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77-514: During the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, the mainland Huilliche were generally successful at resisting Spanish encroachment . However, after the Figueroa incursion of 1792 Huilliches were decisively defeated and their territory was gradually opened to European settlement beginning with the Parliament of Las Canoas . Today, most Huilliche speak Spanish, but some, especially older adults, speak

154-710: A market-based economy aimed at the Hispanic sector and cultivated crops such as sugar , wheat , fruits and vegetables and produced animal products such as meat, wool , leather, and tallow . The system in Mexico is considered to have started when the Spanish crown granted to Hernán Cortés the title of Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca in 1529, including the entire present state of Morelos , as well as vast encomienda labor grants. Although haciendas originated in grants to

231-626: A line of pukaras (fortresses) and then an outer zone with Inca pukaras scattered among allied tribes. This outer zone would according to historian José Bengoa have been located between the Maipo and Maule Rivers. The largest indigenous population were the Mapuches living south of the Inca borders in the area spanning from the Itata River to Chiloé Archipelago . The Mapuche population between

308-574: A rare female conquistadora. The conquest of Chile was not carried out directly by the Spanish Crown but by Spaniards that formed enterprises for those purposes and gathered financial resources and soldiers for the enterprise by their own. In 1541 an expedition (enterprise) led by Pedro de Valdivia founded Santiago initiating the conquest of Chile. The first years were harsh for the Spaniards mainly due to their poverty, indigenous rebellions,

385-718: A ship under construction that was in the Bay, only a Spaniard and a slave escaped from the place. Trangolonco addresses as ambassador to all the indigenous chiefs of the Cachapoal , Maipo and Mapocho valleys to send their contingents and join Michimalonco, so that, just as he did with the Incas, he expels the Spanish from the Wallmapu. This action managed to gather around 16,000 warriors. On September 11, 1541, Michimalonco attacked

462-566: Is an estate (or finca ), similar to a Roman latifundium , in Spain and the former Spanish Empire . With origins in Andalusia , haciendas were variously plantations (perhaps including animals or orchards), mines or factories , with many haciendas combining these activities. The word is derived from Spanish hacer (to make, from Latin facere ) and haciendo (making), referring to productive business enterprises. The term hacienda

539-407: Is imprecise, but usually refers to landed estates of significant size, while smaller holdings were termed estancias or ranchos . All colonial haciendas were owned almost exclusively by Spaniards and criollos , or rarely by mixed-race individuals. In Argentina, the term estancia is used for large estates that in Mexico would be termed haciendas . In recent decades, the term has been used in

616-629: The Reconquista of Andalusia in Spain. The sudden acquisition of conquered land allowed kings to grant extensive holdings to nobles, mercenaries, and religious military orders to reward their military service. Andalusian haciendas produced wine, grain, oils, and livestock, and were more purely agricultural than what was to follow in Spanish America . During the Spanish colonization of

693-979: The Arauco War , and the Spanish were never able to reassert control in Araucanía south of the Bío Bío River . Spanish conquerors entering Chile were acompanied by thousands of yanakuna from the already subdued territories of the Inca Empire as well by a few African slaves . In the first years of the period the Spanish in Chile gained a reputation of being poorly dressed among the Spanish in Peru ( roto ), in fact, in Santiago , lack of clothes made some Spanish to dress with hides from dogs, cats, sea lions , and foxes . According to traditional historiography,

770-578: The Argentine Northwest in 1535. From there he crossed into Chile at the latitudes of Copiapó . Almagro's expedition was a failure as he did not find the riches he expected. Almagro's failed expedition gave the lands of Chile a bad reputation among the Spanish in Peru. In April 1539, Francisco Pizarro authorized Pedro de Valdivia as his lieutenant governor with orders to conquer Chile . That did not include monetary aid, which he had to procure on his own. Valdivia did so, in association with

847-705: The Battle of Curalaba in 1598, and the subsequent destruction of the Seven Cities in 1598–1604 in the Araucanía region . This was the period of Spanish conquest of territories, founding of cities, establishment of the Captaincy General of Chile , and defeats ending its further colonial expansion southwards. The initial conflict with the Mapuche extended well beyond the conquest period becoming known as

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924-589: The Chilean land reform (1962–1973). In the Philippines , the hacienda system and lifestyles were influenced by the Spanish colonisation that occurred via Mexico for more than 300 years, but which only took off in the 1850s at the behest of Nicholas Loney , an English businessman and the British Empire 's vice-consul in the city of Iloílo . Loney's objective, according to Alfred W. McCoy ,

1001-650: The Columbian Exchange and produced significant ecological changes. Sheep in particular had a devastating impact on the environment due to overgrazing . Mounted ranch hands variously called vaqueros and gauchos (in the Southern Cone ), among other terms worked for pastoral haciendas. Where the hacienda included working mines , as in Mexico, the patrón might gain immense wealth. The unusually large and profitable Jesuit hacienda Santa Lucía, near Mexico City, established in 1576 and lasting to

1078-530: The Huilliche language . Laurelia sempervirens , known in Huilliche triwe and in Spanish as laurel , is the ritual tree of the Huilliche of Futahuillimapu. The main modern areas of Huilliche settlement are two; San Juan de la Costa west of Osorno and Compu - Chadmo in the southeast of Chiloé Island . The mythological cosmologies of the Huilliche has many parallels in the indigenous religions of

1155-584: The Limarí River valley to cut off land communications between Chile and Peru for the Spanish. Michimalonco becomes strong in this sector with its Mapuche contingent added to the contingent of its Diaguita allies. After some victories against the Spanish advances, Pedro de Valdivia was forced to command his army himself and go to sustain the battle of Limarí, where the Mapuche-Diaguita hosts were defeated. Then Valdivia commanded Juan Bohon to found

1232-530: The Precordillera east of Osorno . This purchase was later ratified by Chilean courts and serves to illustrate how Chilean authorities ignored their own legal order that guaranteed Huilliche property. As result of the establishment of Chilean and European settlers, including Germans, around Bueno River , Osorno Huilliches living in the Central Valley migrated to the coastal region of Osorno. In

1309-528: The Snow White brand name. In the late 19th century, Mercedita became the site of production of Don Q rum. Its profitable rum business is today called Destilería Serrallés . The last of such haciendas decayed considerably starting in the 1950s, with the industrialization of Puerto Rico via Operation Bootstrap . At the turn of the 20th century, most coffee haciendas had disappeared. The sugar-based haciendas changed into centrales azucarelas. Yet by

1386-522: The Straits of Magellan (53° S). He did however only reach Reloncaví Sound (41°45' S). Later in 1567 Chiloé Archipelago (42°30' S) was conquered, from there on southern expansion of the Spanish Empire halted. The Spanish are thought to have lacked incentives for further conquests south. The indigenous populations were scarce and had ways of life that differed from the sedentary agricultural life

1463-507: The Wallmapu . The Spanish and Mapuche hosts face each other in the Battle of Mapocho where Pedro de Valdivia is victorious. Michimalonco decides to make a tactical retreat to gather more contingent and expel the Spanish invaders with a surprise attack, but the Spanish find out about this accumulation of forces and decide to go where the Mapuche forces were accumulating for a surprise attack and

1540-421: The battle of Curalaba in 1598 triggered a general uprising that led to the destruction of all Spanish cities in Huilliche territory except Castro. The portion of Futahuillimapu south of Maipué River became largely depopulated following a period of pillaging by the Spanish and loyalist Huilliches that had relocated from Osorno to the forts of Carelmapu and Calbuco . After Valdivia was refounded in 1645,

1617-428: The 17th century more haciendas were formed as the economy moved away from mining and into agriculture and husbandry. Beginning in the late 17th century Chilean haciendas begun to export wheat to Peru . While the immediate cause of this was Peru being struck by both an earthquake and a stem rust epidemic , Chilean soil and climatic conditions were better for cereal production than those of Peru and Chilean wheat

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1694-464: The 1920s, The economy of Osorno shifted towards cattle farming, with land ownership concentrated among the German immigrants, and many Huilliches became peasants of haciendas . Conquest of Chile The Conquest of Chile is a period in Chilean historiography that starts with the arrival of Pedro de Valdivia to Chile in 1541 and ends with the death of Martín García Óñez de Loyola in

1771-642: The 1990s, and despite significant government fiscal support, the last 13 Puerto Rican centrales azucares were forced to shut down. This marked the end of haciendas operating in Puerto Rico. In 2000, the last two sugar mills closed, after having operated for nearly 100 years. An " estancia " was a similar type of food farm. An estancia differed from an hacienda in terms of crop types handled, target market, machinery used, and size. An estancia, during Spanish colonial times in Puerto Rico (1508 – 1898),

1848-471: The 20th century. In Spanish America , the owner of an hacienda was called the hacendado or patrón . Most owners of large and profitable haciendas preferred to live in Spanish cities, often near the hacienda, but in Mexico, the richest owners lived in Mexico City, visiting their haciendas at intervals. Onsite management of the rural estates was by a paid administrator or manager, which was similar to

1925-648: The Americas , the hacienda model was exported to the New World, continuing the pattern of the Reconquista . As the Spanish established cities in conquered territories, the crown distributed smaller plots of land nearby, while in areas farther afield, the conquistadores were allotted large land grants which became haciendas and estancias . Haciendas were developed as profit-making enterprises linked to regional or international markets. Estates were integrated into

2002-532: The Americas was characterized by the establishments of cities in the middle of conquered territories. With the founding of each city a number of conquistadores became vecinos of that city being granted a solar and possibly also a chacra in the outskirts of the city, or a hacienda or estancia in more far away parts of the countryside. Apart from land, natives were also distributed among Spaniards since they were considered vital for carrying out any economic activity. The cities founded, despite defeats in

2079-459: The Andalien battle, and Penco battle in 1550. The victories allowed Valdiva to found cities on the Mapuche homelands, such as Concepcion in 1550, La Imperial, Valdivia , and Villarrica in 1552, and Los Confines in 1553. According to Pedro de Valdivia the Mapuche identified the Spanish as "ingas", meaning Incas , a word that stuck is now known under the form wingka meaning new-Inca. At

2156-510: The Arauco War, were: Santiago (1541), La Serena (1544), Concepción (1550), La Imperial , Valdivia , Villarrica (1552), Los Confines (1553), Cañete (1557), Osorno (1558), Arauco (1566), Castro (1567), Chillán (1580), and Santa Cruz de Oñez (1595). The destruction of the Seven Cities in 1600, and ongoing Arauco War stopped Spanish expansion southward. Spanish conquerors were acompanied by thousands of yanakuna from

2233-467: The Battle of Chillox takes place where Michimalonco is defeated again. The resounding victory leaves Pedro de Valdivia confident, on February 12, 1541, he founded the city of Santiago de la Nueva Extremadura on Huelen hill (present-day Santa Lucia Hill). After a few months of settlement, Pedro de Valdivia gathers forces and goes directly to attack the fortress of Michimalonco in Paidahuén, leading to

2310-677: The Central Andes including the Inca religion . In the 1540s Spanish conquereros led by Pedro de Valdivia arrived in Central Chile from newly conquered Peru . Between 1549 and 1553 the Spanish founded several cities in Mapuche territory and one in Huilliche territory: Valdivia . Albeit the death of Pedro de Valdivia in 1553 halted the Spanish conquests for a while Osorno and Castro were established in Huilliche territory in 1558 and 1567 respectively. The Spanish defeat by Mapuches in

2387-773: The Itata River and Reloncaví Sound has been estimated at 705,000–900,000 in the mid-16th century by historian José Bengoa . Mapuches lived in scattered hamlets , mainly along the great rivers of Southern Chile . All major population centres lay at the confluences of rivers. Mapuches preferred to build their houses on hilly terrain or isolated hills rather than on plains and terraces . The Mapuche people represented an unbroken culture dating back to as early as 600 to 500 BC. Yet Mapuches had been influenced over centuries by Central Andean cultures such as Tiwanaku . A cultural linkage of this sort may help explain parallels in mythological cosmologies among Mapuches, Huilliches and

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2464-472: The Spanish and carried out the Destruction of Santiago , with only a handful of Spaniards barely surviving. Then Michimalonco applied the “empty war” which consisted of not giving the Spaniards any type of food or supplies so that they could go back to Peru . The Spanish barely resisted and there were a series of skirmishes between Spanish and Mapuche forces. After a large number of confrontations between

2541-569: The Spanish arrival as evidenced by the fast advances of the Spanish conquerors. According to Zavala and co-workers (2021) the widespread gold-related toponyms in Mapuche lands and early Spanish reports of gold objects, plus the easiness for the Spanish to find gold mines suggests that gold mining did occur in Pre-Hispanic Chile south of Itata River , well beyond the borders of the Inca Empire. The first Spanish subjects to enter

2618-531: The Spanish authorities in Valdivia . In 1792 the Huilliches were ravaged by a Spanish army led by Tomás de Figueroa . A peace parliament and treaty was signed in 1793. In the treaty Huilliche property was recognized by the Spanish. Sociedad Stuttgart, a society established in the 19th century to bring German settlers to Chile, purchased about 15 000 km under fraudulent conditions from Huilliches in

2695-470: The Spanish first came to Central Chile the territory had been under Inca rule for about 60 years. There are however dissenting views, recent works suggest at least 130 years of Inca presence in Central Chile, and historian Osvaldo Silva posits remarkably short chronologies of direct Inca rule and military involvement. According to Silva the last Inca push towards the south was made as late as in

2772-570: The Spanish immigrants in Santiago. The Chilean region was not as rich in minerals as Peru, so the indigenous peoples were forced to work on construction projects and placer gold mining. After a time of exploitation of the gold, Trangolonco, Michimalonco's brother, revolted and defeat the Spaniards in Marga Marga and destroyed the Spanish settlement, then defeat the Spanish in Concón and burned

2849-558: The Spanish in Chile. Valdivia came to the Valley of Copiapo and took possession in the name of the King of Spain and named it Nueva Extremadura , for his Spanish homeland of Extremadura . Recently arrived Pedro de Valdivia in central Chile is confronted by the toqui Michimalonco , who a couple of years before had expelled the Incas from Mapuche territory and dominated the northern lands of

2926-447: The Spanish mined gold placers and silver. The original site of the city was likely close to modern Pucón . However at some point in the 16th century it is presumed the gold placers were buried by lahars flowing down from nearby Villarrica Volcano . This prompted settlers to relocate the city further west at its modern location. Mining activity declined in the late 16th century as the richest part of placer deposits, which are usually

3003-419: The Spanish struggled to establish a land route to the vicinities of Chiloé Archipelago across independent Huilliche territory. There are reports in the 17th and 18th centuries of internal conflicts among the Huilliche. This may have stunted population growth. In late 18th century Basque navigator José de Moraleda wrote that Huilliches of Osorno were more stocky, agile and of general better appearance than

3080-626: The Spanish were accustomed to. The harsh climate in the fjords and channels of Patagonia may also have deterred further expansion. Indeed, even in Chiloé did the Spanish encounter difficulties to adapt as their attempts to base the economy on gold extraction and a "hispanic-mediterranean" agricultural model failed. Hacienda An hacienda ( UK : / ˌ h æ s i ˈ ɛ n d ə / HASS -ee- EN -də or US : / ˌ h ɑː s i ˈ ɛ n d ə / HAH -see- EN -də ; Spanish: [aˈθjenda] or [aˈsjenda] )

3157-419: The Spanish. The key area of the Arauco War were the valleys around Cordillera de Nahuelbuta where the Spanish designs for this region was to exploit the placer deposits of gold using unfree Mapuche labour from the nearby and densely populated valleys. Deaths related to mining contributed to a population decline among native Mapuches . Another site of Spanish mining was the city of Villarrica . At this city

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3234-597: The United States for an architectural style associated with the traditional estate manor houses. The hacienda system of Argentina , Bolivia , Chile , Colombia , Guatemala , El Salvador , Mexico , New Granada , and Peru was an economic system of large land holdings. A similar system existed on a smaller scale in the Philippines and Puerto Rico . In Puerto Rico, haciendas were larger than estancias ; ordinarily grew sugar cane, coffee, or cotton; and exported their crops abroad. Haciendas originated during

3311-473: The arrangement with the encomienda. Administrators were often hired for a fixed term of employment, receiving a salary and at times some share of the profits of the estate. Some administrators also acquired landholdings themselves in the area of the estate they were managing. The work force on haciendas varied, depending on the type of hacienda and where it was located. In central Mexico near indigenous communities and growing crops to supply urban markets, there

3388-457: The battle of Paidahuén where the Mapuches are completely defeated and Michimalonco is taken prisoner. To obtain its freedom, Michimalonco offers ownership of the Marga Marga gold pans, previously exploited by the Incas, but which since the expulsion of the Incas belonged to Michimalonco. With this, Michimalonco and his imprisoned men are released and Michimalonco allocates part of its vassals to

3465-535: The city of La Serena in 1544 to guarantee that communications with Peru by land would not be interrupted again. The Juan Bautista Pastene expedition ventured to unexplored southern Chile in 1544. Arriving at the Bio-Bio River , started the Arauco War with the Mapuche people. The epic poem La Araucana (1576) by Alonso de Ercilla describes the Spanish viewpoint. The Spanish won several battles, such as

3542-635: The crops for exporting. Some estancias were larger than some haciendas, but generally this was the exception and not the norm. In the present era, the Ministerio de Hacienda is the government department in Spain that deals with finance and taxation , as in Mexico Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público , and which is equivalent to the Department of the Treasury in

3619-582: The double effect of strengthening England and Scotland's textile industries at the expense of Iloílo's and satisfying the growing European demand for sugar. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, attempts to abolish the hacienda system in the country through land-reform laws have not been successful. The expiration of the Laurel–Langley Agreement and the resultant collapse of the Negros sugar industry gave President Ferdinand E. E. Marcos

3696-591: The early 1530s. The main settlements of the Inca Empire in Chile lay along the Aconcagua River , Mapocho River , and the Maipo River. Quillota in Aconcagua Valley was likely their foremost settlement. As it appear to be the case in the other borders of the Inca Empire, the southern border was composed of several zones: first, an inner, fully incorporated zone with mitimaes protected by

3773-412: The elite, many ordinary Spaniards could also petition for land grants from the crown. New haciendas were formed in many places in the 17th and 18th centuries as most local economies moved from mining toward agriculture and husbandry. Distribution of land happened in parallel with the allocation of indigenous people to servitude under the encomienda system. Although the hacienda was not directly linked to

3850-400: The encomienda, many Spanish holders of encomiendas lucratively combined the two by acquiring land or developing enterprises to employ that forced labor. As the crown moved to eliminate encomienda labor, Spaniards consolidated private landholdings and recruited labor on a permanent or casual basis. Eventually, the hacienda became secure private property, which survived the colonial period and into

3927-410: The exploitation of the gold by the Spanish. Valdivia had rejected the position and titles due him while Pizarro was alive, as it could have been seen as an act of treason. He accepted the titles after the death of Francisco Pizarro . Pedro de Valdivia was named Governor and Captain-General of the Captaincy General of Chile on June 11, 1541. He was the first Governor of Chile. For long time Valdivia

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4004-469: The expulsion in 1767, has been reconstructed by Herman Konrad from archival sources. This reconstruction has revealed the nature and operation of the hacienda system in Mexico, its labor force, its systems of land tenure and its relationship to larger Hispanic society in Mexico. The Catholic Church and orders , especially the Jesuits , acquired vast hacienda holdings or preferentially loaned money to

4081-402: The first Mapuche cavalry corps. With six thousand warriors under his command, Lautaro attacked the fort at Tucapel . The Spanish garrison was unable to withstand the assault and retreated to Purén . Lautaro seized and burned the fort and prepared his army certain that the Spaniards would attempt to retake Tucapel . Valdivia mounted a counter-attack, but he was quickly surrounded. He and his army

4158-414: The hacendado, and owed a portion of their crops to him. Stock raising was central to ranching haciendas, the largest of which were in areas without dense indigenous populations, such as northern Mexico, but as indigenous populations declined in central areas, more land became available for grazing. Livestock were animals originally imported from Spain, including cattle, horses, sheep, and goats were part of

4235-638: The hacendados. As the hacienda owners' mortgage holders, the Church's interests were connected with the landholding class. In the history of Mexico and other Latin American countries, the masses developed some hostility to the church; at times of gaining independence or during certain political movements, the people confiscated the church haciendas or restricted them. Haciendas in the Caribbean were developed primarily as sugar plantations were dependent on

4312-517: The hosts of Valdivia and those of Michimalonco, at the end of 1543 the Spanish managed to finish controlling the valleys of Cachapoal, Maipo and Aconcagua with the conquest by Pedro de Valdivia of three forts that Michimalonco maintained in the Andean mountain range of the Aconcagua River, which causes the withdrawal of Michimalonco's forces towards the north. In 1544 Michimalonco headed to

4389-426: The labor of African slaves imported to the region and staffed by slaves brought from Africa . In Puerto Rico, this system ended with the abolition of slavery on 22 March 1873. In South America , the hacienda remained after the collapse of the colonial system in the early 19th century when nations gained independence. In some places, such as Dominican Republic , with independence came efforts to break up

4466-534: The land from the hacendados and redistributed it to the peasants. The first haciendas of Chile formed during the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. The Destruction of the Seven Cities following the battle of Curalaba (1598) meant for the Spanish the loss of both the main gold districts and the largest sources of indigenous labour. After those dramatic years the colony of Chile became concentrated in Central Chile which became increasingly populated, explored and economically exploited. Much land in Central Chile

4543-535: The large plantation holdings into a myriad of small subsistence farmers' holdings, an agrarian revolution. In Bolivia , haciendas were prevalent until the 1952 Revolution of Víctor Paz Estenssoro . He established an extensive program of land distribution as part of the Agrarian Reform . Likewise, Peru had haciendas until the Agrarian Reform (1969) of Juan Velasco Alvarado , who expropriated

4620-416: The merchant Francisco Martínez Vegaso, captain Alonso de Monroy, and Pedro Sanchez de la Hoz. Sanchez was the longtime secretary to Pizarro, who had returned from Spain with authorization from the king to explore the territories south of the Viceroyalty of Peru to the Strait of Magellan , also granting Valdivia the title of governor over lands taken from the indigenous people. This was the last campaign for

4697-461: The most shallow, became exhausted. The decline was aggravated by the collapse of the Spanish cities in the south following the battle of Curalaba (1598) which meant for the Spaniards the loss of both the main gold districts and the largest indigenous labour sources. Compared to the 16th and 18th centuries, Chilean mining activity in the 17th century was very limited. Pedro de Valdivia sought originally to conquer all of southern South America to

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4774-436: The opening to strip the hacenderos of their self-appointed roles as kingmakers in national politics . Hopes were short-lived, however, as protests revolving around Hacienda Luisita , as well as massacres and targeted assassinations in the Negros provinces , continue to this day. The opportunity that had earlier arisen was squandered and any significant gains stillborn. Haciendas in Puerto Rico developed during

4851-401: The people of Chiloé. Their ponchos were described by Moraleds as less pleasing ("vistosos") than those of Chiloé. A new battle took place between Spanish and Huilliche forces in 1759 near the shores of río Bueno. The outcome of the battle has been subject ot different interpretations. The battle of 1759 was an exception to the overall policy of befriending indigenous communities on behalf of

4928-443: The peoples of the Central Andes. Through their contact with Incan invaders Mapuches would have for the first time met people with state-level organization . Their contact with the Inca is thought to have given them a collective awareness to distinguishing between them and the invaders and uniting them into loose geopolitical units despite their lack of state organization. Mapuche territory had an effective system of roads before

5005-531: The poor battle terrain, and frequent conspiracies. The inhabitants of Santiago in the mid-16th century were notoriously poorly dressed as result of a lack of armour and food supplies, with some Spanish even resorting to dress with hides from dogs, cats, sea lions , and foxes . The second founding of La Serena in 1549 (initially founded in 1544 but destroyed by natives) was followed by the founding of numerous new cities in southern Chile halting only after Valdivia's death in 1553. The Spanish colonization of

5082-428: The territories of today's Peru , Bolivia and Ecuador who also settled in Chile. Due to a matter of prestige, many yanakuna claimed to be from the former imperial capital of Cusco . Early Spaniards extracted gold from placer deposits using indigenous labour. This contributed to usher in the Arauco War as native Mapuches lacked a tradition of forced labour like the Andean mita and largely refused to serve

5159-552: The territory of what would become Chile were the members of the Magellan expedition that discovered the Straits of Magellan before completing the world's first circumnavigation . The first permanent Spanish settler in Chile was Gonzalo Calvo de Barrientos who had left Peru in disrepute after a quarrel with the Pizarro brothers . The Pizarro brothers had accused Calvo de Barrientos of theft and had him cropped as punishment. Antón Cerrada joined Calvo de Barrientos in his exile. Diego de Almagro ventured into present-day Bolivia and

5236-439: The time of Spanish colonization. An example of these was the 1833 Hacienda Buena Vista , which dealt primarily with the cultivation, packaging, and exportation of coffee. Today, Hacienda Buena Vista, which is listed in the United States National Register of Historic Places , is operated as a museum, Museo Hacienda Buena Vista . The 1861 Hacienda Mercedita was a sugar plantation that once produced, packaged and sold sugar in

5313-407: The time of the initial contact Mapuches called horses "hueque ingas" in reference to the hueque according to Valdivia's letter to the Emperor. In 1553, the Mapuches held a council at which they resolved to make war. They chose as their " toqui " (wartime chief) a strong man called Caupolicán and as his vice toqui Lautaro , because he had served as an auxiliary to the Spanish cavalry; he created

5390-772: Was a plot of land used for cultivating "frutos menores" (minor crops). That is, the crops in such estancia farms were produced in relatively small quantities and thus were meant, not for wholesale or exporting, but for sale and consumption locally, where produced and its adjacent towns. Haciendas, unlike estancias, were equipped with industrial machinery used for processing its crops into derivatives such as juices , marmalades , flours , etc., for wholesale and exporting. Some "frutos menores" grown in estancias were rice , corn , beans , batatas , ñames , yautías , and pumpkins ; among fruits were plantains , bananas , oranges , avocados , and grapefruits . Most haciendas in Puerto Rico produced sugar, coffee, and tobacco, which were

5467-425: Was cheaper and of better quality than Peruvian wheat. Initially Chilean haciendas could not meet the wheat demand due to a labour shortage, so had to incorporate temporary workers in addition to the permanent staff. Another response by the latifundia to labour shortages was to act as merchants, buying wheat produced by independent farmers or from farmers that hired land. In the period 1700 to 1850, this second option

5544-403: Was cleared with fire during this period. On the contrary open fields in southern Chile were overgrown as indigenous populations declined due to diseases introduced by the Spanish and intermittent warfare. The loss of the cities meant Spanish settlements in Chile became increasingly rural with the hacienda gaining importance in economic and social matters. As Chilean mining activity declined in

5621-411: Was massacred by the Mapuches in the Battle of Tucapel . Most conquistadores were Spanish men. A few where from elsewhere, like Juan Valiente who was a black-skinned African. Juan de Bohon (Johann von Bohon), the founder of La Serena and Barlolomeo Flores (Barotholomeus Blumental) are said to have been Germans. Navigator Juan Bautista Pastene was of Genoese origin. Inés Suárez stands out as

5698-412: Was often a small, permanent workforce resident on the hacienda. Labor could be recruited from nearby indigenous communities on an as-needed basis, such as planting and harvest time. The permanent and temporary hacienda employees worked land that belonged to the patrón and under the supervision of local labor bosses. In some places small scale cultivators or campesinos worked small holdings belonging to

5775-487: Was overall more lucrative. It was primarily the haciendas of Central Chile, La Serena and Concepción that came to be involved in cereal export to Peru. In the 19th and early 20th century haciendas were the main prey for Chilean banditry . 20th century Chilean haciendas stand out for the poor conditions of workers and being a backward part of the economy. The hacienda and inquilinaje institutions that characterized large parts of Chilean agriculture were eliminated by

5852-538: Was preoccupied about other Spanish conquistadors disputing him what he saw as his domains. As long as he did not have a royal assignment this could very much happen. The Strait of Magellan was important in Valdivia's design for the Conquest of Chile, as perceived it was part of his Chilean albeit he never reached so far south. Valdivia organized the first distribution of encomiendas and of indigenous peoples among

5929-501: Was the systematic deindustrialisation of Iloílo . This deindustrialisation was to be accomplished through shifting labour and capital from Iloílo's textile industry ( Hiligaynon : habol Ilonggo ), the origins of which predate the arrival of the Castilians , to sugar-production on the neighbouring island of Negros . The Port of Iloílo was also opened to the flood of cheaply priced British textiles. These changes had

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