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67-538: The company was founded by Charles Peabody, Captain George Roberts, Captain Melville Nichols, George Lent, Frank E. Burns and Walter Oakes. This group of six men began gathering $ 30,000 by selling 300 shares of stock, at $ 100 each. Peabody served as president of the company from its creation until 1912. The first vessel they purchased was the 140-foot steamer Willapa . A railroad to serve the mines in

134-678: A 1996 vote. After Alaska was given statehood in 1959, Juneau's population increased as well as the growth of state government. After construction of the Alaska Pipeline in 1977, the state budget was flush with oil revenues, and it expanded programs for the people. The growth slowed considerably in the 1980s. In 2005, the state demographer projected slow growth in the borough for the next twenty years. Cruise ship tourism has expanded rapidly, from approximately 230,000 passengers in 1990 to nearly 1,000,000 in 2006, as cruise lines have built more and larger ships. They sail to Juneau seven days

201-467: A mining camp sprang up. Many miners arrived within a year and the camp became a village, albeit made up mostly of tents and shacks rather than buildings. It was the first European American settlement founded in the territory after the United States purchased Alaska . By the autumn of 1881, the village had a population of over 100 and was known as Rockwell, after Lt. Com. Charles Rockwell; later it

268-560: A poor man's Lahaina ". The fishing industry is a major part of the Juneau economy, while not as strong as when a halibut schooner fleet generated considerable profits. The city was recently the 49th most lucrative U.S. fisheries port by volume and 45th by value. In 2004 it took in 15 million pounds of fish and shellfish, valued at 21.5 million dollars, according to the National Marine Fisheries Service . While

335-508: A population of 31,275 there is a per capita of about 28 people per business. Juneau's only power utility is Alaska Electric Light & Power (AEL&P). Most of the electricity in the borough is generated at the Snettisham Hydroelectric facility in the southern end of the borough, accessible only by boat or plane. In April 2008, an avalanche destroyed three transmission towers, forcing AEL&P to supply almost all of

402-546: A stock transaction. The company greatly benefited from the Merchant Marine Act of 1920 , which required ships connecting two United States ports to fly the United States flag. The legislation forced two Canadian shipping companies out of the Alaska market. The Alaska Steamship Company eventually enjoyed a near monopoly of freight and passenger service to Alaska. In the 1930s the company bought its long-time rival,

469-414: A week over a longer season than before, but the cruising tourism is still primarily a summer industry. It provides few year-round jobs but stimulates summer employment in the city. In 2010, the city was recognized as part of the "Playful City USA" initiative by KaBOOM! , created to honor cities that ensure their children have great places to play. Juneau is larger in area than the state of Delaware and

536-459: Is declining in width and height. The Alaska State Capitol in downtown Juneau was built as the Federal and Territorial Building in 1931. Prior to statehood, it housed federal government offices, the federal courthouse, and a post office. It also housed the territorial legislature and other territorial offices, including that of the governor. Today, Juneau is the home of the state legislature and

603-499: Is unique among U.S. state capitals in that there are no roads connecting the city to the rest of the state or to the contiguous United States. Honolulu , Hawaii , is the only other state capital which is not connected by road to the contiguous United States. The absence of a road network is due to the extremely rugged terrain surrounding the city. In turn Juneau is a de facto island city in terms of transportation; all goods coming in and out must be transported by plane or boat, in spite of

670-637: The Aleutian Islands and Kodiak . The first European to see the Juneau area was Joseph Whidbey , master of the Discovery during George Vancouver 's 1791–95 expedition . He and his party explored the region in July–August 1794. Early in August he viewed the length of Gastineau Channel from the south, noting a small island in mid-channel. He later recorded seeing the channel again, this time from

737-530: The Aleutian Low draws warm and moist air from the south, bringing ample snow- or rainfall, and even in summer, winds will tend to blow onshore. The strength and frequency of the rainfall depends on several factors, including the presence of El Niño (more mild and rainy weather) or La Niña (colder and drier periods due to the presence of an anticyclone in the Gulf of Alaska ). Conversely, offshore winds from

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804-680: The City and Borough of Juneau , is the capital of the U.S. state of Alaska , located along the Gastineau Channel and the Alaskan panhandle . Juneau was named the capital of Alaska in 1906, when the government of what was then the District of Alaska was moved from Sitka as dictated by the U.S. Congress in 1900. On July 1, 1970, the City of Juneau merged with the City of Douglas and

871-546: The Juneau Trail System , a series of wilderness trails which are easy to extremely difficult to hike. The Juneau area is in a transition zone between a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ), a subarctic climate ( Köppen Dfc ), and an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb/Cfc ), depending on the isotherm used. The city's climate is heavily influenced by the proximity of the Pacific Ocean , specifically

938-686: The Juneau mining district prior to World War II included the Treadwell Mine , the Alaska-Juneau Mine , and the Alaska-Gastineau Mine . By 1906, after the decline of whaling and the fur trade, Sitka which was the original capital of Alaska, had become less important and the territorial legislature moved the seat of government to Juneau in accordance with a 1900 federal law. Juneau was the largest city in Alaska during

1005-635: The Pacific Lighterage Company founded in 1917. Pacific Steamship Company acquired the 101.5-foot SS Warrior II on December 21, 1917, The Warrior II was a passenger ship built by the Wilmington Transportation Company and designed by William Muller. Warrior II route was from Los Angeles to Santa Catalina Island , which she did for sixteen years. Warrior II was sold on July 24, 1930, to Pacific Motorship Company. Pacific Lighterage Company operated

1072-687: The Pacific Steamship Company . Many Alaskan residents began complaining about irregular service and high fares. As a result, the U.S. Congress passed the Intercoastal Shipping Act of 1933 . It required specific schedules and approved, published cargo rates. When World War II broke out, the Federal Government took control of most U.S. registered ships to support the war effort, including the company's fleet of 15 vessels. The company became an agent for

1139-740: The Seward Peninsula , the Bering Sea , St. Michael and Nome . The resulting company had a virtual monopoly on the Alaska shipping industry. Charles Peabody retired in 1912 and S.W. Eccles of the Guggenheim Company. In 1915, Kennecott Copper Company , also owned by Morgan & Co. and the M. Guggenheim Sons , acquired the Alaska Syndicate's interests in the Alaska Steamship Company with

1206-508: The Tlingit language during the 1830s and 1840s. The Tlingit arranged for an Orthodox priest to come to their Juneau settlement. In 1890, about 700 people converted, following chief Yees Gaanaalx and his wife of Auke Bay . The Orthodox Church Missionary Society supported the Tlingit in furnishing and constructing a church for the large congregation. The St. Nicholas Russian Orthodox Church

1273-755: The Tugboat Warrior and two sealed steel barges from San Francisco to Alaska starting in 1917, the Lighterage in the name, a lighter is a barge. Durning World War II the Pacific Lighterage Company operated the ship SS Admiral Y.S. Williams . On the SS Admiral Y.S. Williams crew sank the ship to avoid capture on Dec. 25, 1941. Of the crew 29 went into Japanese Prisoner of war camp, and four died as POW. Pacific Lighterage Companyfleet of ships that were used to help

1340-586: The War Shipping Administration and was assigned to manage its own ships along with sixty others. During the war, five ships were lost. Before World War II, 42 ships had served Alaska, but after the war, only seven were in service. The Alaska Steamship Company was purchased in August 1944 for $ 4,290,000 by the Skinner and Eddy Corporation of Seattle . Skinner and Eddy also purchased the only other major Alaska shipping company to survive after

1407-554: The Wrangell Mountains . They merged its operations with the Northwest Steamship Company , which owned 12 canneries, and a retail store, but retained the Alaska Steamship Company name. The merged company began operations with 12 ships, and they added to their fleet until they had 18 ships. They expanded service from Ketchikan to Kotzebue . They served all of southwestern Alaska, southeaster Alaska,

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1474-407: The third-most populous city in Alaska after Anchorage and Fairbanks . Juneau experiences a daily influx of 21,000 people or more from visiting cruise ships between the months of May and September. The city is named after a gold prospector from Quebec , Joe Juneau , although it was once called Rockwell and then Harrisburg (after Juneau's co-prospector, Richard Harris ). The Tlingit name of

1541-609: The Alaska Trollers Association, United Fishermen of Alaska, United Southeast Alaska Gillnetters Association, and the Southeast Alaska Seiners Association. Real estate agencies, federally funded highway construction, and mining are still viable non-government local industries. Alaska Seaplanes, an airline, has its headquarters in Juneau. As of the 2010 census, there were 1,107 businesses with operations in Juneau borough; with

1608-580: The Federal and Territorial Building was transferred to the new state and became its capitol . The Alaska Governor's Mansion was commissioned under the Public Building Act in 1910. The mansion was designed by James Knox Taylor in the Federal style . Construction was completed in 1912. The territorial governor at the time was the first governor to live in the mansion, and he held the first open house for citizens on January 1, 1913. The area of

1675-596: The Gastineau Channel, directing them to Snow Slide Gulch (the head of Gold Creek). According to the Rev. Samuel Young, in his book Alaska Days with John Muir , Juneau and Harris decided to explore their party's campsite at the creek head in the summer of 1879. They found nuggets "as large as peas and beans" there, in Harris' words. On October 18, 1880, the two men marked a 160-acre (650,000 m ) town site and soon

1742-647: The Klondike run and were unprepared to switch to alternates when the gold rush subsided. The Canadian Pacific Railway , their other potential competitor, decided at first that would not compete on the Victoria route, and chose to concentrate on their Empress ocean-going sleek steamships which fed passengers into their rail route across the Canadian Rockies and to their Empress Hotels in Victoria and Vancouver. On May 2, 1903, Peabody and his associates purchased

1809-406: The United States, with 2,716.7 square miles (7,036 km ) being made up of land and 538.3 square miles (1,394 km ) consisting of water (16.54%). The central (downtown) area of Juneau is at 58°18′00″N 134°24′58″W  /  58.30000°N 134.41611°W  / 58.30000; -134.41611 . The City and Borough of Juneau includes Douglas Island , which is a tidal island to

1876-711: The World War II effort. During World War II Pacific Lighterage Company operated Merchant navy ships for the United States Shipping Board . During World War II Pacific Lighterage Company was active with charter shipping with the Maritime Commission and War Shipping Administration . ship for the merchant navy . The ship was run by its Pacific Lighterage Company crew and the US Navy supplied United States Navy Armed Guards to man

1943-403: The airport (1981–2010 normals), but ranging from 55 to 92 inches (1,400 to 2,340 mm), depending on location. Most of it will occur in fall and winter, some falling as snow from November to March. Records have been officially kept at downtown Juneau from January 1890 to June 1943, and at Juneau International Airport since July 1943. The coldest temperature ever officially recorded in Juneau

2010-494: The area. In April 2008, a series of massive avalanches outside Juneau heavily damaged the electrical lines providing Juneau with power, knocking the hydroelectric system offline and forcing the utility to switch to a much more expensive diesel system. Juneau shares its eastern border with the Canadian province of British Columbia . It is the only U.S. state capital which borders another country. Alaska State Parks maintains

2077-508: The borough's electricity from diesel-powered generators for one month. Also headquartered in Juneau is the Marine Exchange of Alaska , a nonprofit organization which operates an extensive vessel tracking network and ensures safe maritime operations for the entire state. Pacific Steamship Company The Pacific Steamship Company was a US freight and passenger shipping company that operated between 1916 and 1936. The company

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2144-625: The burgeoning fish cannery industry. When the Klondike Gold Strike took place in 1897, Charles Peabody reorganized the company and rapidly expanded his fleet of ships to meet the sudden demand for service. In 1898, the stockholders formed the Puget Sound Navigation Company as a subsidiary. The new company was legally organized in Nevada where corporate law was more lenient. The Puget Sound routes allowed

2211-576: The capital. In the 1970s, voters passed a plan to move the capital to Willow , a town 70 miles (110 km) north of Anchorage. But pro-Juneau people there and in Fairbanks persuaded voters also to approve a measure (the FRANK Initiative) requiring voter approval of all bondable construction costs before building could begin. Alaskans later voted against spending the estimated $ 900 million. A 1984 "ultimate" capital-move vote also failed, as did

2278-545: The capitol took less than two years, and the building was dedicated as the Federal and Territorial Building on February 14, 1931. It was designed by Treasury Department architects in the Art Deco architectural style . The building was originally used by the federal government to house the federal courthouse and the post office for the territory. Alaska gained statehood in 1959 and under the Alaska Statehood Act ,

2345-624: The cargo. After World War II, when the freight business slowed, the company decided to focus on tourism and introduced their ship the Alaska in January 1946. It was later joined by the Aleutian , Baranof , Yukon , and Denali . The ships called at Ketchikan (two days journey), Juneau (three days journey) and Seward (five days journey). Intermediate ports of call included Wrangell, Petersburg, Skagway, Sitka, Cordova, Valdez, Kodiak and Seldovia. All

2412-503: The city of Douglas and the surrounding Greater Juneau Borough to form the current municipality, which accounts for the population jump between the 1970 and 1980 censuses. As of the census of 2020, there were 31,275 people, 12,922 households. The population density was 11.9 people per square mile (4.6 people/km ), making it the least densely populated state capital. There were 12,922 housing units at an average density of 4.0 units per square mile (1.5 units/km ). The racial makeup of

2479-730: The city's location on the Alaskan mainland. Downtown Juneau sits at sea level with tides averaging 16 feet (5 m), below steep mountains about 3,500 to 4,000 feet (1,100 to 1,200 m) high. Atop the mountains is the Juneau Icefield , a large ice mass from which about 30 glaciers flow; two of them, the Mendenhall Glacier and the Lemon Creek Glacier, are visible from the local road system. The Mendenhall Glacier has been gradually retreating; its front face

2546-404: The city/borough was 64.7% White (62.5% Non-Hispanic White ), 1.0% African American , 10.1% Native American or Alaska Native , 6.7% Asian , 1.3% Pacific Islander , and 14.3% from two or more races. 7.0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 2.6% reported speaking Tagalog at home, and 2.4% reported speaking Spanish. The median income for a household in the city/borough

2613-496: The company to continue to use some of its smaller, older vessels as they became unsuitable for the strenuous Alaska routes. In 1902, the Puget Sound Navigation Co. started a steamship route from Port Townsend and Port Angeles, Washington to Victoria, British Columbia , Canada, carrying both freight and passengers. Their competitor the Pacific Steamship Company had committed their entire fleet of ships to

2680-630: The controlling stock of La Conner Trading and Transportation Company . They initially named the merged company the Inland Navigation Co. but later resumed using Puget Sound Navigation Co. The new company became the biggest inland shipping company of Puget Sound. In 1907 the Alaska Syndicate , funded by Morgan & Co. and the Daniel Guggenheim , bought the company to service its growing copper mining operation in

2747-419: The inside passage were often inhospitable and the jagged coastline was treacherous. While most of the ships in the Alaska Steamship Company's fleet were sold, scrapped , or repurposed, a number of their ships ended their careers as wrecks. Juneau, Alaska Juneau ( / ˈ dʒ uː n oʊ / JOO -noh ; Tlingit : Dzánti K'ihéeni [ˈtsʌ́ntʰɪ̀ kʼɪ̀ˈhíːnɪ̀] ), officially

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2814-619: The inter-war years, passing Fairbanks in population by the 1920 census . Anchorage became the largest city in terms of population in 1950 . In 1911, the United States Congress authorized funds for construction of a capitol building for the Alaska Territory . World War I delayed construction and there were difficulties purchasing the necessary land. Citizens of Juneau donated some of the required funds, and construction began on September 8, 1929. Construction of

2881-546: The interior are normally dry but may have extreme variations in temperature. Temperatures vary relatively little over the year. Winters are mild by Alaskan standards, with the average temperature of January slightly below freezing and highs often above 32 °F (0.0 °C); summers are rather cool but occasionally may get warm. Temperatures above 75 °F (23.9 °C) or below 10 °F (−12.2 °C) are not unheard of but are rare. Precipitation falls on an average 230 days per year, averaging 62.27 inches (1,580 mm) at

2948-452: The interior encouraged mining activity and brought more fortune-seekers and tourists. By 1905, service was shifted from the Juneau and Skagway region to the Valdez - Cordova , then eventually to Nome , where Alaska Steamship was ready to capitalize on the bonanza by switching its ships accordingly. Their ships supplied the growing number of religious missions that were being established and

3015-629: The local economy is the tourism industry, which generates most income in the summer months. In 2005, nearly an estimated one million cruise ship passengers visited Juneau between May and September. That figure is now 1.65 million per year for the season ending in October 2023. On the other hand, former politician Bill Ray , who previously lived in Juneau and represented Juneau in the Alaska Legislature , said: "Juneau doesn't go forward. They've prostituted themselves to tourism. It looks like

3082-464: The mansion is 14,400 square feet (1,340 m ). It has ten bathrooms, six bedrooms, and eight fireplaces. It is the governor's residence when in Juneau on official business. In June 1923, President Warren G. Harding became the first president to visit Alaska. Harding visited the Governor's Mansion while Territorial Governor Scott Bone , who was appointed by Harding, was in office. Harding spoke from

3149-511: The offices of the governor and lieutenant governor . Some executive branch offices have moved certain functions to Anchorage and elsewhere in the state. The Gastineau Channel was a fishing place for the Auke ( A'akw Kwáan ) and Taku tribes, who had inhabited the surrounding area for thousands of years. The A'akw Kwáan had a village and burying ground here. In the 21st century it is known as Indian Point. They annually harvested herring during

3216-502: The porch of the mansion explaining his policies and met with attendees. During World War II , more than 50 Japanese citizens and Japanese Americans residing in Juneau were evacuated to the internment camps inland as a result of Executive Order 9066 —which authorized the forced removal of all ethnic Japanese away from their homes and businesses on the West Coast of the United States . The removal of Juneau's Japanese community during

3283-404: The port of Juneau has comparatively little seafood processing compared to other towns of this size in Alaska, hundreds of commercial fishing boats sell their fish to plants in nearby Sitka, Hoonah , Petersburg and Ketchikan . The largest fleets operating from Juneau are the gillnet and troll salmon fleets. Juneau has many of the commercial fishing associations in Alaska. The associations include

3350-517: The register." Descendants of the indigenous cultures include the Tlingit people . Native cultures have rich artistic traditions expressed in carving, weaving, singing, dancing, and in oral lore. Juneau is a social center for the Tlingit, Haida , and Tsimshian of Southeast Alaska. Although the Russians had a colony in the Alaska territory from 1784 to 1867, they did not settle in Juneau. They conducted extensive fur trading with Alaskan Natives of

3417-619: The sea. They continue to gather clams , gumboot chitons , grass, and sea urchins , as well as tree bark for medicinal uses. The city and state supported the Sealaska Heritage Institute in documenting the 78 acres (32 ha) site, and in August 2016, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . "It is the first traditional cultural property in Southeast Alaska to be placed on

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3484-591: The spawning season. Since the late 20th century, the A'akw Kwáan, together with the Sealaska Heritage Institute , have resisted European-American development of Indian Point, including proposals by the National Park Service and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). They consider it to be sacred territory, both because of the burying ground and the importance of the point in their traditions of gathering sustenance from

3551-409: The steamers could accommodate over 200 passengers in classes ranging from steerage to a deluxe cabin with private bath. Unable to compete with faster, cheaper air service, the company discontinued passenger service altogether in 1954, though by then it had established itself within the container ship industry. Despite these efforts, the Alaska Steamship Company shut down in January 1971. The waters of

3618-421: The surrounding Greater Juneau Borough to form the current consolidated city-borough , which ranks as the second- largest municipality in the United States by area and is larger than either Rhode Island or Delaware . Downtown Juneau is nestled at the base of Mount Juneau and it is across the channel from Douglas Island . As of the 2020 census , the City and Borough had a population of 32,255, making it

3685-456: The town is Dzántik'i Héeni ("Base of the Flounder's River", dzánti 'flounder,' –kʼi 'base,' héen 'river'), and Auke Bay just north of Juneau proper is called Áak'w ("Little lake", áa 'lake,' -kʼ 'diminutive') in Tlingit. The Taku River , just south of Juneau, was named after the cold t'aakh wind, which occasionally blows down from the mountains. Juneau

3752-714: The war is memorialized by the Empty Chair Memorial , which was dedicated in July 2014 in the city's Capital School Park neighborhood. Robert Atwood , who was then the publisher of the Anchorage Times and an Anchorage "booster", was an early leader in efforts to move the capital to Fairbanks, which many in both cities resisted. Some supporters of a move wanted a new capital to be at least 30 miles (48 km) from Anchorage and Fairbanks, to prevent either city from having undue influence. Juneau has continued as

3819-592: The war the Northland Transportation Company . The company's business was slowly eroded due to the end of federal war-related subsidies, rising fuel and labor costs, and new competition from the trucking industry and cargo airlines . In an effort to reduce costs, the Alaska Steamship company added tugs, barges, and container ships to their fleet. These allowed for smaller crews, faster loading and unloading, and less damage to

3886-399: The warm Alaska Current , and the Coast Mountains that form a natural orographic barrier for incoming air. As a result, the weather is mild and moist, which, as in other parts of the Alaska Panhandle , allows the growth of temperate rainforests . Like other cities in S.E. Alaska, Juneau does not have permafrost . There are two prevalent types of wind in Juneau. Particularly in winter,

3953-424: The west of mainland Juneau. Douglas can be reached via the Juneau-Douglas Bridge . An unpopulated section of the city is located on Admiralty Island near its northern end. As in the rest of Southeast Alaska, the Juneau area is susceptible to damage caused by natural disasters . The 2014 Palma Bay earthquake caused widespread outages to telecommunications in the area due to damage to a fiber-optic cable serving

4020-598: The west. He said it was unnavigable, being filled with ice. After the California gold rush, miners migrated up the Pacific Coast and explored the West, seeking other gold deposits. In 1880, Sitka mining engineer George Pilz offered a reward to any local native in Alaska who could lead him to gold-bearing ore. A local native arrived with some ore, and several prospectors were sent to investigate. On their first trip to Gold Creek, they found deposits of little interest. However, Pilz sent Joe Juneau (the cousin of Milwaukee co-founder Solomon Juneau ) and Richard Harris back to

4087-570: Was $ 90,126. The per capita income for the city/borough was $ 45,607. 7.2% of the population was below the poverty line. The primary employer in Juneau is government including the state government, federal government (which has regional offices here, especially for resource agencies), municipal government (which includes the local airport, hospital, harbors, and school district), and the University of Alaska Southeast . State government offices and their indirect economic impact comprise approximately one-quarter of Juneau's economy. A large contributor to

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4154-424: Was a promotion with Mattel to draw "attention to new wild cards in [the] game". For Juneau's cooperation, Mattel donated $ 15,000 "to the Juneau Community Foundation in honor of the late Mayor Greg Fisk ." According to the United States Census Bureau , the borough has an area of 3,255 square miles (8,430 km ). In land area, Juneau (proper) is the largest state capital and the second-largest city overall in

4221-487: Was completed in 1894 and has maintained an important presence among the Tlingit, Serbians, and other Europeans who follow Orthodox traditions. The iconostasis has six large panels which were sent from Russia . Prospector and placer miner John Lemon operated at the time in what is today the Lemon Creek area. The neighborhood which developed there was given his name by early settlers, several other landmarks in Juneau have also been named for him. Major mining operations in

4288-416: Was for several decades, the country's largest city by area. (Sitka surpassed it in 2000 when it incorporated.) Juneau is the only U.S. state capital on an international border: it is bordered on the east by Canada. It is the U.S. state capital whose namesake was most recently alive: Joe Juneau died in 1899. The city was temporarily renamed UNO, after the card game , on April 1, 2016 (April Fool's Day). It

4355-441: Was formed by the merger of the Pacific Coast Steamship Company and the Pacific-Alaska Navigation Company and was a direct competitor to the Alaska Steamship Company in the Alaska-Seattle shipping business. Pacific Steamship Co. owned and operated The Admiral Line and The Admiral Oriental Line. American Mail Line worked with the Admiral Oriental Line. Pacific Steamship Company also operated its subsidiary, acquired in 1927,

4422-457: Was known as Harrisburg after prospector Richard Harris. On December 14, 1881, it was decided at a miners' meeting of 72 persons to name the settlement Juneau, after prospector Joe Juneau. Likely due to the pressure of European encroachment, some Tlingit appealed to the Russian Orthodox Church . It held services in northern Tlingit settlements in local languages as early as 1800 and 1824. One of its priests translated scripture and liturgy into

4489-402: Was −22 °F (−30.0 °C) on February 2, 1968, and January 12, 1972, while the hottest was 90 °F (32.2 °C) on July 7, 1975. The normals and record temperatures for both downtown and the airport are given below. See or edit raw graph data . Juneau first appeared on the 1890 U.S. Census. It was formally incorporated in 1900, and on July 1, 1970, the city of Juneau merged with

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