts its own scientific research through the NIH Intramural Research Program (IRP) and provides major biomedical research funding to non-NIH research facilities through its Extramural Research Program. As of 2013 ,
1896-602: The Wellcome Library . In 2003, the Quay Brothers directed a short animated film in tribute to the collection entitled The Phantom Museum . US National Institutes of Health The National Institutes of Health , commonly referred to as NIH , is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research. It was founded in 1887 and is now part of
1975-692: The Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV)—which has been at the center of speculation since early 2020 that SARS-CoV-2 may have escaped in a lab incident. Under political pressure, the NIH withdrew funding to EcoHealth Alliance in July 2020. On February 13, 2012, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced a new group of individuals assigned to research pain. This committee is composed of researchers from different organizations and will focus to "coordinate pain research activities across
2054-568: The mRNA-1273 vaccine and the other receiving salt water injections—and continued until there had been approximately 100 cases of COVID-19 among the participants. In 2021, the NIH contributed $ 4,395,399 towards the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV) program. Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic , NIH-funded EcoHealth Alliance has been the subject of controversy and increased scrutiny due to its ties to
2133-601: The 1960s, virologist and cancer researcher Chester M. Southam injected HeLa cancer cells into patients at the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital. When three doctors resigned after refusing to inject patients without their consent, the experiment gained considerable media attention. The NIH was a major source of funding for Southam's research and had required all research involving human subjects to obtain their consent prior to any experimentation. Upon investigating all of their grantee institutions,
2212-577: The 21 drugs with the highest therapeutic impact on society introduced between 1965 and 1992, public funding was "instrumental" for 15. As of 2011 NIH-supported research helped to discover 153 new FDA-approved drugs, vaccines, and new indications for drugs in the 40 years prior. One study found NIH funding aided either directly or indirectly in developing the drugs or drug targets for all of the 210 FDA-approved drugs from 2010 to 2016. In 2015, Pierre Azoulay et al. estimated $ 10 million invested in research generated two to three new patents. Since its inception,
2291-826: The Center for Cancer Research, Office of Scientific Operations, Management Operations Support Branch, the division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics and the division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences is located in the Research Triangle region of North Carolina . Other ICs have satellite locations in addition to operations at the main campus. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases maintains its Rocky Mountain Labs in Hamilton, Montana , with an emphasis on BSL3 and BSL4 laboratory work. NIDDK operates
2370-772: The Director. NIH submits its budget request to the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and the HHS considers this request as a portion of its budget. Many adjustments and appeals occur between NIH and HHS before the agency submits NIH's budget request to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). OMB determines what amounts and research areas are approved for incorporation into the President's final budget. The President then sends NIH's budget request to Congress in February for
2449-482: The IRP had 1,200 principal investigators and more than 4,000 postdoctoral fellows in basic, translational, and clinical research, being the largest biomedical research institution in the world, while, as of 2003, the extramural arm provided 28% of biomedical research funding spent annually in the U.S., or about US$ 26.4 billion. The NIH comprises 27 separate institutes and centers of different biomedical disciplines and
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2528-560: The NIH Toolbox was rolled out to the research community. NIH Toolbox assessments are based, where possible, on Item Response Theory and adapted for testing by computer. NIH sponsors the Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP), a repository of information produced by studies investigating the interaction of genotype and phenotype. The information includes phenotypes, molecular assay data, analyses and documents. Summary-level data
2607-461: The NIH budget doubled. For a time, funding essentially remained flat, and for seven years following the financial crisis, the NIH budget struggled to keep up with inflation. In 1999 Congress increased the NIH's budget by $ 2.3 billion to $ 17.2 billion in 2000. In 2009 Congress again increased the NIH budget to $ 31 billion in 2010. In 2017 and 2018, Congress passed laws with bipartisan support that substantially increasing appropriations for NIH, which
2686-437: The NIH but may apply for funding. Throughout the history of the NIH, the amount of funding received has increased, but the proportion to each IC remains relatively constant. The individual ICs then decide who will receive the grant money and how much will be allotted. Policy changes on who receives funding significantly affect researchers. For example, the NIH has recently attempted to approve more first-time NIH R01 applicants or
2765-420: The NIH discovered that the majority of them did not protect the rights of human subjects. From then on, the NIH has required all grantee institutions to approve any research proposals involving human experimentation with review boards. In 1967, the Division of Regional Medical Programs was created to administer grants for research for heart disease, cancer, and strokes . That same year, the NIH director lobbied
2844-429: The NIH has often been a source of contention in Congress, serving as a proxy for the political currents of the time. In 1992, the NIH encompassed nearly 1 percent of the federal government's operating budget and controlled more than 50 percent of all funding for health research, and 85 percent of all funding for health studies in universities. While government funding for research in other disciplines has been increasing at
2923-670: The NIH intramural research program has been a source of many pivotal scientific and medical discoveries. Some of these include: In September 2006, the NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research started a contract for the NIH Toolbox for the Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function to develop a set of state-of-the-art measurement tools to enhance collection of data in large cohort studies. Scientists from more than 100 institutions nationwide contributed. In September 2012,
3002-453: The NIH would take the balance of each study design into consideration when awarding grants. The announcement also stated that this rule would probably not apply when studying sex-specific diseases (for example, ovarian or testicular cancer). One of the goals of the NIH is to "expand the base in medical and associated sciences in order to ensure a continued high return on the public investment in research." Taxpayer dollars funding NIH are from
3081-423: The National Institute for General Medical Science awarded funding to 30% of applicants. NIH employs five broad decision criteria in its funding policy. First, ensure the highest quality of scientific research by employing an arduous peer review process. Second, seize opportunities that have the greatest potential to yield new knowledge and that will lead to better prevention and treatment of disease. Third, maintain
3160-565: The Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch in Phoenix, Arizona . As of 2017, 153 scientists receiving financial support from the NIH have been awarded a Nobel Prize and 195 have been awarded a Lasker Award . NIH devotes 10% of its funding to research within its own facilities (intramural research), and gives >80% of its funding in research grants to extramural (outside) researchers. Of this extramural funding,
3239-521: The U.S. branch of the Wellcome pharmaceutical enterprise; in 1993, a $ 400 million gift from the Wellcome Trust enabled BWF to become fully independent from the company, and it became a private, independent biomedical research foundation based in Research Triangle Park , North Carolina . Newly started programmes by the Wellcome Trust include the creation of research training programmes for physicians wishing to pursue careers in academic medicine, which
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3318-523: The UK, providing funding for focus areas such as biomedical science , technology transfer , public engagement and bioethics . Grants and fellowships are available to recipients with goals of translating research into usable health products. The trust currently spends over $ 600 million a year in medical research training. In 1955, the Burroughs Wellcome Fund (BWF) was established as
3397-468: The Wellcome name disappeared from the drug business altogether when GlaxoWellcome merged with SmithKline Beecham, to form GlaxoSmithKline plc. The Trust funds or co-funds a number of major biomedical research initiatives: Also known as SDDI, this five-year initiative started in October 2005 with the remit "to facilitate the development of drug-like small molecules that address unmet medical needs." SDDI
3476-649: The White House for increased federal funding in order to increase research and the speed with which health benefits could be brought to the people. An advisory committee was formed to oversee the further development of the NIH and its research programs. By 1971 cancer research was in full force and President Nixon signed the National Cancer Act , initiating a National Cancer Program, President's Cancer Panel, National Cancer Advisory Board, and 15 new research, training, and demonstration centers. Funding for
3555-631: The administrative headquarters of the Wellcome Trust. In 2019, the Wellcome Trust also opened an office in Berlin. The trust was established to administer the fortune of the American-born British pharmaceutical magnate Sir Henry Wellcome . Its income was derived from what was originally called Burroughs Wellcome , later renamed in the UK as the Wellcome Foundation Ltd. In 1986, the trust sold 25% of Wellcome plc stock to
3634-606: The age of 16, was invisible ink (in fact just lemon juice ), which he advertised in the Garden City (MN) Herald. He was brought up with a strict religious upbringing, particularly with respect to the temperance movement . His father was a strong member of the Second Adventist Church. He was a freemason . In 1880, Wellcome established a pharmaceutical company, Burroughs Wellcome & Company , with his colleague Silas Mainville Burroughs . They introduced
3713-420: The collection, of over one million total. Most of the non-medical objects were dispersed after his death. He was also a keen archaeologist , in particular digging for many years at Jebel Moya , Sudan , hiring 4000 people to excavate. He was one of the first investigators to use kite aerial photography on an archaeological site, with surviving images available in the Wellcome Library . Wellcome's collection
3792-447: The culture in which research is conducted. Current incentive structures and, as a result, culture and practices, prioritise publication outputs above all else. This is damaging people's wellbeing and undermining the quality of research itself. The Wellcome Trust plays an important role in encouraging publication of research in open access repositories such as Europe PubMed Central (EuropePMC) . The Wellcome Trust believes that maximising
3871-402: The department store magnate Harry Gordon Selfridge , and the author William Somerset Maugham with whom she had a child ( Mary Elizabeth ) and later married. Wellcome sued for divorce in 1915, naming Maugham as co-respondent. The suit attracted large amounts of publicity that he had previously tried to avoid. Syrie never contested Henry's custody of their child, Henry. In 1910, Wellcome became
3950-726: The developing world. In June 2007, the Wellcome Building reopened after refurbishment as a public venue, housing the Wellcome Collection , the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at University College London and the Wellcome Library . The aim of the Wellcome Collection is to enhance public understanding of medical science and history. The building contains gallery spaces, conference facilities, space for debates, drama and workshops,
4029-915: The distribution of these papers – by providing free, online access – is the most effective way of ensuring that the research can be accessed, read and built upon. In turn, this will foster a richer research culture. In 2016, the Wellcome Trust partnered with the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute to launch the Open Science Prize to "help develop services, tools and platforms that enable open content to be discovered, assessed and re-used in ways that will advance discovery and spark innovation." In 2016, Wellcome Trust announced that it would be launching Wellcome Open Research, an open access publication system running on
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#17327653228514108-540: The entire share capital of his company in individual trustees, who were charged with spending the income to further human and animal health. The Wellcome Trust is now one of the world's largest private biomedical charities. The first biography of Wellcome was commissioned by the Wellcome Trust in 1939, by A. W. Haggis, a member of staff at the Historical Medicine Museum Wellcome had established. The trustees, however, were dissatisfied with
4187-522: The federal government with the goals of stimulating pain research collaboration… and providing an important avenue for public involvement" ("Members of new", 2012). With a committee such as this research will not be conducted by each individual organization or person but instead a collaborating group which will increase the information available. With this hopefully more pain management will be available including techniques for those with arthritis. In 2020 Beth Darnall , American scientist and pain psychologist,
4266-532: The final draft of 1942, and the biography was never published, although the drafts are freely available for consultation at the Wellcome Library . A biography of Wellcome was written by Robert Rhodes James and published in 1994. In 2009, An Infinity of Things: How Sir Henry Wellcome Collected the World , written by Frances Larson, was published by Oxford University Press, after both Wellcome's personal and business papers had been catalogued. After Wellcome's death,
4345-407: The income from the foundation, initially via dividends, later via more tax efficient deeds of covenant, was used to fund the Wellcome Trust, providing endowments for pharmacology departments to educate and train the researchers of the future. After changes in UK charity law the foundation was sold to GSK and the receipts invested in a broad ranging portfolio. The trust then became the largest charity in
4424-489: The institute on policy and procedures affecting the external research programs and provide a second level of review for all grant and cooperative agreement applications considered by the Institute for funding. In 2014, it was announced that the NIH is directing scientists to perform their experiments with both female and male animals, or cells derived from females as well as males if they are studying cell cultures, and that
4503-680: The largest contributors to papers published in a subset of leading journals from 2015 to 2018. In 1887, a laboratory for the study of bacteria, the Hygienic Laboratory , was established within the Marine Hospital Service , which at the time was expanding its functions beyond the system of Marine Hospitals into quarantine and research programs. It was initially located at the New York Marine Hospital on Staten Island . In 1891, it moved to
4582-530: The most common funding mechanism and include investigator-initiated projects. The roughly 27,000 to 29,000 R01 applications had a funding success of 17-19% during 2012 though 2014. Similarly, the 13,000 to 14,000 R21 applications had a funding success of 13-14% during the same period. In FY 2016, the total number of grant applications received by the NIH was 54,220, with approximately 19% being awarded funding. Institutes have varying funding rates. The National Cancer Institute awarded funding to 12% of applicants, while
4661-602: The need for at least $ 8 billion of new funding for research, development, and supply of treatments related to COVID-19. Wellcome Trust collaborated with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Mastercard to fund the COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator, launching in March 2020 with an initial $ 125 million in backing. In September 2019, Wellcome launched an initiative to reimagine research and improve
4740-466: The next fiscal year's allocations. The House and Senate Appropriations Subcommittees deliberate and by fall, Congress usually appropriates funding. This process takes approximately 18 months before the NIH can allocate any actual funds. When a government shutdown occurs, the NIH continues to treat people who are already enrolled in clinical trials , but does not start any new clinical trials and does not admit new patients who are not already enrolled in
4819-414: The official date of publication. The NIH Public Access Policy was the first public access mandate for a U.S. public funding agency. In 2000, the Joint Economic Committee of Congress reported NIH research, which was funded at $ 16 billion a year in 2000, that some econometric studies had given a rate of return of 25 to 40 percent per year by reducing the economic cost of illness in the US. It found that of
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#17327653228514898-540: The programs and activities of all NIH components. The NIH Director plays an active role in shaping the agency's activities and outlook. The Director is responsible for providing leadership to the Institutes and Centers by identifying needs and opportunities, especially in efforts involving multiple Institutes. Within the Director's Office is the Division of Program Coordination, Planning and Strategic Initiatives with 12 divisions including: The Agency Intramural Research Integrity Officer "is directly responsible for overseeing
4977-472: The public. Overseen by incoming Director of Finance Ian Macgregor , this marked the beginning of a period of financial growth that saw the trust's value increase by almost £14 billion in 14 years, as their interests moved beyond the bounds of the pharmaceutical industry. In 1995, the trust divested itself of any interest in pharmaceuticals by selling all remaining stock to Glaxo plc , the company's historic British rival, creating GlaxoWellcome plc. In 2000,
5056-409: The research grant applications of young scientists. To encourage the participation of young scientists, the application process has been shortened and made easier. In addition, first-time applicants are being offered more funding for their research grants than those who have received grants in the past. In 2011 and 2012, the Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General published
5135-458: The resolution of all research misconduct allegations involving intramural research , and for promoting research integrity within the NIH Office of Intramural Research (OIR)." There is a Division of Extramural Activities, which has its own Director. The Office of Ethics has its own Director, as does the Office of Global Research. Intramural research is primarily conducted at the main campus in Bethesda, Maryland , and Rockville, Maryland , and
5214-602: The selling of medicine in tablet form to England under the 1884 trademark "Tabloid". Previously, medicines had been sold mostly as powders or liquids. Burroughs and Wellcome also introduced direct marketing to doctors, giving them free samples. In 1895, Burroughs died, aged 48, leaving the company in the hands of Wellcome. It flourished and Wellcome set up several related research laboratories. In 1924, Wellcome consolidated all his commercial and non-commercial activities in one holding company, The Wellcome Foundation Ltd . In 1901, Wellcome married Gwendoline Maud Syrie Barnardo ,
5293-437: The surrounding communities. The Bayview Campus in Baltimore , Maryland houses the research programs of the National Institute on Aging , National Institute on Drug Abuse , and National Human Genome Research Institute with nearly 1,000 scientists and support staff. The Frederick National Laboratory in Frederick, MD and the nearby Riverside Research Park, houses many components of the National Cancer Institute , including
5372-533: The taxpayers, making them the primary beneficiaries of advances in research. Thus, the general public is a key stakeholder in the decisions resulting from the NIH funding policy. However, some in the general public do not feel their interests are being represented, and individuals have formed patient advocacy groups to represent their own interests. Important stakeholders of the NIH funding policy include researchers and scientists. Extramural researchers differ from intramural researchers in that they are not employed by
5451-449: The top floor of the Butler Building in Washington, D.C. In 1904, it moved again to a new campus at the Old Naval Observatory , which grew to include five major buildings. In 1901, the Division of Scientific Research was formed, which included the Hygienic Laboratory as well as other research offices of the Marine Hospital Service. In 1912, the Marine Hospital Service became the Public Health Service (PHS). In 1922, PHS established
5530-545: The trust bought the Premier Marinas group. It has been reported that the Wellcome Trust has billions of investments in companies related to the problems the philanthropy wants to solve. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic , the trust has investments in pharmaceutical companies involved in the development and delivery of treatments for COVID-19, which means it has the potential to gain financially where those treatments are monetised. Henry Wellcome Sir Henry Solomon Wellcome FRS (21 August 1853 – 25 July 1936)
5609-429: The trust started in October 2010. Also currently, the foundation supports clinicians' research to develop treatments for obesity using natural appetite suppression. Wellcome had a passion for collecting medically related artefacts, aiming to create a Museum of Man. He bought for his collection anything related to medicine, including Napoleon 's toothbrush. By the time of his death, there were 125,000 medical objects in
5688-670: Was 37.3 billion dollars annually in FY2018. Researchers at universities or other institutions outside of NIH can apply for research project grants (RPGs) from the NIH. There are numerous funding mechanisms for different project types (e.g., basic research, clinical research, etc.) and career stages (e.g., early career, postdoc fellowships, etc.). The NIH regularly issues "requests for applications" (RFAs), e.g., on specific programmatic priorities or timely medical problems (such as Zika virus research in early 2016). In addition, researchers can apply for "investigator-initiated grants" whose subject
5767-558: Was Wellcome's first Global Monitor and was intended to "provide robust evidence on how public attitudes vary across different demographic groups and countries." In August 2014, the Wellcome Trust bought the Co-operative Group's farm business (renamed Farmcare ) for £249 million. This comprised "15,997 hectares (39,533 acres) of freehold and third party owned land, 15 farms, including three pack houses, over 100 residential properties, and 27 commercial properties." In 2015,
5846-470: Was a keen collector of medical artefacts which are now managed by the Science Museum, London , and a small selection of which are displayed at the Wellcome Collection . Wellcome was born in a frontier log cabin in what would later become Almond, Wisconsin , to Rev. S. C. Wellcome, an itinerant missionary who travelled and preached in a covered wagon, and Mary Curtis Wellcome. He had an early interest in medicine, particularly marketing. His first product, at
5925-414: Was an American pharmaceutical entrepreneur. He founded the pharmaceutical company Burroughs Wellcome & Company with his colleague Silas Burroughs in 1880, which is one of the four large companies to eventually merge to form GlaxoSmithKline . He left a large amount of capital for charitable work in his will, which was used to form the Wellcome Trust , one of the world's largest medical charities. He
6004-455: Was appointed as scientific member of the group. To allocate funds, the NIH must first obtain its budget from Congress. This process begins with institute and center (IC) leaders collaborating with scientists to determine the most important and promising research areas within their fields. IC leaders discuss research areas with NIH management who then develops a budget request for continuing projects, new research proposals, and new initiatives from
6083-502: Was based in London and managed by Richard Davis. Through early 2010, SDDI had provided more than £80 million across 30 projects split between academic institutions and companies. To early 2010, all but one of the company recipients were either start-ups or spin-outs . In May 2010, an additional £110 million was added to the SDDI fund with the intent to extend the initiative for an additional five years. The Wellcome Trust announced
6162-639: Was formerly part. In 1938, NIH moved to its current campus in Bethesda, Maryland . Over the next few decades, Congress would markedly increase funding of the NIH, and various institutes and centers within the NIH were created for specific research programs. In 1944, the Public Health Service Act was approved, and the National Cancer Institute became a division of NIH. In 1948, the name changed from National Institute of Health to National Institutes of Health. In
6241-576: Was reported in newspaper articles from 1981, no funding was provided for research on the disease. In 1984 National Cancer Institute scientists found implications that "variants of a human cancer virus called HTLV-III are the primary cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)," a new epidemic that gripped the nation. In 1992, the NIH encompassed nearly 1 percent of the federal government's operating budget and controlled more than 50 percent of all funding for health research and 85 percent of all funding for health studies in universities. From 1993 to 2001
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