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54-520: The plus/minus statistic was first established during the 1967–68 NHL season . This statistic reflects a player's ability to contribute offensively and defensively. The award was first given at the end of the 1982–83 season. From 1982–83 to 1987–88 , it was known as the Emery Edge Award . During 1988–89 , there was no formal name for the Award. From 1989–90 to 1995–96 , it was known as

108-553: A fraction of the price that a big name pitcher may require. When Beane's Athletics began to achieve success, other major league teams took notice. The second team to adopt a similar approach was the Boston Red Sox , who in 2003 made Theo Epstein the interim general manager. Epstein, who remains the youngest general manager to ever be hired in MLB, came into the position without any professional playing experience, highly irregular at

162-460: A largely analytical background when they hired assistant general manager Kyle Dubas in 2014. Dubas, similar to Theo Epstein in MLB, has never suited up in a professional game and relies on the numbers generated by players on a nightly basis both now and in the past to make decisions. The PGA Tour collects vast amounts of data throughout the season. These statistics track each shot a player takes in tournament play, collecting information on how far

216-471: A minimalist budget, Beane relied on sabermetrics , a form of sports analytics, to evaluate players and make personnel decisions. Understanding the importance of getting runners on base, Beane focussed on acquiring players with a high on base percentage with the logic that teams with a higher on base percentage are more likely to score runs. He was also able to achieve success on a shoestring budget by acquiring overlooked starting pitchers, often getting them for

270-472: A multi-channel sports media organization employing a team of statisticians and writers who publish New York Times Best Selling books and host weekly radio shows and podcasts . The MLB has set the benchmark in sports analytics for a number of years, with some of the game's brightest minds having never set foot into the heat of a major or minor league baseball game. Theo Epstein of the Chicago Cubs

324-453: A number of years, successfully betting against the line 56% (575–453) of the time in college football, a significant rate as a winning percentage above 52.4% is considered profitable. With the number of statistics so openly available to fans, Stoll combines a number of different statistics such as, home and away records, record vs divisional/non-divisional teams, rush yards per rush, etc., to make educated picks that have paid off more than half of

378-620: A number of years. Collectively as a team the Spurs have honed in on the importance of the three pointer and as a result constantly rank among the league lead in three point attempts. The teams understanding of the importance of the "three" extends beyond the offensive side of the court as they are relentless at defending the three pointer in the defensive end of the court. In 2009 the Chicago Blackhawks turned to an outside company to produce analytical assessments for them. Subsequently,

432-572: A per-minute measurement to ensure that a player's incremental team contributions are measured irrespective of usage volume. In 2003, the sports analytics-focused website Football Outsiders pioneered football's first comprehensive advanced metric, DVOA (defense-adjusted value over average), which compares a player's success on each play to the league average based on a number of variables including down , distance, location on field, current score gap, quarter, and strength of opponent. Football Outsiders' work has since been widely cited by analytical members

486-408: Is a sports statistic used to measure a player's impact, represented by the difference between their team's total scoring versus their opponent's when the player is in the game. In ice hockey , the plus–minus measures a player's goal differential. When a team that is at even-strength or shorthanded scores a goal, all players on the ice on the scoring team will register a plus while all players on

540-479: Is also undergoing at Nagoya University to investigate the potential of using the defender-orientated ball recovery and being attacked as metrics, with it being used successfully with data from the Japanese J1 League to predict the strategies used by the teams. Many statisticians attribute the popularization of sports analytics to current Oakland Athletics General Manager Billy Beane . Strapped with

594-411: Is extremely popular among groups of all kinds, from avid sports fans to recreational gamblers, you would be hard pressed to find a professional sporting event with nothing riding on the results. Many gamblers are attracted to sports gambling because of the plethora of information and analytics that are at their disposal when making decisions. One gambler, Bob Stoll, has been ahead of the analytics curve for

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648-567: Is one of those minds who has never suited up in a professional baseball game; instead, Epstein relies on his Yale University education and the numbers behind the game to make many of his decisions. Epstein, known for his role in ending two of baseball's most famous streaks (the Boston Red Sox curse of the Great Bambino in 2004, and as recently as the 2016 World Series , helping end the 108-year drought between World Series wins for

702-399: Is weighed the same, situational plus–minus (Sit +/−) allows for each goal to be included by adjusting by the number of skaters (i.e. not goaltenders ) on the ice at the time of the goal, to accommodate for special-team and empty net goals. The plus–minus rating is calculated by dividing the number of skaters on the ice for the team scored upon by the number of skaters on the ice for

756-400: Is weighted based on the number of skaters (i.e. not goaltenders) on the ice. The plus–minus rating is calculated by dividing the number of skaters on the ice for the team scored upon by the number of skaters on the ice for the scoring team, applied as a plus to all players (including goaltenders) on the ice for the scoring team and as a minus for all players (including goaltenders) on the ice for

810-631: The Alka-Seltzer Plus Award . From 1996–97 to 1997–98 , it was known as the Bud Ice Plus-Minus Award . Finally, from 1998–99 to 2007–08 , it was known as the Bud Light Plus-Minus Award . Three-time winner Wayne Gretzky won the award the most times out of any player, and is one of only three repeat winners, joined by two-time winners John LeClair and Chris Pronger . Gretzky recorded

864-655: The strike zone hitters struggle with, so the pitcher can try to throw it to those spots of the strike zone to give themselves an advantage. In the early ages of basketball , the majority of shots were taken close to the basket. Now they NBA and other leagues have implemented a three-point line , allowing players to shoot from a further distance for 3 points instead of 2 points. For that reason, players have become multi-dimensional and more difficult to defend. The use of AI and analytics can show defenders how to guard certain players based on how well they shoot from three-point range. If they don't shoot well from three-point range, then

918-616: The Astros have begun to use analytics to make decisions on how they will play on the field, "applying the defensive shift more than any other team in the MLB last season." Using this approach, the Houston Astros captured their first World Series victory in franchise history in 2017 . One of the early adopters of SportVU , the San Antonio Spurs have been using analytics to gain a competitive advantage on opponents for

972-540: The Blackhawks have achieved unparalleled success in the NHL, winning three Stanley Cups in six seasons. With this success has come a number of difficult decisions for Blackhawks management as they are often only able to hang onto a core group of players following each cup run, while other key players receive offers that the Blackhawks simply cannot match under the NHL's salary cap. However, by using this analytics based system,

1026-411: The Blackhawks who provide yet another example of the longevity that can be associated with analytic base decision making. Sports analytics have had significant impact on the field of play but sports analytics have also contributed to the growing industry of sports gambling, which accounts for approximately 13% of the global gambling industry. Valued somewhere between $ 700–$ 1,000 billion, sports gambling

1080-508: The Chicago Cubs), is a member of a growing community in major league baseball who do not rely on years of major league playing experience. This community has been able to grow thanks to the in-depth collection of statistics that has existed in baseball for decades. With analytics being relatively common in MLB, there is a breadth of statistics that have become vital in the analysis of the game, which include: Houston Rockets ' Daryl Morey

1134-736: The Colorado Avalanche and Patrik Elias of the New Jersey Devils. ^ During the 2002–03 season, there was a tie between Peter Forsberg and Milan Hejduk of the Colorado Avalanche. ^ During the 2003–04 season, there was a tie between Martin St. Louis of the Tampa Bay Lighting and Marek Malik of the Vancouver Canucks. ^ During the 2005–06 season, there was a tie between Michal Rozsival of

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1188-928: The General Manager of the Rockets decided to emphasize three point shots and used analytics to support his argument. As a result, the Rockets began shooting many more three-point shots and even traded their budding big man, Clint Capela. The success of analytic based strategies and decision making in baseball was noted by executives in other professional sports leagues. Today, almost every professional organization has least one analytical expert on staff, if not an entire department dedicated to analytics. The Astros rely heavily on analytics when making decisions. The team has employees with titles such as, director of decision sciences, medical risk manager and mathematic modeler. Unlike other professional teams who typically use analytics solely for player transactions and signings,

1242-549: The League 11 times (six by Bobby Orr and twice by David Krejci , the only other repeat leaders), Edmonton Oilers five times (four by Wayne Gretzky, including three official awards) and four times each by players on the Detroit Red Wings, Montreal Canadiens and Philadelphia Flyers. * Season shortened by the 1994–95 NHL lockout Bold Player with the best plus-minus ever recorded in a season. Before 1983, there

1296-532: The Mets, Johnson tasked a team employee with writing a dBASE II application to run sophisticated statistical models in order to better understand the capabilities and tendencies of the team's opponents. By the close of the twentieth century, sports analytics had gained significant acceptance by the management of many Major League Baseball clubs, notably the Oakland A's , Boston Red Sox and Cleveland Indians . At

1350-682: The New York Rangers and Wade Redden of the Ottawa Senators. ^ During the 2014–15 season, there was a tie between Nikita Kucherov of the Tampa Bay Lighting and Max Pacioretty of the Montreal Canadiens. ^ During the 2016–17 season, there was a tie between Ryan Suter and Jason Zucker of the Minnesota Wild. Plus%E2%80%93minus (sports) Plus−minus (+/−, ±, plus/minus)

1404-500: The article He Does It By The Numbers by Daniel Okrent (1981). In 1984, New York Mets manager Davey Johnson became the first known member of a known sports organization to advocate for the use of sports analytics. During his time with the Baltimore Orioles , Johnson had tried to convince the organization to use his FORTRAN baseball computer simulation to determine the team's optimal starting lineup. As manager of

1458-660: The ball travels and exactly where each shot is played from and where it finishes. These data have been used for a number of years by players and their coaches during practice sessions as well as during tournament preparation, highlighting the areas in which that player needs to improve before teeing it up in tournament play. Soccer uses tracking data, such as the positional data of the players and ball, for teams to obtain information about players’ conditioning. This data has also been used for evaluating attacking performance to estimate goals scored using Artificial Intelligence . Other approaches have included dribbling and passing. Research

1512-506: The collection, synthesis, and dissemination of advanced metrics to pro and college basketball organizations, sports media members, and fans. North Carolina , under coach Frank McGuire , was the first known basketball organization to utilize advanced possession metrics to gain a competitive advantage. Since then, sports analytics enthusiasts in basketball have created weighted statistics that measure each player and each team's on-court efficiency. Most basketball-specific advanced metrics feature

1566-490: The company." In the early ages of baseball , hitters had no insight on pitchers' pitch sequence tendencies and spin rate . In today's game, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and analytics now shows hitters spin rate and pitch sequence information before the game. For the other side of this, it can also benefit the pitcher. As in today's game, AI and analytics can help the pitcher by showing which pitches are weaknesses of certain hitters. It can also show which parts of

1620-467: The conceding team on the ice will register a minus. When a goal is scored by a team on the power play , no plus or minus points are awarded to either team. Empty net situations are treated the same as even-strength unless the team that scores is on the power play . Penalty shot goals are excluded. A player's plus−minus statistic is calculated for each game played. The statistic is directly affected by overall team performance, influenced by both

1674-448: The degree of competitive balance over time in association football . Sports analytics Sports analytics are collections of relevant historical statistics that can provide a competitive advantage to a team or individual by helping to inform players, coaches and other staff and help facilitate decision-making both during and prior to sporting events. The term "sports analytics" was popularized in mainstream sports culture following

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1728-827: The driving forces for the use of sports analytics in the NFL has been the growth of fantasy football . Fantasy sports writer C. D. Carter and peers at XN Sports, NumberFire , and the long-form fantasy football analysis site, Rotoviz.com, have established an informal subculture of fantasy football sports writers who refer to themselves as "degens". The degen movement is responsible for the creation of numerous American football efficiency metrics that better explain past football performances and attempt to predict future player production. Height-adjusted Speed Score, College Dominator Rating, Target Premium, Catch Radius, Net Expected Points (NEP), and Production Premium were recently created and disseminated by degen writers and mathematicians. Building on

1782-531: The future performance of an individual player, the Speed Score , which he referenced in a piece written for Pro Football Prospectus . After analyzing data pertaining to running back success, Barnwell discovered that the most successful running backs at the NFL level were both fast and heavy, therefore, Speed Score weights 40-yard dash times by assigning a premium to bigger, often stronger, running backs. One of

1836-606: The highest single-season result, +100, of all Award winners. The Award was won by players on the Edmonton Oilers and Detroit Red Wings four times each, with three wins by players on the Calgary Flames , Colorado Avalanche , Philadelphia Flyers , Pittsburgh Penguins and St. Louis Blues . Including the 20 seasons the League tracked plus-minus as a statistic without an award, the Boston Bruins have led

1890-536: The impact of sponsorship on each team as well as its fans. Another significant impact sports analytics has had on professional sports is in relation to sports betting . In-depth sports analytics has taken sports gambling to new levels; whether it be fantasy sports leagues or nightly wagers, bettors now have more information at their disposal to help aid decision making than ever before. A number of companies and webpages have been developed to help provide fans with up-to-date information for their betting needs. Baseball

1944-456: The last number of years, data collection has become more in-depth and can be conducted with relative ease. Advancements in data collection have allowed for sports analytics to grow as well, leading to the development of advanced statistics and machine learning, as well as sport specific technologies that allow for things like game simulations to be conducted by teams prior to play, improve fan acquisition and marketing strategies, and even understand

1998-565: The offensive and defensive performance of the team as a whole. However, there is controversy in the effectiveness of the plus−minus statistic's ability to accurately convey a players individual performance. The plus/minus statistic was first used in the 1950s by the Montreal Canadiens , a National Hockey League (NHL) team, for evaluating its own players. Plus-minus was hockey's first enhanced statistic, becoming an official NHL statistic in 1959-60. There are some drawbacks to

2052-733: The on-field performance of teams and players, including questions such as "which player on the Red Sox contributed most to the team's offense?" or "who is the best wing player in the NBA ?", etc. Off-field analytics deals with the business side of sports. Off-field analytics focuses on helping a sport organization or body surface patterns and insights through data that would help increase ticket and merchandise sales, improve fan engagement, etc. Off-field analytics essentially uses data to help rights-holders make decisions that would lead to higher growth and increased profitability. As technology has advanced over

2106-424: The release of the 2011 film Moneyball . In this film, Oakland Athletics general manager Billy Beane (played by Brad Pitt ) relies heavily on the use of baseball analytics to build a competitive team on a minimal budget, building upon and extending the established practice of Sabermetrics . There are two key aspects of sports analytics—on-field and off-field analytics. On-field analytics deals with improving

2160-589: The same time, baseball fans and sports media had begun to adopt sports analytics as a way to understand and report the game. In 1996, Baseball Prospectus sought to build upon Bill James' work when it launched the Baseball Prospectus website in order to present sabermetric research and related findings as well as publish advanced metrics such as EqA , the Davenport Translations (DT's) , and VORP . Baseball Prospectus has grown into

2214-459: The scoring team, applied as a plus to all players (including goaltenders) on the ice for the scoring team and as a minus for all players (including goaltenders) on the ice for the team scored upon. This also allows the statistics to be applied to goaltenders. * Season shortened by the 2012–13 NHL lockout † Season shortened by the COVID-19 pandemic ^ During the 1990–91 season, there

NHL Plus-Minus Award - Misplaced Pages Continue

2268-426: The sports media establishment. A few years later, Pro Football Focus launched a comprehensive statistical database , which soon featured a sophisticated player grading system. Advanced Football Analytics (originally Advanced NFL Stats) has its EPA (expected points added) and WPA (win probability added) for NFL players. Grantland lead football writer Bill Barnwell created the first metrics focused on predicting

2322-407: The team has continuously been able to fill these gaps by finding players who are undervalued by other teams but will fit well with the Blackhawks' style of play. Many times, a team put together like this will seem underwhelming but perform higher than expectations. This strategy could be adopted by teams with limited financial freedom to put together a competitive team. This process has been refined by

2376-541: The team scored upon. The NHL introduced the Plus-Minus Award in the 1982-83 season, awarded to the top plus player for that season that played in at least 60 games. The award was named the Emery Edge Award and was won in the inaugural season by Charlie Huddy of the Edmonton Oilers . The award was last given for the 2007-08 season. At this point the award was named Bud Light Plus/Minus Award and

2430-599: The time. Results from academic research show evidence that Twitter contains enough information to be useful for predicting outcomes in football games. With the popularity of sports gambling came the development of a number of sports betting services. "Sports betting services are provided by companies such as William Hill, Ladbrokes, bet365, bwin, Paddy Power, betfair, Unibet and many more through their websites and in many cases betting shops. In 2012, William Hill generated around 2 billion U.S. dollars in revenue with about 30 billion U.S. dollars in total being staked / wagered with

2484-567: The time. Using a similar approach to that of Billy Beane, Epstein was able to form a Boston Red Sox team that in 2004, won the organization's first World Series in 86 years, breaking the alleged Curse of the Bambino . Many experts attribute some of Epstein's success to Boston Red Sox owner, John W. Henry , who achieved significant success in the investments industry by using data-based decision making. As owner, Henry provided Epstein with significant leeway when it came to data-based decision making and

2538-535: The traditional calculation of the plus–minus statistic in ice hockey. Not all types of goals are included, specifically power play goals. Every goal included in the calculation is weighted the same regardless of the situation - even strength, power play, short-handed or empty net. Also, traditional plus–minus is not applied to goaltenders . Situational plus–minus (Sit +/−) is an alternative calculation that takes into account all types of "team-based" goals, which excludes only penalty shot and shootout goals. Each goal

2592-592: The use of sabermetrics, as he knew the impact that such tools can have in achieving success in both sports and business. Since his success in Boston, Epstein had moved on to Chicago, where in 2016 he led the Chicago Cubs to their first World Series title in 108 years. More recently, teams like the Houston Rockets of the NBA have put a heavy focus on analytics to dictate front office and on-court decisions. Daryl Morey,

2646-417: The work of these writers, sites such as PlayerProfiler.com distill a wide variety of established advanced metrics into a single player snapshot designed to be palatable to the casual sports fan. The NHL has kept statistics since its inception, yet it is a relatively new adopter of analytics -based decision making. The Toronto Maple Leafs were the first team in the NHL to hire a member of management with

2700-543: Was a tie between Marty McSorley of the Los Angeles Kings and Theoren Fleury of the Calgary Flames. ^ During the 1998–99 season, Alexander Karpovtsev led the League with a +39 rating. However, he played in 58 games and was ineligible since there is a 60-game minimum. Therefore, LeClair was given the award with a +36 rating. ^ During the 2000–01 season, there was a tie between Joe Sakic of

2754-432: Was no award for leading the League in plus-minus. The NHL started counting the statistics in 1967, and this lists all the leaders from the inception of the statistic to the inception of the award. * Season shortened by the 2012–13 NHL lockout † Season shortened by the COVID-19 pandemic While not all types of goals are included in the calculation of plus-minus — such as power play goals — and every other type of goal

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2808-432: Was one of the first sports to embrace sports analytics with Earnshaw Cook publishing Percentage Baseball in 1964. This was the first publication citing sports analytics to garner national media attention. In 1981, Bill James helped bring SABR (Society for American Baseball Research), one of the leading sports analytical organizations for baseball, into national prominence when Sports Illustrated featured James in

2862-524: Was the first NBA general manager to implement advanced metrics as a key aspect of player evaluation. In the years that followed Morey's hiring, the NBA moved quickly to adopt advanced metrics-based player evaluation practices. In 2012, John Hollinger left ESPN to become VP of Basketball Operations for the Memphis Grizzlies . Beyond professional basketball front offices, major sports media websites such as Basketball Reference are dedicated to

2916-564: Was won by Pavel Datsyuk of the Detroit Red Wings . Although the statistic was pioneered in the sport of hockey, it has found its way into use in other sports and areas of life. In basketball, the NBA's Houston Rockets first utilized a modified version of the stat, which indicated that Shane Battier , who had a plus–minus score of plus 10, was a much more effective player than had been previously believed. A plus−minus statistic has been used in sports economics to analyze

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