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44-583: The Alexanderschanze Pass lies between Freudenstadt-Kniebis , Bad Peterstal-Griesbach , Oppenau and Baiersbronn and provides a connection between the Rhine Plain at Strasbourg and the Neckar valley, which allows the Black Forest to be crossed from east to west without any other major valley crossings and pass ascents. North of the present-day Kniebis-Freudenstadt road, which largely runs along

88-410: A Scots word for "bench, seat" recorded 1758, alongside shortened bunk "sleeping berth". The word possibly has a Scandinavian origin: Old Swedish bunke means "boards used to protect the cargo of a ship". In the 19th century the word came to describe a coal store in a house, or below decks in a ship. It was also used for a sand-filled depression installed on a golf course as a hazard. In

132-476: A pillbox can be killed with flamethrowers . Complex, well-built and well-protected fortifications are often vulnerable to attacks on access points. If the exits to the surface can be closed off, those manning the facility can be trapped. The fortification can then be bypassed. Famous bunkers include the post-World War I Maginot Line on the French eastern border and Czechoslovak border fortifications mainly on

176-523: A height difference of about 100 metres ), many kilometres of cut loipes and a toboggan run. The so-called night trail in the Kniebis Ski Stadium attracts a fee. a roughly 2-kilometre-long circular route in the immediate vicinity is floodlight when the weather conditions require and it can be entirely covered with artificial snow . Kniebis has a kindergarten and a primary school. The primary school has an unusual architectural feature: it

220-401: A house is purpose-built with a bunker, the normal location is a reinforced below-ground bathroom with large cabinets. One common design approach uses fibre-reinforced plastic shells. Compressive protection may be provided by inexpensive earth arching. The overburden is designed to shield from radiation. To prevent the shelter from floating to the surface in high groundwater, some designs have

264-400: A narrow, 1–2-metre (3.5–6.5 ft), flexible tent of thin wood is placed in a deep trench, and then covered with cloth or plastic, and then covered with 1–2 m (3.5–6.5 feet) of tamped earth. A large ground shock can move the walls of a bunker several centimeters in a few milliseconds. Bunkers designed for large ground shocks must have sprung internal buildings to protect inhabitants from

308-720: A section of the Black Forest High Road on the Kniebis. Both sites belong to the municipality of Baiersbronn, which extends from the new boundaries of the borough of Freudenstadt only on a part of the areas in the south, on which there are residential house and the Alexanderschanze. From earliest days the Kniebis consisted of 3 parts, the Baiersbronn part, the Freudenstadt part (together forming

352-522: A skirt held down with the overburden. It may also serve the purpose of a safe room . Large bunkers are often bought by super rich individuals in case of political instability , and usually store or access large amounts of energy for use. They are sometimes refereed to as "luxury bunkers," and their locations are often documented. Munitions storage bunkers are designed to securely store explosive ordnance and contain any internal explosions. The most common configuration for high explosives storage

396-623: Is a defensive military fortification designed to protect people and valued materials from falling bombs, artillery, or other attacks. Bunkers are almost always underground, in contrast to blockhouses which are mostly above ground. They were used extensively in World War I , World War II , and the Cold War for weapons facilities, command and control centers, and storage facilities. Bunkers can also be used as protection from tornadoes . Trench bunkers are small concrete structures, partly dug into

440-417: Is an unusually large number of bunkers because of a law requiring protective shelters to be constructed for all new buildings since 1963, as well as a number of bunkers built as part of its National Redoubt military defense plan. Some of Switzerland's bunkers have since become tourist attractions housing hotels and museums such as Sasso San Gottardo Museum. The Soviet Union maintained huge bunkers (one of

484-632: Is built directly onto the evangelical church. In Early Modern times the Kniebis was a serious obstacle on the long-distance trade route from Strasbourg to Ulm (the so-called Oppenauer Steige ) as a result of the climb from Oppenau up to the Kniebis pass. This trading route (also called the Swabian Way or Schwabenweg ) was controlled in Hohenstaufen times by the House of Zähringen . Later, it formed an important link between Württemberg and

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528-497: Is the igloo shaped bunker. They are often built into a hillside in order to provide additional containment mass. A specialized version of the munitions bunker called a Gravel Gertie is designed to contain radioactive debris from an explosive accident while assembling or disassembling nuclear warheads . They are installed at all facilities in the United States and United Kingdom which do warhead assembly and disassembly,

572-541: The Black Forest and the name of a village to the south which is a dispersed settlement . The Kniebis mountain rises in the state of Baden-Württemberg , Germany . The Kniebis lies on the Black Forest High Road that, as the B 28 federal highway approaches from Freudenstadt and continues from the mountain pass of Alexanderschanze as the B 500 to Baden-Baden . The B 28 itself continues to Kehl and Strasbourg . The Landesstraße 96 runs south in

616-805: The Far East the term was also applied to the earth and log positions built by the Japanese, the term appearing in a 1943 instruction manual issued by the British Indian Army and quickly gaining wide currency. By 1947 the word was familiar enough in English that Hugh Trevor-Roper in The Last Days of Hitler was describing Hitler's underground complex near the Reich Chancellery as "Hitler's own bunker" without quotes around

660-786: The First World War the belligerents built underground shelters, called dugouts in English , while the Germans used the term Bunker . By the Second World War the term came to be used by the Germans to describe permanent structures both large ( blockhouses ), and small ( pillboxes ), and bombproof shelters both above ground (as in Hochbunker ) and below ground (such as the Führerbunker ). The military sense of

704-409: The "2nd Redoubt" consisted of two simple rectangular redoubts. These could be used to close the road from Oppenau through the raised bog to a refuge location. From 1710 to 1712 the fortification was rebuilt under the direction of Lieutenant Reichmann. He completely redesigned the complex: two redoubts, an abatis to the left and right, the road, which was additionally guarded by a gate, leading through

748-672: The Alexanderschanze(2) and the Schwedenschanze(3) are all marked on the section of the map by Stäbenhaber. From 1939 (start of construction) to 1945 (demolition by the German Wehrmacht ) there was one of Hitler 's Führer Headquarters here, the Tannenberg , which he used briefly in 1940. From July to the end of 1941 Gestapo prisoners from the forced labour camp (AEL) of Kniebis-Ruhestein built

792-616: The Forbach valley, there are routes called the Alte Straße ("Old Road") and even Römerstraße ("Roman Road"). Even if there are no reliable sources that the Romans built this road, it can be safely assumed that the pass was on a long-distance route in the early Middle Ages; this is also evidenced by tracks found in the forest. In this context, "track" refers to the grooves left by wooden wheels shod with steel bands that can still be seen in

836-798: The Kniebis is a major mountain bike , Nordic walking and hiking area; in addition there is a fully renovated woodland lido . One nearby destination is the Lothar Path on the Black Forest High Road (B 500) in the direction of the Schliffkopf . On the western exit of the village is the Alexanderschanze , further north are the Röschenschanze and the Schwedenschanze . The village survives mainly on tourism . Winter sport facilities include several ski lifts (each with

880-722: The Württemberg Kniebis) and the Bad Rippoldsau part that belonged to Baden. The boundary is still marked today by boundary stones along the "Border Way" ( Grenzweg ). As a result of its division between two states an "inner Alemannic" dialect has developed between the Swabian (North Alemannic) speaking area and the Upper Rhenish, Lower Alemannic area. In 1975 all three districts were incorporated into Freudenstadt. Bunker (fortification) A bunker

924-828: The Württemberg estates in present-day France . In times of war, for example during the Thirty Years' War it was also used for troop movements. After the end of Hohenstaufen rule around 1250 the boundary between the lands of the Principality of Fürstenberg in the Kinzig valley and Central Black Forest (which went to the Grand Duchy of Baden in 1806) m Kniebis ) and the Duchy, later Kingdom, of Württemberg. In 1267 in Kniebis village (Württemberg Kniebis) Kniebis Abbey

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968-542: The blast wave from nearby explosions to prevent ear and internal injuries to people sheltering in the bunker. Nuclear bunkers must also cope with the underpressure that lasts for several seconds after the shock wave passes, and block radiation . A bunker's door must be at least as strong as the walls. In bunkers inhabited for prolonged periods, large amounts of ventilation or air conditioning must be provided. Bunkers can be destroyed with powerful explosives and bunker-busting warheads . The word bunker originates as

1012-452: The blast wave or a reflection cannot lift the edge. A bunker should have two doors. Door shafts may double as ventilation shafts to reduce digging. In bunkers inhabited for prolonged periods, large amounts of ventilation or air conditioning must be provided in order to prevent ill effects of heat. In bunkers designed for war-time use, manually operated ventilators must be provided because supplies of electricity or gas are unreliable. One of

1056-496: The bottom of the ditch to the top of the bank and there is a height difference of 2–3 metres between the ground of the interior and the top of the bank. The bank is interrupted at the north-west corner, i.e. in the direction of the Oppenauer Steige , a mountain path. Inside, at the south-east corner, a large heap of rubble and earth indicates the remains of the building. The schanze is easily accessible. The banks of

1100-402: The direction of Hausach . The Kniebis is on the bus routes from Freudenstadt. In winter there are numerous cross country skiing loipes , including one night trail with snow cannon and floodlights , as well as several ski lifts in the village and the surrounding area (Vogelskopf, Zuflucht and Kniebis lifts); in addition there is a toboggan run and various winter footpaths. In summer

1144-477: The front between Austrian and French troops ran through here at times. On a 19th-century land map the two schanzen are drawn in detail, including the trenches that extend far to the north-west and with trenches between the two schanzen in the shape of another similar schanze . The schanze north of the Hotel Alexanderschanze is exceptionally well preserved. It measures 4–5 metres from

1188-433: The ground. Many artillery installations, especially for coastal artillery , have historically been protected by extensive bunker systems. Typical industrial bunkers include mining sites, food storage areas, dumps for materials, data storage, and sometimes living quarters. When a house is purpose-built with a bunker, the normal location is a reinforced below-ground bathroom with fiber-reinforced plastic shells. Bunkers deflect

1232-563: The largest being the Pantex plant in Amarillo, Texas , which has 12 Gravel Gerties. Bunkers deflect the blast wave from nearby explosions to prevent ear and internal injuries to people sheltering in the bunker. While frame buildings collapse from as little as 21  kPa (3  psi ; 0.21  bar ) of overpressure , bunkers are regularly constructed to survive over 1,000 kPa (150 psi; 10 bar). This substantially decreases

1276-841: The largest individual pre-Cold War bunkers. The walls of the ' Batterie Todt ' gun installation in northern France were up to 3.5 metres (11 ft) thick, and an underground bunker was constructed for the V-3 cannon . Typical industrial bunkers include mining sites, food storage areas, dumps for materials, data storage, and sometimes living quarters. They were built mainly by nations like Germany during World War II to protect important industries from aerial bombardment . Industrial bunkers are also built for control rooms of dangerous activities, such as tests of rocket engines or explosive experiments. They are also built in order to perform dangerous experiments in them or to store radioactive or explosive goods. Such bunkers also exist on non-military facilities. When

1320-513: The likelihood that a bomb (other than a bunker buster ) can harm the structure. The basic plan is to provide a structure that is very strong in physical compression . The most common purpose-built structure is a buried, steel reinforced concrete vault or arch . Most expedient blast shelters are civil engineering structures that contain large, buried tubes or pipes such as sewage or rapid transit tunnels. Improvised purpose-built blast shelters normally use earthen arches or vaults. To form these,

1364-511: The most efficient manual ventilator designs is the Kearny Air Pump . Ventilation openings in a bunker must be protected by blast valves . A blast valve is closed by a shock wave, but otherwise remains open. One form of expedient blast valve is worn flat rubber tire treads nailed or bolted to frames strong enough to resist the maximum overpressure. Bunkers can be destroyed with powerful explosives and bunkerbusting warheads. The crew of

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1408-466: The muzzle pointing upwards (e.g., mortars and anti-aircraft weapons). Many artillery installations, especially for coastal artillery , have historically been protected by extensive bunker systems. These usually housed the crews serving the weapons, protected the ammunition against counter-battery fire, and in numerous examples also protected the guns themselves, though this was usually a trade-off reducing their fields of fire. Artillery bunkers are some of

1452-1003: The northern Czech border facing Germany (but to lesser extent all around), Fort Eben-Emael in Belgium, Alpine Wall on the north of Italy, World War II Führerbunker and in Italy, industrial Marnate's Bunker , the V-weapon installations in Germany ( Mittelwerk ) & France ( La Coupole , and the Blockhaus d'Éperlecques ) and the Cold War installations in the United States ( Cheyenne Mountain Complex , Site R , and The Greenbrier ), United Kingdom ( Burlington ), Sweden ( Boden Fortress ) and Canada ( Diefenbunker ). In Switzerland, there

1496-481: The other schanze , west of the hotel, are lower (2 metres in height or less in places) and damaged. Its banks and the interior are heavily overgrown and difficult to access. There are few visible traces of the earlier trenches. Only at the schanze opposite the hotel has a 20 metre long section been well preserved. It leads from the north corner towards the NNW, i.e. towards the refuge location. The listed hiking hotel on

1540-478: The pass, the Hotel Alexanderschanze, traces its history to an 1868 forester's lodge. This burned down in 1911 and was replaced by the present building. The hotel has been closed since 1 January 2015. Shortly before 1940, new defensive systems were built as part of the Siegfried Line . At the same time the extension of the Black Forest High Road (the B 500 ) from Ruhestein also had a military purpose. In

1584-626: The rock today. According to Stälin , the Bishop of Strasbourg, John of Dirpheim (bishop from 1306 to 1328) had fortifications built in the Kniebis. In 1655 there were already military redoubts at that location. The location of this fortification is documented for the first time on a 1674 map by Georg Ludwig Stäbenhaber. The comment on the map, "2nd Redoubt repaired on 9 November 1674", also proves that older facilities must have been present. The construction measures carried out in 1674 and 1675 were directed by Stäbenhaber himself. According to Stäbenhaber,

1628-661: The secondary uses of the very deeply dug Moscow Metro and Kyiv metro systems was as nuclear shelters). A number of facilities were constructed in China, such as Beijing 's Underground City and Underground Project 131 in Hubei ; in Albania , Enver Hoxha dotted the country with hundreds of thousands of bunkers . In the United States, the Presidential Emergency Operations Center underneath

1672-517: The summer of 1940, Adolf Hitler spent just one week in his nearby headquarters, the Führerhauptquartier Tannenberg . After 1945, all the bunker systems in this area were blown up and the area reforested. Today the spruce forest and the heritage site form the 190-hectare nature reserve of Kniebis-Alexanderschanze , south-east of the Schliffkopf . Kniebis The Kniebis is a 970 -metre-high mountain ridge in

1716-409: The walls and floors. Nuclear bunkers must also cope with the underpressure that lasts for several seconds after the shock wave passes, and block radiation . Usually, these features are easy to provide. The overburden ( soil ) and structure provide substantial radiation shielding, and the negative pressure is usually only 1 ⁄ 3 of the overpressure. The doors must be at least as strong as

1760-407: The walls. The usual design is now starting to incorporate vault doors . To reduce the weight, the door is normally constructed of steel, with a fitted steel lintel and frame. Very thick wood also serves and is more resistant to heat because it chars rather than melts. If the door is on the surface and will be exposed to the blast wave, the edge of the door is normally counter-sunk in the frame so that

1804-408: The word bunker. This type of bunker is a small concrete structure, partly dug into the ground, which is usually a part of a trench system. Such bunkers give the defending soldiers better protection than the open trench and also include top protection against aerial attack. They also provide shelter against the weather. Some bunkers may have partially open tops to allow weapons to be discharged with

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1848-657: The word was imported into English during World War II, at first in reference to specifically German dug-outs; according to the Oxford English Dictionary , the sense of "military dug-out; a reinforced concrete shelter" is first recorded on 13 October 1939, in "A Nazi field gun hidden in a cemented 'bunker' on the Western front". All the early references to its usage in the Oxford English Dictionary are to German fortifications. However, in

1892-539: The works between the two redoubts. It was given the name Alexanderschanze in 1734, when Duke Charles Alexander of Württemberg had the existing schanze modernized for the military security of the strategically important crossing on the Württemberg border. The work was led by the engineer, von Herbort. In 1796, additional extensions were made by French troops. During the War of the Second Coalition (1799–1801)

1936-588: Was founded. It was dissolved in 1534 in the Reformation . The pass over the Kniebis was already very important early on as a trade route between the Rhine valley and Württemberg. In the Middle Ages it also became strategically important from a military perspective. As a result, several fortifications were built in the area of the Kniebis and to the north on the Black Forest High Road. The Kleine Schanz(1),

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