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47-604: The research and development of the ATP technology started in 1970. In 1975, its inventor, William Taciuk, formed the UMATAC Industrial Processes (now part of Polysius ) to further its development. The first ATP pilot plant was constructed in 1977. The ATP was originally developed for pyrolysis of oil sand. However, its first commercial application in 1989 was dedicated to the environmental remediation of contaminated soils. From 1999 to 2004, ATP technology

94-685: A concession agreement with Karak International Oil, a subsidiary of Jordan Energy and Mining , a project company established for Jordan's oil shale activities. Karak International Oil (KIO) will build a 15,000 barrels per day (2,400 m /d) shale oil plant in a 35-square-kilometre (14 sq mi) area of El Lajjun in Karak Governorate by 2015. The company plans to use the Alberta Taciuk Processing technology. On 5 November 2006, Saudi Arabian International Corporation for Oil Shale Investment (INCOSIN) signed

141-412: A high quality marinite oil shale of Late Cretaceous to early Cenozoic age. The most important and investigated deposits are located in west-central Jordan , where they occur at the surface and close to developed infrastructure. Although oil shale was utilized in northern Jordan prior to and during World War I , intensive exploration and studies of Jordan's oil shale resource potential started in

188-522: A memorandum of understanding for evaluation of El Lajjun deposit and Attarat Umm Ghudran resources. The concession agreement was approved by the Jordanian government on 3 March 2013. The company cooperates with Russian Atomenergoproekt to utilize the Galoter (UTT-3000) process to build a 30,000 barrels per day (4,800 m /d) shale oil plant. It plans to start production in 2019. In March 2009,

235-569: A memorandum of understanding was signed with Al Qamar for Energy and Infrastructure Company. For dealing with increasing power consumption, Jordan plans to utilize oil shale combustion for the power generation. On 30 April 2008, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Jordan, the National Electricity Power Company of Jordan, and Eesti Energia signed an agreement, according to which, Eesti Energia will have

282-595: A memorandum of understanding was signed with Brazil's Petrobras awarding with the exclusive right to study a block at the Attarat Umm Ghudran deposit. The development will be carried out in the cooperation with Total S.A. The company will present a feasibility study at the beginning of 2009 and it will use the Petrosix technology. In June 2006, a memorandum of understanding was signed with Royal Dutch Shell to test its in-situ conversion processing in

329-563: A total of 20 service offices in 18 countries and 5 service centers, the company has a global presence. In addition to the cement industry, thyssenkrupp Polysius also operates in other sectors: Oil shale in Jordan Oil shale in Jordan represents a significant resource. Oil shale deposits in Jordan underlie more than 60% of Jordanian territory. The total resources amounts to 31 billion tonnes of oil shale . The deposits include

376-515: Is a marinite of Late Cretaceous ( Maastrichtian ) to early Cenozoic era; it lies within the Muwaqqar Formation and is composed predominantly of chalk and marl . The rock is typically brown, gray, or black in color and weathers to a distinctive light bluish-gray. It is characterized by its content of light fine-grained phosphatic xenocrysts , some of which is accumulated in bone beds . An uncommon feature of Jordanian oil shale

423-507: Is a global industrial company specializing in the manufacture and sale of plants and machinery for the cement and ore industry. In 2023, Thyssenkrupp Polysius GmbH was integrated into the newly created Decarbon Technologies segment of Thyssenkrupp AG . The company employs around 4000 people and operates in 28 sites worldwide, including in countries such as France, England, the USA, Mexico, Brazil, Peru, Singapore, China, and Vietnam. The company

470-514: Is mostly associated with the organic matter with minor occurrence as pyrite . The moisture content of the oil shale is low (2 to 5.5%). The major mineral components of the Jordanian oil shale are calcite, quartz , kaolinite , and apatite , along with small amounts of dolomite , feldspar , pyrite , illite , goethite , and gypsum . It has also a relatively high metal content. The eight most important deposits are located in west-central Jordan within 20 to 75 kilometres (12 to 47 mi) east of

517-470: Is particularly suited for processing materials with otherwise low oil yield. The mechanical transfer of solids through the machine does not involve moving parts and it achieves improved process efficiencies through solid-to-solid heat transfer. Most of the process energy (over 80%) is produced by combustion of char and produced oil shale gas ; external energy inputs are minimal. The oil yields are about 85–90% of Fischer Assay . The organic carbon content of

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564-463: Is planning to build an oil shale-fired power plant with capacity of 90–150 MW. On 29 September 2013, Jordan and China made a deal to build an oil shale-fired power plant in Karak for $ 2.5 billion. It will be built by Shandong Electric Power Construction Corporation (SEPCO III), HTJ Group and Al-Lajjun Oil Shale Company. The capacity is 900 MW. In November 2005, a memorandum of understanding

611-554: Is that the included foraminiferal shells are filled with bitumen instead of the usual calcite . In general, Jordanian oil shales are of high quality, comparable to the western United States oil shale, although their sulfur content is usually higher. While the sulfur content of the most of oil shales in Jordan varies from 0.3 to 4.3%, the Jurf ed-Darawish and the Sultani deposits have sulfur content of 8 and 10% respectively. Sulfur

658-604: The CIDA and USAID funded study of utilizing Sultani oil shale for direct combustion in CFB power plants. The Krzhizhanovsky Power Engineering Institute (ENIN) conducted processing tests of Jordan oil shale using Galoter technology, finding the technology suitable. In 1999, Suncor Energy signed a memorandum of understanding with the Jordanian government to use the Alberta Taciuk Processing technology to exploit

705-462: The Dead Sea . These deposits are Juref ed Darawish, Sultani, Wadi Maghar, El Lajjun, Attarat Umm Ghudran , Khan ez Zabib, Siwaga, and Wadi Thamad. The best-explored deposits are El Lajjun, Sultani, and Juref ed Darawish, and to some extent Attarat Umm Ghudran. They are all classified as shallow and most are suitable for open-cast mining , albeit some are underlain by phosphate beds. In addition to

752-664: The Waukegan Harbor , Illinois. UMATAC Industrial Processes runs a 5 tons of oil shale per hour pilot processor in Calgary , Alberta for large scale tests of different oil shales. The Fushun Mining Group of China has built a 250 tonnes per hour ATP plant that began commissioning in 2010. Jordan Energy and Mining Ltd planned to use the ATP technology for extracting oil from Al Lajjun and Attarat oil shale deposits in Jordan . UMATAC Industrial Processes Thyssenkrupp Polysius GmbH (thyssenkrupp Polysius GmbH)

799-526: The hot water extraction process , and elimination of requirements for chemical and other additives. A complication of the ATP is that retorting operations can reach temperatures at which carbonate minerals within the shale decompose, increasing greenhouse gas emissions . As of 2008, ATP was used by the United States Environmental Protection Agency at a PCB -contaminated site near Buffalo, New York , and at

846-522: The 1970s and 1980s, being motivated by higher oil prices, modern technology and better economic potential. As of 2008, no oil shale industry exists in Jordan, but several companies are considering both shale oil extraction and oil shale combustion for thermal power generation . Jordan has significant oil shale deposits occurring in 26 known localities. According to the World Energy Council , Jordan has 8th largest oil shale resource in

893-514: The 300–400 direct-burning conventional combustion power plant. In 1986, updated and expanded studies were ordered from Klöckner-Lurgi. In 1985–1986, Chinese oil company Sinopec carried out a test for processing El Lajjun oil shale utilizing the Fushun-type retort . Although this process was technically viable, the cooperation with Sinopec was halted due to high operation costs. B.B.C, Lummus/Combustion Eng. and Bechtel Pyropower carried out

940-523: The Azraq and Al-Jafr blocks of central Jordan. A formal agreement was concluded in February 2009 by which Shell's subsidiary Jordan Oil Shale Company committed to begin commercial operations within 12–20 years. According to the company a decision to invest in a commercial project is unlikely before the late 2020s. It is expected to start production in 2022. On 9 March 2011, the government of Jordan signed

987-471: The El Lajjun oil shale deposit. However, the project was never implemented. In 2006–2007, the government of Jordan signed four memorandums of understanding for above-ground processing of shale oil and one memorandum for in-situ conversion processing. The memorandum of understanding with Estonian energy company Eesti Energia was signed on 5 November 2006. According to the agreement, Eesti Energia

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1034-602: The Government of Jordan. According to the feasibility study, the company's subsidiary the Jordan Oil Shale Energy Company will establish a shale oil plant with capacity of 36,000 barrels per day (5,700 m /d). The shale oil plant will use an Enefit processing technology . The concession agreement was signed on 11 May 2010 in the presence of Jordanian and Estonian prime ministers Samir Zaid al-Rifai and Andrus Ansip . On 24 February 2007,

1081-531: The Juref ed Darawish, Sultani, El Lajjun, and El Hisa deposits and in 1980 from Klöckner - Lurgi to evaluate the pre-feasibility of construction of an oil shale retorting complex using Lurgi-Ruhrgas process and a power plant with 300 MW capacity using Lurgi's Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) combustion process. In 1980, the Soviet Technopromexport company conducted a pre-feasibility study of

1128-470: The burning process in the rotary kiln and reducing fuel consumption by a third. The president of ThyssenKrupp AG, Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach , was tried and convicted for the use of slave labor and crimes against humanity . Krupp had insisted on the use of forced labour even when the German military suggested that some work should be performed by free German workers for security reasons. After

1175-533: The combustion zone, and burnt at about 800 °C (1,470 °F) to form shale ash. Part of the ash is delivered to the pyrolysis zone, where its heat is recycled as a hot solid carrier; the other part is removed and cooled in the cooling zone with the combustion gases by heat transfer to the feed oil shale. The advantages of the ATP technology for shale oil extraction lie in its simple and robust design, energy self-sufficiency, minimal process water requirements, ability to handle fine particles, and high oil yields. It

1222-473: The company also produced drains and vibrating screens. In addition to agricultural machinery, Polysius also produced grain mills, brewery and distillery equipment. He was particularly involved in the up-and-coming beet sugar industry. From then on, Polysius specialized in crushing and processing machines. After Polysius' death, his sons Otto and Max Polysius successfully continued the company. The construction of cement plants became particularly important. In 1893,

1269-831: The company exhibited at the World's Fair in Chicago. 1898 saw the design and manufacture of the first rotary cement kiln in Europe. This was followed in 1912 by the construction of the Jesarbruch plant near Nienburg (Saale) for the Sächsisch-Thüringische Portland-Cement-Fabrik Prüssing & Co. KGaA. In the late 1920s, Otto Lellep invented the LEPOL process. This revolutionised conventional cement production, significantly improving

1316-632: The company was founded, it merged with the Thyssen Group to form ThyssenKrupp in what was one of Germany's first hostile takeovers. Polysius is now part of the international ThyssenKrupp Technologies division. Acquisitions strengthened Polysius in the lime kiln (Maerz AG in Zurich) and services (AC Equipment Corp., USA) sectors. In October 2009, the 150th anniversary of the company was celebrated with three days of festivities in Neubeckum. In 2014,

1363-555: The end of the Second World War, Polysius started up again in Dessau in 1946. At the same time, Bernd Helming and Curt Prüssing, a son-in-law of Max Polysius, founded Westpol GmbH in Neubeckum, which was renamed Polysius GmbH three years later. The company became the driving force behind the revival of Polysius' business in the west. The new office building was designed that the offices could easily be converted into apartments if

1410-475: The exclusive right to develop the construction of an oil shale-fired power plant with capacity of 460 MW. It is called Attarat Power Plant and is expected to be operational by 2017, revised to 2021. It will be among the largest power stations in Jordan (the largest being Aqaba Thermal Power Plant ), and the largest oil shale-fired power plant in the world after Narva Power Plants in Estonia. Inter RAO

1457-609: The financial demands on the company would sooner or later exceed the possibilities of a family business and therefore brought in the Essen-based Fried. Krupp GmbH as a shareholder. In 1971, Essener Fried. Krupp GmbH acquired a majority shareholding in Polysius. In 1992, Krupp Polysius was integrated into the Krupp Plant engineering division - a group structure of Fried. Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp. In 1999, 140 years after

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1504-639: The government of Jordan approved a memorandum of understanding on oil shale extraction with Russian company Inter RAO UES and Aqaba Petroleum Company . Also the Abu Dhabi National Energy Company (TAQA) has shown interest to invest into Jordan's oil shale extraction sector. The memorandum of understanding for exploration in Wadi Al Naadiyeh is ready for signing with the Fushun Mining Group . In 2014,

1551-410: The green transformation will be made fully visible. The main field of activity of thyssenkrupp Polysius GmbH is the cement industry. The company offers both individual machines and complete plants for cement production. In addition, thyssenkrupp Polysius provides services along the entire life cycle of cement plants, including inspections, maintenance and the supply of innovative OEM spare parts. With

1598-509: The preheat tubes of the retort, where they are dried and preheated to 250 °C (480 °F) indirectly by hot shale ash and hot flue gas. In the pyrolysis zone, oil shale particles are mixed with hot shale ash and the pyrolysis is performed at temperatures between 500 °C (930 °F) and 550 °C (1,020 °F). The resulting shale oil vapor is withdrawn from the retort through a vapour tube and recovered by condensation in other equipment. The char residues, mixed with ash, are moved to

1645-404: The process residue ( spent shale ) is less than 3%. The process produces only small amounts of contaminated water with low concentrations of phenols . These advantages also apply to its oil sands applications, including increased oil yield, a simplified process flow, reduction of bitumen losses to tailings , elimination of the need for tailing ponds, improvement in energy efficiency compared with

1692-452: The thyssenkrupp Polysius, thyssenkrupp Uhde, thyssenkrupp Rothe Erde (Bearings business unit) and thyssenkrupp Nucera business units were merged under the umbrella of the newly created Decarbon Technologies segment. With the introduction of the new segment, thyssenkrupp is positioning itself as a leading technology company for the energy transition . The company's comprehensive competencies for

1739-608: The two previously independent plant engineering companies thyssenkrupp Uhde and Thyssenkrupp Resource Technologies merged to form thyssenkrupp Industrial Solutions, headquartered in Essen . The company offers chemical, refinery and industrial plants as well as associated services such as planning, maintenance and training. As of May 31, 2023, the business area was dissolved, which led to the renaming of thyssenkrupp Industrial Solutions GmbH into two independent companies: thyssenkrupp Polysius GmbH and thyssenkrupp Uhde GmbH. In September 2023,

1786-649: The up-and-coming company failed. Prüssing and Bernd Helming remained on the Management Board even after the later conversion of the GmbH into a stock corporation. The Dessau factory was expropriated by the Russian administration in 1946 and later renamed VEB Cement plant construction. Just 10 years after the new start, Polysius employed 600 people in Germany and 100 abroad. In 1951, the first complete cement plant

1833-592: The west-central deposits, another important deposit may be the Yarmouk deposit occurring near Jordan's northern border, and where the resource was first developed. This deposit would be exploitable by underground mining as it reaches some 400 metres (1,310 ft) in thickness. A third oil shale region lies in southern Jordan in the Ma'an district. Humans have used oil shale as a fuel since prehistoric times, because it generally burns without any processing. Its occurrence

1880-580: The world. Geological surveys indicate that the existing deposits underlie more than 60% of Jordan's territory. The resource has been estimated to consist of 40 to 70 billion tonnes of oil shale, which may be equivalent to more than 5 million tonnes of shale oil . However, according to a report by World Energy Council in 2010, Jordan had reserves of 34,172 billion tonnes as of the end of 2008. The Jordanian government said in September 2013 that they had reserves of 31 billion tonnes. The Jordanian oil shale

1927-409: Was awarded with the exclusive right to study about one third of the resources of the El Lajjun oil shale deposit. Later this right was transferred to cover a block on the Attarat Umm Ghudran oil shale deposit as the shallow aquifer that underlies the El Lajjun deposit provides fresh water to Amman and other municipalities in central Jordan. On 29 April 2008, Eesti Energia present a feasibility study to

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1974-412: Was delivered to Syria. In order to remain competitive, the company was forced to install ever larger plants. As the value of individual orders increased, the total number of orders placed worldwide steadily decreased. In addition, the demand for complete plants resulted in an unusually high capital commitment and entailed a variety of technological and commercial risks. The owners of Polysius realized that

2021-545: Was founded in Dessau: around Easter 1859, master locksmith Gottfried Polysius opened a workshop in Dessau with an apprentice and laid the foundations for today's company with his locksmith's shop and the manufacture of safes. On May 23, 1870, he founded G. Polysius iron foundery and engineering factory, which established itself in the then-young building materials industry with self-designed and powerful mills. Besides money cabinets,

2068-589: Was known in Jordan from ancient times, as evidenced by its use as a building and decorative material from the ancient Greek, Roman, Byzantine , Umayyad and Abbasid periods. The modern exploitation of Jordanian oil shale began under Ottoman rule prior to and during World War I, when the German Army produced shale oil from the Yarmouk area. The oil shale was processed to operate the Hejaz Railway . It

2115-800: Was mined and processed near the Maqarin station along the Haifa spur of the railroad, which partly follows the Yarmouk River valley. In addition to the shale oil production, oil shale was also utilized as a mix with coal to fuel locomotives. The German Geological Mission studied the El Lajjun deposit in 1968. In 1979, the Natural Resources Authority of Jordan commissioned a study from the German Federal Institute of Natural Resources and Geosciences to evaluate

2162-539: Was not taken into use. The ATP is an above-ground oil-shale retorting technology classified as a hot recycled solids technology. The distinguishing feature of the ATP is that the drying and pyrolysis of the oil shale or other feed, as well as the combustion, recycling, and cooling of spent materials and residues, all occur within a single rotating multi-chamber horizontal retort. Its feed consists of fine particles. In its shale-oil applications, fine particles (less than 25 millimetres (1.0 in) in diameter) are fed into

2209-552: Was used for shale oil extraction at the Stuart Oil Shale Plant in Australia. During that time, 1.5 million barrels (238.48 × 10 ^  m) of shale oil was extracted before the owner, Southern Pacific Petroleum Pty Ltd went into receivership. The subsequent owner, Queensland Energy Resources closed and dismantled the plant. In 2002, Estonian company Viru Keemia Grupp tested this technology; however, it

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