86-557: Alfred Hutton FSA (10 March 1839 – 18 December 1910) was a British Army officer, antiquarian and writer. Serving during the Victorian era in the 1st King's Dragoon Guards , he played a major role in the revival of historical fencing in England, together with fellow fencers Egerton Castle , Ernest Stenson-Cooke , Sir Frederick Pollock and Walter Herries Pollock . Alfred Hutton was born on 10 March 1839 at Beverley , Yorkshire
172-586: A trial of the facts had reached the verdict that Chesshyre had committed child sexual abuse offences, leading to a recommendation from the Honours Committee that he be stripped of honours. The council issued a statement saying that it "regrets that a majority of those present [at the vote] did not see fit to support the resolution" and that the incident showed "need to modernise the society's statutes and governance procedures". In 2020, following comments made by David Starkey on slavery and genocide,
258-482: A 12-page booklet entitled Swordsmanship . After returning home from India in 1865, Hutton focused on the study and revival of older fencing systems and schools. He began tutoring groups of students in the art of 'ancient swordplay' at a club attached to the London Rifle Brigade School of Arms in the 1880s. In 1889, Hutton published his most influential work Cold Steel: A Practical Treatise on
344-468: A book called Three Elizabethan Manuals of Fence . This work reprinted the works of George Silver , Giacomo di Grassi , and Vincentio Saviolo . In 1965, Martin Wierschin published a bibliography of German fencing manuals, along with a transcription of Codex Ringeck and a glossary of terms. In turn, this led to the publication of Hans-Peter Hils' seminal work on Johannes Liechtenauer in 1985. During
430-583: A competently wielded bayonet should beat a good swordsman, but his views of bayonet fighting were regarded in the army as too theoretical for modern practical instruction. He retorted by deploring military reliance on Italian theories of swordsmanship to the exclusion of effective French practice. Hutton's pioneering advocacy and practice of historical fencing included reconstructions of the fencing systems of several historical masters including George Silver and Achille Marozzo . He delivered numerous lectures on, and practical demonstrations of these systems during
516-519: A great many of these describe methods descended from Liechtenauer's. Liechtenauer's Zettel (recital) remains one of the most famous — if cryptic — pieces of European martial arts scholarship to this day, with several translations and interpretations of the poem being put into practice by fencers and scholars around the world. Normally, several modes of combat were taught alongside one another, typically unarmed grappling ( Kampfringen or abrazare ), dagger ( Degen or daga , often of
602-530: A memorial tablet - In Memoriam Captain Alfred Hutton Late The King's Dragoon Guards Born March 10, 1839 Died December 18, 1910. A Great Swordsman And Writer On The Art. RIP. - was unveiled in the chancel of St Mary's Church (Astbury) by Lieutenant General Sir Edward Hutton , his nephew. Several works of Alfred Hutton have been republished in the past decade: Old sword play: techniques of the great masters (2001, 2010), The sword through
688-660: A social space. Society of Antiquaries of London The Society of Antiquaries of London ( SAL ) is a learned society of historians and archaeologists in the United Kingdom. It was founded in 1707, received its royal charter in 1751 and is a registered charity . It is based at Burlington House in Piccadilly , a building owned by the UK government . The modern membership of around 3,300 fellows mostly consists of archaeologists and historians, who can use
774-425: A training weapon for small sword fencing. By 1715, the rapier had been largely replaced by the lighter and handier small sword throughout most of Europe, although treatments of the former continued to be included by authors such as Donald McBane (1728), P. J. F. Girard (1736) and Domenico Angelo (1763). In this time, bare-knuckle boxing emerged as a popular sport in England and Ireland. The foremost pioneers of
860-467: A variation of the eclectic knightly arts of the previous century. From sword and buckler to sword and dagger, sword alone to two-handed sword, from polearms to wrestling (though absent in Manciolino), early 16th-century Italian fencing reflected the versatility that a martial artist of the time was supposed to have achieved. Towards the mid-16th century, however, polearms and companion weapons besides
946-718: A vehicle for open access research papers of a length falling above the upper limit of c. 10,000 words for the Antiquaries Journal . In 1843 the society took the decision to publish some of its proceedings in a second periodical in a smaller format, initially unillustrated, which could appear on a more frequent basis than Archaeologia : it was entitled Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London . The first part appeared in 1844 (containing papers delivered in 1843), and this first series continued until 1859, by which time four volumes had appeared. A second series
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#17327875239251032-574: A wider sense including modern and traditional disciplines. During the Late Middle Ages, the longsword had a position of honour among these disciplines, and sometimes historical European swordsmanship ( HES ) is used to refer to swordsmanship techniques specifically. The first book about the fighting arts, Epitoma rei militaris , was written into Latin by a Roman writer, Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus , who lived in Rome between
1118-492: Is "Antiquarian". The engraving of the plate, measuring 4 ft 1 in (1.24 m) by 2 ft 3 in (0.69 m), required two years to complete. The standard printing for this series was 400 prints; the plates were carefully stored by the society and used occasionally to fulfil later requests; only three of the seven plates still exist. The society's first journal was Archaeologia (full title: Archaeologia; or, Miscellaneous Tracts relating to Antiquity ), of which
1204-632: Is first attested in Shakespeare 's Merry Wives of Windsor (1597). The French school of fencing originated in the 16th century, which is based on the Italian school, and developed into its classical form during the Baroque period. In the 18th century, during the late Baroque and Rococo period, the French style of fencing with the small sword and later with the foil ( fleuret ), originated as
1290-574: Is still a standard reference today. Starting in 1966, the Society for Creative Anachronism , an amateur medieval reenactment organization, renewed public interest in the practice of historic fighting arts , and has hosted numerous tournaments in which participants compete in simulated medieval and renaissance fighting styles using padded weapons. Dividing their focus between Heavy Armored Fighting , to simulate early medieval warfare, and adapted sport Rapier fencing, to reenact later renaissance styles,
1376-543: Is the oldest surviving Fechtbuch , teaching sword and buckler combat. The central figure of late medieval martial arts, at least in Germany, is Johannes Liechtenauer . Though no manuscript written by him is known to have survived, his teachings were first recorded in the late 14th-century Nürnberger Handschrift GNM 3227a . From the 15th to the 17th century, numerous Fechtbücher (German 'fencing-books') were produced, of which some several hundred are extant;
1462-535: The Baroque period , wrestling fell from favour among the upper classes, being now seen as unrefined and rustic. The fencing styles practice also needed to conform to the new ideals of elegance and harmony. This ideology was taken to great lengths in Spain in particular, where La Verdadera Destreza 'the true art (of swordsmanship)' was now based on Renaissance humanism and scientific principles, contrasting with
1548-619: The Bayeux Tapestry , the Synopsis of Histories by John Skylitzes , the Morgan Bible ). Some researchers have attempted to reconstruct older fighting methods such as Pankration , Eastern Roman hoplomachia , Viking swordsmanship and gladiatorial combat by reference to these sources and practical experimentation. The Royal Armouries Ms. I.33 (also known as the "Walpurgis" or "Tower Fechtbuch "), dated to c. 1300 ,
1634-533: The College of Antiquaries , was founded c. 1586 and functioned largely as a debating society until it was forbidden to do so by King James I in 1614. The first informal meeting of the modern Society of Antiquaries occurred at the Bear Tavern on The Strand on 5 December 1707. This early group, conceived by John Talman , John Bagford , and Humfrey Wanley , sought a charter from Queen Anne for
1720-1013: The Corble Collection, located at the Universiteitsbibliotheek at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , and the Emil Fick Library, located at the Livrustkammaren (Sweden). In May 2013 the Forteza Western martial arts studio in Chicago commemorated Hutton via the dedication of the Captain Alfred Hutton Lounge, incorporating a library, research center, museum of historical swords and weapons, art gallery of 19th century fencing prints and
1806-575: The London Blitz , the society organised many of the excavations of Roman and medieval ruins exposed by the bombing of the City , with annual surveys performed every year between 1946 and 1962. Among other finds, they discovered the previously unknown London citadel ( Latin : arx ) in the northwest corner of the London Wall . The findings were summarized in 1968 by W. F. Grimes . In 1962,
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#17327875239251892-660: The Victoria and Albert Museum . At least 276 books from his collection of fencing books - Hutton Bequest - can be found in the National Art Library in the V&;A Museum. Most volumes bound for Hutton are in vellum, with red leather lettering pieces on the upper covers and backs. Upper covers are gold blocked with Hutton's name in Gothic type and his armorial crest. Further collections of books formerly owned by him are
1978-474: The inventory of all Henry VIII 's possessions at the time of his death. As the oldest archaeological library in the country, the Library holds an outstanding collection of British county histories , a fine collection of 18th- and 19th-century books on the antiquities of Britain and other countries and an exceptionally wide-ranging collection of periodical titles (British and foreign) with runs dating back to
2064-488: The late medieval period and the early modern period . For this reason, the focus of HEMA is de facto on the period of the half-millennium of ca. 1300 to 1800, with a German , Italian , and Spanish school flowering in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance (14th to 16th centuries), followed by French , English , and Scottish schools of fencing in the modern period (17th and 18th centuries). Martial arts of
2150-491: The post-nominal letters FSA after their names. Fellows of the society are elected by existing members of the society and are entitled to use the post-nominal letters FSA after their names. The election procedure is selective and fellowship is regarded as recognition of significant achievement in the fields of archaeology, antiquities, history or heritage. A nomination must be made by an existing fellow and endorsed by between five and twelve other fellows. A secret ballot of
2236-558: The rondel dagger ), long knife ( Messer ), or Dusack , half- or quarterstaff , polearms , longsword ( Langesschwert , spada longa , spadone ), and combat in plate armour ( Harnischfechten or armazare ), both on foot and on horseback. Some Fechtbücher have sections on dueling shields ( Stechschild ), special weapons used only in trial by combat . Important 15th century German fencing masters include Sigmund Ringeck , Peter von Danzig (see Cod. 44 A 8 ), Hans Talhoffer and Paulus Kal , all of whom taught
2322-560: The sabre and the lance by cavalrists and of the cutlass by naval forces. The English longbow is another European weapon that is still used in the sport of archery . Apart from the many styles of fencing, European combat sports of the 19th century include Boxing in England , Savate in France , and regional forms of wrestling such as Cumberland and Westmorland Wrestling, Lancashire Wrestling, and Cornish Wrestling . Fencing in
2408-582: The 16th century. The treatises of Paulus Hector Mair and Joachim Meyer derived from the teachings of the earlier centuries within the Liechtenauer tradition, but with new and distinctive characteristics. The printed Fechtbuch of Jacob Sutor (1612) is one of the last in the German tradition. In Italy, the 16th century was a period of big change. It opened with the two treatises of Bolognese masters Antonio Manciolino and Achille Marozzo , who described
2494-509: The 1890s, both in order to benefit various military charities and to encourage patronage of the contemporary methods of competitive fencing, which had hitherto fallen out of popular fashion in England. He also used these lectures and demonstrations to advocate his own theories about military sabre fencing. Hutton successfully introduced realistic, historically accurate swordplay into the contemporary theatrical repertoire. In Old Sword Play (1892) he wrote: There are those who affect to ridicule
2580-841: The 1890s, both in order to benefit various military charities and to encourage patronage of the contemporary methods of competitive fencing. Exhibitions were held at the Bath Club and a fund-raising event was arranged at Guy's Hospital . Among his many acolytes were Egerton Castle , Captain Carl Thimm, Colonel Cyril Matthey, Captain Percy Rolt, Captain Ernest George Stenson Cooke , Captain Frank Herbert Whittow, Esme Beringer , Sir Frederick , and Walter Herries Pollock . Despite this revival and
2666-441: The 18th century English backsword with modern Italian duelling sabre. The treatise also offered self-defense techniques based on constable's truncheon and short sword-bayonet, as well as exercise material from 16th century texts, including Marozzo. He successfully advocated the use by cavalry of a straight pointed sword for thrusting rather than an edged sword for cutting. In 1890 he published Fixed Bayonets , in which he insisted that
Alfred Hutton - Misplaced Pages Continue
2752-486: The 19th century and early 20th century, the greatstick ( pau / bâton / bastone ) was employed by some Portuguese, French, and Italian military academies as a method of exercise, recreation, and as preparation for bayonet training. A third category might be traditional "folk styles", mostly folk wrestling . Greco-Roman wrestling was a discipline at the first modern Olympic Games in 1896. Inclusion of freestyle wrestling followed in 1904. Attempts at reconstructing
2838-475: The 19th century such as classical fencing , and even early hybrid styles such as Bartitsu , may also be included in the term HEMA in a wider sense, as may traditional or folkloristic styles attested in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including forms of folk wrestling and traditional stick-fighting methods. The term Western martial arts ( WMA ) is sometimes used in the United States and in
2924-551: The 19th century transformed into a pure sport. While duels remained common among members of the aristocratic classes, they became increasingly frowned upon in society during the course of the century, and such duels as were fought to the death were increasingly fought with pistols, instead of bladed weapons. Styles of stick fighting include walking-stick fighting (including Irish bata or shillelagh , French la canne and English singlestick ) and Bartitsu (an early hybrid of Eastern and Western schools popularized at
3010-461: The Army, though his comrades did not realise the fact. He brought with him a bundle of swords of different kinds, and one of the sergeants, anxious to teach the newcomer a lesson, challenged him to a bout. The sergeant, who had a reputation as a man-at-arms, chose the bayonet against the young ensign's sword, but was easily worsted, and the result was the same when the weapons were changed. After this feat
3096-571: The Army. He was one of the first, too, to raise bayonet fighting to the dignity of a science. Hutton started to learn fencing at the age of twelve at the fencing school in St James' Street from Henry Charles Angelo the Younger (1780-1852), appointed Superintendent of Sword Exercise in the Army (1833-1852), author of Infantry Sword Exercise (1845), which remained the standard Army reference book for sword instruction on foot for 50 years. This school
3182-475: The Baroque period include Le Perche du Coudray (1635, 1676, teacher of Cyrano de Bergerac ), Besnard (1653, teacher of Descartes ), François Dancie (1623) and Philibert de la Touche (1670). In the 17th century, Italian swordsmanship was dominated by Salvator Fabris , whose De lo schermo overo scienza d'arme of 1606 exerted great influence not only in Italy, but also in Germany, where it all but extinguished
3268-640: The French styles of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries has been undertaken by Rob Runacres of England 's Renaissance Sword Club . Italian traditions are mainly investigated in Italy by Sala d'Arme Achille Marozzo, where you can find studies dedicated to the Bolognese tradition, to the Italian medieval tradition by Luca Cesari and Marco Rubboli, and to the Florentine tradition by Alessandro Battistini. Central and Southern Italian traditions are also investigated by Accademia Romana d'Armi, through
3354-541: The German school and Gustav Hergsell reprinted three of Hans Talhoffer's manuals. In France, there was the work of the Academie D'Armes circa 1880–1914. In Italy, Jacopo Gelli and Francesco Novati published a facsimile of the "Flos Duellatorum" of Fiore dei Liberi , and Giuseppe Cerri's book on the Bastone drew inspiration from the two-handed sword of Achille Marozzo . Baron Leguina's bibliography of Spanish swordsmanship
3440-602: The Marquis di Ferrara . Between 1407 and 1410, he documented comprehensive fighting techniques in a treatise entitled Flos Duellatorum covering grappling, dagger, arming sword, longsword, pole-weapons, armoured combat, and mounted combat. The Italian school is continued by Filippo Vadi (1482–1487) and Pietro Monte (1492, Latin with Italian and Spanish terms). Three early (before George Silver ) natively English swordplay texts exist, but are all very obscure and from uncertain dates; they are generally thought to belong to
3526-543: The Napoleonic period. Angelo's text was so influential that it was chosen to be included under the heading of Éscrime in the Encyclopédie of Diderot. In the 19th century, Western martial arts became divided into modern sports on one-handed fencing and applications that retain military significance on the other. In the latter category are the methods of close-quarter combat with the bayonet , besides use of
Alfred Hutton - Misplaced Pages Continue
3612-506: The SCA regularly holds large re-creation scenarios throughout the world. Their styles have been criticized by other groups as lacking historical authenticity, although a number of members of the group regularly engage in scholarship. A number of researchers, principally academics with access to some of the sources, continued exploring the field of historical European martial arts from a largely academic perspective. In 1972, James Jackson published
3698-523: The Sabre , which presented the historical method of military sabre use on foot, combining the 18th century English backsword with the modern Italian duelling sabre . Hutton's pioneering advocacy and practice of historical fencing included reconstructions of the fencing systems of several historical masters including George Silver and Achille Marozzo . He delivered numerous practical demonstrations with his colleague Egerton Castle of these systems during
3784-541: The Society: Historical fencing Historical European martial arts ( HEMA ) are martial arts of European origin, particularly using arts formerly practised, but having since died out or evolved into very different forms. While there is limited surviving documentation of the martial arts of classical antiquity (such as Greek wrestling or gladiatorial combat), most of the surviving dedicated technical treatises or martial arts manuals date to
3870-482: The centuries (2002) (original title: The Sword and the Centuries or Old Sword Days and Old Sword Ways ), Cold steel: the art of fencing with the sabre (2006). His mother, Marianne (died 19 January 1879, aged 87) and two sisters: Harriott (died 18 January 1906) and Marianne Eleanor (died 31 January 1908, aged 95) were also buried in the churchyard of St Mary's Church. One of his brothers, Henry John died in 1846 and
3956-435: The dagger and the cape gradually began to fade out of treatises. In 1553, Camillo Agrippa was the first to define the prima, seconda, terza, and quarta guards (or hand-positions), which would remain the mainstay of Italian fencing into the next century and beyond. From the late 16th century, Italian rapier fencing attained considerable popularity all over Europe, notably with the treatise by Salvator Fabris (1606). During
4042-616: The discontinued traditions of European systems of combat began in the late 19th century, with a revival of interest from the Middle Ages . The movement was led in England by the soldier, writer, antiquarian, and swordsman, Alfred Hutton . Hutton learned fencing at the school founded by Domenico Angelo . In 1862, he organized in his regiment stationed in India the Cameron Fencing Club, for which he prepared his first work,
4128-589: The dramatic stage. Circa 1899–1902, Hutton taught stage fencing classes for actors via the Bartitsu Club, where he also served on the Board of Directors and learned the basics of jujutsu and the Vigny method of stick fighting from his fellow instructors. Alfred Hutton arranged combats for numerous London plays, including: He died unmarried at his chambers in 76 Jermyn Street, London, on 18 December 1910, and
4214-474: The early to mid-19th century. In 1718, the society began to publish a series of illustrated papers on ancient buildings, sites, and artefacts, mainly those of Britain and usually written by members of the society, under the title Vetusta Monumenta . The series continued to appear on an irregular basis until 1906. The papers were published in a folio format, and were notable for the inclusion of finely engraved views and reproductions of artefacts. An engraver
4300-465: The eleventh and youngest child and seventh son of Henry William Hutton (1787–1848) and his wife Marianne (before 1795-1879), only child of John Fleming of Beverley. Henry W Hutton was a captain in the 4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards , retired 1811. Alfred attended Blackheath Proprietary School (Lewisham), matriculated at University College, Oxford, on 25 November 1857. He was intended for the Church, but
4386-515: The first issues of these were mostly done by Basire. The first of these with a reproduction of a 16th-century oil painting of the historic scene at the Field of the Cloth of Gold . The paper for this series required a larger size than was available, the manufacturer James Whatman was instructed to create a sheet 31 in × 53 in (790 mm × 1,350 mm); the name given to this format
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#17327875239254472-494: The first volume appeared, in a quarto format, in 1770. The journal mainly contained papers that had been delivered at the society's meetings: in the early years these included many delivered in previous decades that had remained unpublished. Archaeologia continued to appear on a more or less regular basis until after the Second World War , but then became increasingly irregular, some of its ground having been taken by
4558-506: The focus generally is on the martial arts of Medieval and Renaissance masters, 19th and early 20th century martial arts teachers are also studied and their systems are reconstructed, including Edward William Barton-Wright , the founder of Bartitsu ; combat savate and stick fighting master Pierre Vigny ; London-based boxer and fencer Rowland George Allanson-Winn ; French journalist and self-defence enthusiast Jean Joseph-Renaud ; and British quarterstaff expert Thomas McCarthy. Research into
4644-603: The fourth and fifth centuries. There are no other known martial arts manuals predating the Late Middle Ages (except for fragmentary instructions on Greek wrestling , see Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 466 ), although medieval literature (e.g., sagas of Icelanders , Eastern Roman Acritic songs , the Digenes Akritas and Middle High German epics) record specific martial deeds and military knowledge; in addition, historical artwork depicts combat and weaponry (e.g.,
4730-441: The interest that was received in late Victorian England, the practice died out soon after the death of Hutton in 1910. Interest in the physical application of historical fencing techniques remained largely dormant during the first half of the 20th century, due to a number of factors. Similar work, although more academic than practical in nature, occurred in other European countries. In Germany, Karl Wassmannsdorf conducted research on
4816-418: The latter half of the 15th century. In the 16th century, compendia of older Fechtbücher techniques were produced, some of them printed, notably by Paulus Hector Mair (in the 1540s) and by Joachim Meyer (in the 1570s). The extent of Mair's writing is unmatched by any other German master, and is considered invaluable by contemporary scholars. In Germany, fencing had developed sportive tendencies during
4902-416: The membership is then held; to be successful a candidate must receive two "yes" votes for every "no" vote. As of 2022, the society has a membership of around 3,300 fellows. In June 2022, the society introduced a lower tier of "affiliate membership", open to anyone on payment of an annual subscription. Benefits include access to and borrowing rights from the society's library. A precursor organisation,
4988-442: The mid-20th century, a small number of professional fight directors for theatre, film and television – notably including Arthur Wise. William Hobbs and John Waller , all of them British – studied historical combat treatises as inspiration for their fight choreography. In the 1980s and 1990s, Patri J. Pugliese began making photocopies of historical treatises available to interested parties, greatly spurring on research. In 1994, with
5074-515: The native German traditions of fencing. Fabris was followed by Italian masters such as Nicoletto Giganti (1606), Ridolfo Capo Ferro (1610), Francesco Alfieri (1640), Francesco Antonio Marcelli (1686) and Bondi' di Mazo (1696). The Elizabethan and Jacobean eras produce English fencing writers, such as the Gentleman George Silver (1599) and the professional fencing master Joseph Swetnam (1617). The English verb to fence
5160-483: The outbreak of the Indian Mutiny in 1857 turned his thoughts toward a military career, and he left the university without graduating and joined the Army. His military career began on 31 May 1859, when he joined the 79th (Cameron) Highlanders as an Ensign . On arrival at the depot of his regiment at Perth he soon proved himself an expert fencer. The youngest officer was probably the most skilful swordsman in
5246-428: The parallel themes of the history of the society itself and changing interpretations of the material relics of the past over the three centuries of its existence; and the illustrated catalogue of the exhibition, which included fifteen shorter thematic essays by various expert contributors. The society faced controversy in 2019, when its council was unable to pass a resolution to eject fellow Hubert Chesshyre . In 2015,
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#17327875239255332-457: The pupil and friend of William McTurk, Henry Charles Angelo's successor at the school of arms in St James' Street. On leaving the army he focused on practicing modern fencing with foil, sabre, and bayonet, but mainly on the study and revival of older fencing systems and schools. In 1889 Hutton published his most influential work, Cold Steel: A Practical Treatise on the Sabre , which presented an original method of military sabre use on foot, combining
5418-547: The rapier style of the innovative Roman, Neapolitan and Sicilian School of Fencing in Italy's 16th and 17th century was pioneered by M° Francesco Lodà, PhD, founder of Accademia Romana d'Armi in Rome, Italy. While research focused on the Marcelli family of fencing masters and their pupils in Rome and abroad (e.g. Mattei, Villardita, Marescalchi, De Greszy, Terracusa), through publication of papers and books on rapier fencing, attention
5504-476: The revived society was William Stukeley . Those attending these early meetings examined objects, gave talks, and discussed theories of historical sites. Reports on the dilapidation of significant buildings were also produced. The society was also concerned with the topics of heraldry , genealogy , and historical documents. In 1751, a successful application for a charter of incorporation was sought by its long-serving vice president Joseph Ayloffe , which allowed
5590-616: The rise of the Hammerterz Forum, a publication devoted entirely to the history of swordsmanship . During the late 1990s, translations and interpretations of historical sources began appearing in print as well as online. Since the 1980s and 1990s, historical European martial arts communities have emerged in Europe, North America, Australia, and the wider English-speaking world . These groups attempt to reconstruct historical European martial arts using various training methods. Although
5676-536: The society announced that they were modernising their procedures for dealing with behaviour which runs contrary to their values. Starkey subsequently resigned his fellowship. The society's library is the major archaeological research library in the UK. Having acquired material since the early 18th century, the Library's present holdings number more than 100,000 books and around 800 currently received periodical titles. The catalogue include rare drawings and manuscripts, such as
5762-545: The society became the owner of the house and land of Kelmscott Manor , the former home of William Morris . In 2007, the society celebrated its tercentennial year (recognising the first, less formal meetings) with an exhibition at the Royal Academy entitled Making History: Antiquaries in Britain 1707–2007 . The tercentenary was also marked by two substantial publications: a collection of seventeen scholarly essays on
5848-595: The society to own property. The society began to gather large collections of manuscripts, paintings, and artefacts, housing such gifts and bequests while a proper institution for them did not exist. The acquisition of a large group of important paintings in 1828 preceded the establishment of the National Portrait Gallery by some 30 years. A gift of Thomas Kerrich , which included portraits of Edward IV , Mary Tudor , and two of Richard III , reveal anti-Tudor bias in their later portrayal. Following
5934-430: The society's other journals. Only two volumes were published in the 1980s (vols 107 and 108), and two in the 1990s (vols 109 and 110, published in 1991 and 1992 respectively). The society's tercentennial collection of essays of 2007 was technically published as vol. 111 of Archaeologia . No print volumes have been published since. In January 2023, Archaeologia was relaunched as an occasional digital journal, to serve as
6020-421: The society, Richard Gough (director 1771 to 1791), sought to expand and improve publication of the society's research, motivated by the steady dilapidation of examples of Gothic architecture . A later series of oversize issues was used to accommodate the format of some historical works, which the society had commissioned to be reproduced by Edward Edwards and Samuel Hieronymus Grimm in water-colour in 1771;
6106-403: The sport of boxing were Englishmen James Figg and Jack Broughton . Throughout the course of the 18th century, the French school became the western European standard to the extent that Angelo, an Italian-born master teaching in England, published his L'École des Armes in French in 1763. It was extremely successful and became a standard fencing manual over the following 50 years, throughout
6192-465: The studies of Francesco Lodà on Spetioli (Marche) and Pagano (Neaples). Italian rapier instructors Tom Leoni (US) and Piermarco Terminiello (UK) have published annotated English translations of some of the most important rapier treatises of the 17th century, making this fencing style available to a worldwide audience. Leoni has also authored English translations of all of Fiore de' Liberi's Italian-language manuscripts, as well as Manciolino's Opera Nova and
6278-470: The study of British antiquities; its projected ventures included a series of 35 books to be issued. The proposal for the society was to be advanced by Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford , but his dismissal from government caused it to become idle. The formalisation of proceedings occurred in 1717, and the first minutes at the Mitre Tavern, Fleet Street , are dated 1 January 1718. The first secretary of
6364-516: The study of obsolete weapons, alleging that it is of no practical use; everything, however, is useful to the Art of Fence which tends to create an interest in it, and certain it is that such contests as Rapier and Dagger , Two hand Sword , or Broadsword and Handbuckler , are a very great embellishment to the somewhat monotonous proceedings of the ordinary assault of arms . The Combinations will be found extremely useful as forms of "set play" for combats on
6450-637: The teachings of Liechtenauer. From the late 15th century, there were "brotherhoods" of fencers ( Fechtbruderschaften ), most notably the Brotherhood of St. Mark (attested 1474) and the Federfechter . An early Burgundian French treatise is Le jeu de la hache ( The Play of the Axe ) of ca. 1400. The earliest master to write in the Italian language was Fiore dei Liberi , commissioned by
6536-519: The third book of Viggiani's Lo Schermo . Ken Mondschein, one of the few professional academics working in this field, translated Camillo Agrippa 's treatise of 1553 as well as the Paris manuscript of Fiore dei Liberi and written several academic articles. The martial traditions of the Netherlands are researched by Reinier van Noort, who additionally focuses on German and French martial sources of
6622-458: The traditional "vulgar" approach to fencing inherited from the medieval period. Significant masters of Destreza included Jerónimo Sánchez de Carranza ("the father of Destreza", d. 1600) and Luis Pacheco de Narváez (1600, 1632). Girard Thibault (1630) was a Dutch master influenced by these ideals. The French school of fencing also moves away from its Italian roots, developing its own terminology, rules and systems of teaching. French masters of
6708-420: The turn of the 20th century). Some existing forms of European stick fighting can be traced to direct teacher-student lineages from the 19th century. Notable examples include the methods of Scottish and British Armed Services singlestick , la canne and bâton français , Portuguese jogo do pau , Italian Paranza or Bastone Siciliano , and some styles of Canarian juego del palo . In
6794-535: The young officer was invited to form a fencing class for the officers and non-commissioned officers, and the swordsmanship of the regiment was greatly improved. Upon joining the headquarters of his regiment in India, at the request of his commanding officer, Colonel Hodgson, he organized in the regiment the Cameron Fencing Club, for which he prepared his first work, a 12-page booklet entitled Swordsmanship (1862), printed at Simla Advertiser Press. On 14 January 1862 Hutton
6880-607: Was also paid to the influences of 16th century's masters active in Rome, such as Agrippa, Cavalcabò, Paternoster, or of the early 17th like D'Alessandri. Within Accademia Romana d'Armi historical research has continuously been carried out also on Fiore de' Liberi's longsword system, publishing the first Italian analysis and transcription of MS. Par. Lat. 11269, Radaelli's military saber and MS. I.33 sword and buckler, and more recently on Liechtenauer's tradition of fencing. Research into Italian sword forms and their influence on
6966-703: Was buried in the Beverly Cathedral, a memorial tablet: Here lies the remains of Henry John Hutton, the beloved son of Henry William and Marianne Hutton, formerly Captain in her Majesty's 34th Regiment. He was born at Sherwood Hall in Nottinghamshire 1 July 1814 and died at Clifton near Bristol 24 October 1846 can be found there. His other brother, Edward Thomas Hutton (died 1849), was the father of Sir Edward Hutton KCMG. Hutton bequeathed his fine collection of fencing and duelling literature, with some admirable specimens of oriental sword-cutlery, to
7052-474: Was buried in the churchyard of St Mary's Church in Astbury , near Congleton, Cheshire, three days later. The following inscription can be found on his grave: In Affectionate Memory of / ALFRED HUTTON late King's Dragoon Guards & Last Surviving Son of HENRY WILLIAM HUTTON of Beverley / Hold thou Thy Cross Before My Closing Eyes / Born March 10th 1839. Died December 18th 1910, Aged 71 Years. On 8 October 1911
7138-436: Was employed by the society from its inception – the earliest were George Vertue , James Basire and successors – labouring to produce the copperplate used in the printing of the folio editions. The prints were often large and appealing, and were intended to satisfy popular demand for archæological subject matter; their quasi-scientific illustrations were often inset with multiple viewpoints of architectural details. A fellow of
7224-408: Was established by Domenico Angelo Malevolti Tremamondo (1716-1802), renowned Italian fencing master from Leghorn , author of the classic treatise on small sword L’École des armes (1763, The School of Fencing ). Alfred's father was a pupil of Henry Angelo the elder (1756-1835), son of the founder of this fencing dynasty, Domenico Angelo. After returning from India in 1865, Hutton had become
7310-427: Was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant. In 1864 after 4 years in the infantry he exchanged into the cavalry: the 7th Hussars . After being invalided home in 1865 he joined the 1st King's Dragoon Guards in 1866, and continued to popularize fencing in his regiments. He was gazetted captain on 30 September 1868, and retired from the service in 1873. Throughout his career he was a strong advocate of better swordsmanship in
7396-415: Was then begun, in which 32 volumes appeared down to 1920. In 1921 Proceedings was superseded by a new annual journal, the Antiquaries Journal . This continues to the present day, volume 101 having been published in 2021. Since the end of 2001, the society has published a fortnightly online newsletter called Salon (Society of Antiquaries Online Newsletter). The following have served as Presidents of
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