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25-507: Alexei Grigorievich Razumovsky was born as Alexei (or Oleksiy) Rozum on 17 March 1709 (NS: 28 March) on Lemeshi, a farm in the area of Chernigov Regiment , Tsardom of Russia (now Ukraine), to the family of a registered Ukrainian-born Cossack , Gregory Rozum. In his youth he was a shepherd and he was taught to read and write by a rural sexton. Having a fine voice he sang in the choir at the village church. In 1731, Colonel Vyshnevsky, one of empress Anna Ivanovna 's courtiers, while passing through

50-622: A nun under the name Dosifeya. She died in 1810 and was buried in the Romanov family crypt; another (Elizabeth Tarakanova) was arrested in Livorno , Tuscany by Aleksei Grigoryevich Orlov and returned to Russia in February 1775. She was then imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress , where she died from tuberculosis . The legend of her being drowned during the floods of 1777 served as the plot for

75-534: A painting by artist Konstantin Flavitsky (1864, Tretyakov Gallery). Chernigov Regiment The Chernigov Regiment (also known as Chernihiv Regiment or the Regiment of Chernigov , Ukrainian : Чернігівський полк , romanized :  Chernihivs'kyj polk , Russian : Черниговский полк , romanized :  Chernigovskij polk ) was one of ten territorial-administrative subdivisions of

100-468: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Peter and Paul Fortress The Peter and Paul Fortress ( Russian : Петропавловская крепость , romanized :  Petropavlovskaya krepost' ) is the original citadel of Saint Petersburg , Russia, founded by Peter the Great in 1703 and built to Domenico Trezzini 's designs from 1706 to 1740 as a star fortress . Between the first half of

125-691: The February Revolution of 1917, it was attacked by mutinous soldiers of the Pavlovsky Life Guards Regiment on February 27 (O.S.) and the prisoners were freed. Under the Provisional Government , hundreds of Tsarist officials were held in the Fortress. The tsar was threatened with being incarcerated at the fortress on his return from Mogilev to Tsarskoye Selo on March 8 (O.S.); but he

150-713: The Kronverksky Strait lies the Kronverk , formerly the fortress' outer defence and now home to the Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signal Corps . During the time of Peter the Great, a shot from the cannon of the Peter and Paul Fortress was heard in honor of military victories, on holidays, and also to warn residents about the rise in the water level of the Neva. Since 1873,

175-476: The Peter and Paul Cathedral (1712–1733), which has a 122.5 m (402 ft) bell-tower and a gilded angel-topped cupola. Other structures inside the fortress include the still functioning Saint Petersburg Mint building (constructed to Antonio Porta's designs under Emperor Paul I ), the Trubetskoy Bastion with its grim prison cells, and the city museum . To the north of the fortress across

200-795: The Registered Zaporozhian Host , later incorporated as an autonomy in Tsardom of Russia . In 1781, the regiment was officially abolished, and territory was reformed into the Government of Chernigov , Russian Empire . The Chernihiv Regiment was founded in 1648 during the Khmelnytsky Uprising . Following the signing of the Treaty of Zboriv in 1649 it consisted of 7 sotnias , and had 997 registered cossacks . After Treaty of Pereyaslav very much parts of regiment

225-530: The Winter Palace , after the blank salvo of the cruiser Aurora at 21.00, the guns of the fortress fired 30 or so shells at the Winter Palace. Just two hit, inflicting only minor damage, and the defenders refused to surrender at that time. At 02.10 on the morning of October 26 (O.S.), the Winter Palace was taken by forces under Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko ; the captured ministers were taken to

250-551: The 1700s and early 1920s it served as a prison for political criminals. It has been a museum since 1924. The fortress was established by Peter the Great on May 16 ( Old Style ; henceforth "(O.S.)"; May 27 by the Gregorian calendar ) 1703 on small Hare Island by the north bank of the Neva river. From around 1720, the fort served as a base for the city garrison and also as a prison for high-ranking or political prisoners . During

275-576: The XVIII century the position of colonel of the Chernihiv regiment was held by the protégés of the imperial government : Myhailo Bohdanov (Михайло Богданов) (1723–1735) Volodymyr Izmailov (Володимир Ізмайлов) (1736–1749) Ivan Bozhych (Іван Божич) (1749–1762), belonged to a noble Serbian family Božić . Petro Myloradovych (Петро Милорадович) (1762–1782), belonged to a noble Serbian family Miloradović . This Ukrainian history –related article

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300-409: The city. It has been restored post-war and is a tourist attraction. In the years before and after the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, the Peter and Paul Fortress was portrayed by Bolshevik propaganda as a hellish, torturous place, where thousands of prisoners suffered endlessly in filthy, cramped, and grossly overcrowded dungeons amid frequent torture and malnutrition. Such legends had the effect of turning

325-641: The comital title Reichsgraf (рейхграф in Russian) from the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VII and he was made a count in Russia in the same year. In 1745 he became the captain-lieutenant of the life-guards, and in 1748 he became the lieutenant-colonel of life-guards. On 5 September (NS: 16 September) 1756 he received the rank of field marshal. During Elizabeth Petrovna's reign he kept an exclusive position at court (though in his last years he

350-671: The fortress as prisoners. On 28 January 1919, four grand dukes from the House of Romanov were shot within the walls of the fortress on the orders of the Presidium of the Cheka under Felix Dzerzhinsky , Yakov Peters , Martin Latsis , and Ivan Ksenofontov . The structure suffered heavy damage during the bombardment of the city during World War II by the Luftwaffe who were laying siege to

375-419: The people further towards dissent. Writers often purposely exaggerated their experiences to garner more hatred for the government; as writer and former Peter and Paul inmate Maksim Gorky would later state, "Every Russian who had ever sat in jail as a 'political' prisoner considered it his holy duty to bestow on Russia his memoirs of how he had suffered." The fortress contains several buildings clustered around

400-439: The prison into a symbol of government oppression in the minds of the common folk. In reality, conditions in the fortress were far less brutal than believed; no more than one hundred prisoners were ever kept in the prison at a time, and most prisoners had access to such luxuries as tobacco, writing paper, and literature (including subversive books such as Karl Marx 's Das Kapital ). Despite their ultimate falsehood, stories about

425-414: The prison were vital to the spread of Bolshevik revolutionary sentiment. The legends served to portray the government as cruel and indiscriminate in the administration of justice, helping to turn the common mind against Tsarist rule. Many inmates, after being released, wrote chilling and increasingly exaggerated accounts of life there that solidified the structure's horrible image in the public mind and pushed

450-511: The throne. On 30 November (NS 11 December) he was appointed as a chamberlain with the rank of a general-lieutenant. On the coronation day (25 April (NS: 6 May) 1742) he was made a Hofmarschall . Other honours bestowed on him included the Order of Saint Andrew and the Order of Alexander Nevsky , as well as being awarded numerous estates in Moscow and elsewhere. Two years later in 1744, he received

475-553: The village on his way back to the Russian capital from a mission to Hungary, was impressed with his vocal ability, and took him to Saint Petersburg where he joined the choir of the Russian palace chapel as Alexei Grigoriev . Razumovsky was handsome, which, along with his vocal talents, captivated Elizabeth Petrovna , who brought him to the imperial court in 1732. With the deportation of Elizabeth's then favourite, Alexis Shubin, Razumovsky became her favorite. After losing his voice, he

500-448: Was accepted in the post of the court bandura player, and then the manager of one of Elizabeth's mansions. He received the rank of the hof-quartermeister; and actually supervised Elizabeth's court. During the period of Anna Leopoldovna 's reign he was made a Kamer-Junker . Razumovsky played an important role in the palace revolution of 25–26 November 1741 (NS 6–7 December), which brought about Elizabeth Petrovna's accession to

525-1072: Was included to Nizhyn Regiment . With 1659 in regiment started creation new sotnias. After reformation Chernihiv Regiment in 1782 consisted of 16 sotnias: Bereznynska, Bilouska, Chernihiv regimental, Horodnyanska, Kyselivska, Lyubetska , Menska, Ponurnynska, Royiska , Sednivska, Slabynska, Sosnytska, Stolynska, Synyavska, Volynska, Vybelska, According to documents of 1764, the regiment consisted of 9,838 land cossacks , and 19,810 helper cossacks. Martyn Nebaba (Мартин Небаба) (1649–1651) Stepan Podobailo (Степан Пободайло) (1651–1653) Ivan Wybelskyi (Іван Вибельський) (1653–1657, 1661) Onykii Sylych (Оникій Силич) (1657–1663) Demian Mnohohrishnyi (Дем'ян Многогрішний) (1665–1669) Ivan Lysenko (Іван Лисенко) (1669–1671) Vasyl Mnohohrishnyi (Василь Многогрішний) (1671–1672) Vasyl Dunin-Borkowskyi (Василь Дунін-Борковський) (1672–1685) Ivan Samoylovych (Іван Самойлович) (1685–1687) Iakiv Lyzohub (Яків Лизогуб) (1687–1698) Iukhym Lyzohub (Юхим Лизогуб) (1698–1704) Pavlo Polubotok (Павло Полуботок) (1706–1722) In

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550-546: Was made a hetman and president of the Russian Academy of Sciences . Before her death, the empress made her successor Peter III promise not to offend her favorites. In 1762, Razumovsky submitted his resignation and moved from the Winter Palace to the Anichkov Palace , which had been presented to him by Elizabeth. After Catherine II 's accession to the throne, Razumovsky refused the title of highness that

575-666: Was offered to him. At the empress's request, he destroyed all documents about his marriage with Elizabeth. He died on 6 July (NS 17 July) 1771 in Saint Petersburg and was buried in the Annunciation Church of the Alexandro-Nevskaya Lavra . The question of Razumovsky and Elizabeth Petrovna's children remains unresolved and subject to many legends. The best known pretenders were two princesses Tarakanova , one of whom (Augusta Tarakanova) became

600-664: Was placed under house arrest. On July 4 (O.S.) during the July Days demonstrations, the fortress garrison of 8,000 men declared for the Bolsheviks . They surrendered to government forces without a struggle on July 6 (O.S.). On October 25 (O.S.), the fortress quickly fell into Bolshevik hands. Following the ultimatum from the Petrograd Soviet to the Provisional Government ministers in

625-515: Was rivaled by the younger Ivan Shuvalov ); in 1744, the empress visited his native village and met members of his family. Razumovsky's apartments in the Summer Palace directly adjoined to Elizabeth's apartments, and he had constant access to her. Razumovsky was not interested in politics, but he quite often supported chancellor Bestuzhev . On his advice, the office of Ukrainian hetman was restored and his younger brother Kirill Razumovsky

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