The Kawésqar , also known as the Kaweskar , Alacaluf , Alacalufe or Halakwulup , are an indigenous people who live in Chilean Patagonia , specifically in the Brunswick Peninsula , and Wellington , Santa Inés , and Desolación islands northwest of the Strait of Magellan and south of the Gulf of Penas . Their traditional language is known as Kawésqar ; it is endangered as few native speakers survive.
23-581: It has been proposed that the Caucahue people known from colonial-era records either are ancient Kawésqar or came to merge with the Kawésqar. The English and other Europeans initially adopted the name that the Yahgan (also known as Yámana), a competing indigenous tribe whom they met first in central and southern Tierra del Fuego , used for these people: "Alacaluf" or "Halakwulup" (meaning "mussel eater" in
46-416: A compound word related to origin or usage. A polito-ethnonym indicates that name originated from the political affiliation, like when the polysemic term Austrians is sometimes used more specifically for native, German speaking inhabitants of Austria , who have their own endonyms. A topo-ethnonym refers to the ethnonym derived from a toponym (name of a geographical locality, placename), like when
69-509: A greater evolution; older terms such as colored carried negative connotations and have been replaced by modern-day equivalents such as Black or African American . Other ethnonyms such as Negro have a different status. The term was considered acceptable in its use by activists such as Martin Luther King Jr. in the 1960s, but other activists took a different perspective. In discussing an address in 1960 by Elijah Muhammad , it
92-599: A language different from the one of the Chono . Archaeologist Ricardo Alvarez posits that the Caucahue and other groups appeared relatively late in colonial records because this was the time when contact became more common. Alvarez also posits the Caucahue disappeared from the historical record by merging into the Kawésqar to the south and the people of Chiloé to the north. According to historian Ximena Urbina and co-workers
115-956: A productores y comerciantes, 1567-1792" [Coastal hunter gatherers in Chiloé: From facilitators of the navigation of Spaniards in the Chonos and Guayaneco archipelagoes to producers and traders, 1567-1792]. Chungara (in Spanish). 52 (2). doi : 10.4067/S0717-73562020005000702 . ^ Cooper, John M. (1946). "The Marginal tribes". In Steward, Julian H. (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians . Washington, United States: Smithsonian Institution. p. 50. {{ cite book }} : |work= ignored ( help ) Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caucahue&oldid=1245156208 " Categories : Ethnonyms History of Aysén Region History of Magallanes Region Kawésqar Indigenous peoples of
138-533: Is a name applied to a given ethnic group . Ethnonyms can be divided into two categories: exonyms (whose name of the ethnic group has been created by another group of people) and autonyms, or endonyms (whose name is created and used by the ethnic group itself). For example, the dominant ethnic group of Germany is the Germans. The ethnonym Germans is a Latin -derived exonym used in the English language, but
161-730: The Bois de Boulogne in Paris , and in the Berlin Zoological Garden . Only four survived to return to Chile. Early in 2010, the remains of five of the seven who died in Europe were repatriated from the University of Zurich , Switzerland, where they had been held for studies. Upon the return of the remains, Chilean president Michelle Bachelet formally apologized for the state having allowed these indigenous people to be taken out of
184-548: The Yahgan language ). Their own name for themselves (autonym) is Kawésqar. Like the Yahgan in southern Chile and Argentina, the Kawésqar used to be a nomadic seafaring people, called canoe-people by some anthropologists. They made canoes that were eight to nine meters long and one meter wide, which would hold a family and its dog. They continued this fishing, nomadic practice until the twentieth century, when they were moved into settlements on land. Because of their maritime culture,
207-518: The polysemic term Montenegrins , which was originally used for the inhabitants of the geographical area of the Black Mountain ( Montenegro ), acquired an additional ethnonymic use, designating modern ethnic Montenegrins , who have their own distinct endonyms. Classical geographers frequently used topo-ethnonyms (ethnonyms formed from toponyms) as substitute for ethnonyms in general descriptions, or for unknown endonyms. Compound terminology
230-501: The Advancement of Colored People. In such contexts, ethnonyms are susceptible to the phenomenon of the euphemism treadmill . In English, ethnonyms are generally formulated through suffixation; most ethnonyms for toponyms ending in -a are formed by adding -n : Bulgaria, Bulgarian ; Estonia, Estonian . In English, in many cases, the name for the dominant language of a group is identical to their English-language ethnonym;
253-820: The Caucahue are essentially ancient Kawésqar. "Caucahues" described in sources as "gigantic" may have been Tehuelches . See also [ edit ] Antonio de Vea expedition Caucahue Island Indigenous peoples in Chile References [ edit ] ^ Alvarez Abel, Ricardo (2002). "Reflexiones en torno a las identidades de las poblaciones canoeras, situadas entre los 44º y 48º de latitud sur, denominadas "chonos" ". Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia, serie Ciencias Humanas (in Spanish). 30 : 79–86. ^ Urbina, Ximena; Reyes, Omar; Belmar, Carolina A. (2020). "Canoeros en Chiloé: de facilitadores de las navegaciones españolas en los archipiélagos los Chonos y de Guayaneco,
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#1732780035569276-557: The French speak French, the Germans speak German. This is sometimes erroneously overgeneralized; it may be assumed that people from India speak "Indian", despite there being no language in India which is called by that name. Generally, any group of people may have numerous ethnonyms, associated with the political affiliation with a state or a province, with geographical landmark, with the language, or another distinct feature. Ethnonym may be
299-407: The Germans call themselves Deutsche , an endonym. The German people are identified by a variety of exonyms across Europe, such as Allemands ( French ), tedeschi ( Italian ), tyskar ( Swedish ) and Niemcy ( Polish ). As a sub-field of anthroponymy , the study of ethnonyms is called ethnonymy or ethnonymics. Ethnonyms should not be confused with demonyms , which designate all
322-557: The Kawésqar have never farmed the land. The total population of the Kawésqar was estimated not to exceed 5,000. They ranged from the area between the Gulf of Penas (Golfo de Penas) to the north and the Brecknock Peninsula (Península de Brecknock) to the south. Like other indigenous peoples, they suffered high fatalities from endemic European infectious diseases . Their environment was disrupted as Europeans began to settle in
345-703: The Southern Cone Ethnic groups in Chile Indigenous peoples in Chile Hunter-gatherers of South America Nomadic groups in the Americas Sea nomads Hidden categories: CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 errors: periodical ignored Ethonym An ethnonym (from Ancient Greek ἔθνος ( éthnos ) 'nation' and ὄνομα ( ónoma ) 'name')
368-433: The area in the late 1880s. A 2022 estimate puts the total population of the Kawésqar before the 19th- and early 20th-century collapse at 3,700 to 3,900. The Little Ice Age , lasting from the 17th to the 19th centuries, may also have had a negative impact on the Kawésqar population. In the 1930s many remaining Kawésqar were relocated to Wellington Island , in the town of Villa Puerto Edén , to shield them from pressures from
391-558: The country to be exhibited and treated like animals. Caucahue Caucahue is an ethonym used by Chonos and the Huilliche and Spanish of Chiloé for a group of canoe-faring people that inhabited the archipelagoes south of the Gulf of Penas . The term is one of the various ethnonyms recorded by the Spanish in the 18th century in the fjords and channels of Patagonia . The Caucahue spoke
414-472: The indigenous peoples of Tierra del Fuego since the late 1860s, and his son Despard compiled a 1,200-word vocabulary for the Kawésqar language in the form of a manuscript. Through the late 19th and early 20th centuries, numerous missionaries and anthropologists moved among the indigenous peoples to record, study and, in the case of the missionaries, proselytise them. In 1881, European anthropologists took eleven Kawéskar people from Patagonia to be exhibited in
437-650: The local curriculum, but few native speakers remain to encourage daily use of their traditional language. In 2021 , Kawésqar activist Margarita Vargas López was elected to represent the nation in the Chilean Constitutional Convention . Adwipliin, Aksánas, Alacaluf, Cálen ( Cálenches , Calenes), Caucahué , Enoo, Lecheyel , Taíjataf (Tayataf), Yequinahuere (Yequinahue, Yekinauer ). By 1884 Thomas Bridges , an Anglican missionary based in Ushuaia who had been proselytising and studying
460-428: The majority culture. Later they moved further south, to Puerto Natales and Punta Arenas . In the 21st century, few Kawésqar remain. The 2002 census found 2,622 people identifying as Kawésqar (defined as those who still practiced their native culture or spoke their native language). In 2006, only 15 full-blooded members remained, but numerous mestizo have Kawésqar ancestry. Lessons in the Kawésqar language are part of
483-509: The people of a geographic territory, regardless of ethnic or linguistic divisions within its population. Numerous ethnonyms can apply to the same ethnic or racial group, with various levels of recognition, acceptance and use. The State Library of South Australia contemplated this issue when considering Library of Congress headings for literature pertaining to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people . Some 20 different ethnonyms were considered as potential Library of Congress headings, but it
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#1732780035569506-482: Was recommended that only a fraction of them be employed for the purposes of cataloguing. Ethnonyms can change in character over time; while originally socially acceptable, they may come to be considered offensive . For instance, the term gypsy has been used to refer to the Romani . Other examples include Vandal , Bushman , Barbarian , and Philistine . The ethnonyms applied to African Americans have demonstrated
529-508: Was stated "to the Muslims, terms like Negro and colored are labels created by white people to negate the past greatness of the black race". Four decades later, a similar difference of opinion remains. In 2006, one commentator suggested that the term Negro is outdated or offensive in many quarters; similarly, the word "colored" still appears in the name of the NAACP , or National Association for
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