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82-569: Inspired by the science fiction works of Olaf Stapledon and Edward Gibbon 's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , Kosemen worked on All Tomorrows from 2003 to the publication of the book as a free PDF file online in 2006. Kosemen intends to eventually publish a greatly expanded All Tomorrows in physical form, with new text and updated illustrations. Centuries following humanity terraforming and colonizing Mars ,

164-558: A taxonomy , or other forms of ad hoc content organization. Wiki implementations can provide one or more ways to categorize or tag pages to support the maintenance of such index pages, such as a backlink feature which displays all pages that link to a given page. Adding categories or tags to a page makes it easier for other users to find it. Most wikis allow the titles of pages to be searched amongst, and some offer full text search of all stored content. Some wiki communities have established navigational networks between each other using

246-579: A 2021 podcast interview, Kosemen noted that the generation born right after him (Kosemen having been born in 1984) "really embraced" All Tomorrows , which he believes might partially be due to the "myriad disasters" that have happened in the world since then. The book has received some scholarly attention; in 2020, All Tomorrows was among the works discussed in Jörg Matthias Determann's book Islam, Science Fiction and Extraterrestrial Life , which explores astrobiology and science fiction in

328-551: A 2022 article in the lifestyle magazine A Little Bit Human , Allia Luzong considered All Tomorrows to be a "fun exploration of what could be" but also a serious work with serious themes, particularly noting how humanity's social ills are present throughout the narrative. Kosemen stated in 2021 that though the book had grown popular, he had almost "disowned" All Tomorrows , finding parts of it "a bit cringey". When designing his website and including his different books and projects, Kosemen purposefully left out All Tomorrows . Following

410-502: A PDF floating around the backwaters of the internet like a ghost ship". One of the common links which All Tomorrows has been shared through is a wiki site dedicated to speedrunning . The first licensed physical edition of All Tomorrows was published by Time Publishing in March 2024, in the Thai language . This edition included the content of the original 2006 book, with a new chapter on

492-434: A billion years in the future, for unknown reasons. The author goes on to state that mankind's story was always about the lives of humans themselves, not major wars and abstract ideals. The author ends by encouraging the reader to "Love Today, and seize All Tomorrows!" Kosemen worked on All Tomorrows from 2003 to 2006. The work of Olaf Stapledon , particularly Last and First Men (1930) and Star Maker (1937), served as

574-407: A brief but catastrophic interplanetary war takes place between Mars and Earth costing both parties billions of lives. The two planets eventually make peace with each other, and a large-scale colonization initiative is carried out by genetically engineered humans called Star People throughout the galaxy . Humans (now Star People) then encounter a malevolent and superior alien species called

656-782: A brief stint as a teacher at Manchester Grammar School he worked in shipping offices in Liverpool and Port Said from 1910 to 1912. From 1912 to 1915 Stapledon worked with the Liverpool branch of the Workers' Educational Association . During the First World War he served as a conscientious objector . Stapledon became an ambulance driver with the Friends' Ambulance Unit in France and Belgium from July 1915 to January 1919; he

738-412: A correspondence with Woolf) and Winston Churchill . In contrast, Stapledon's philosophy repelled C. S. Lewis , whose Cosmic Trilogy was written partly in response to what Lewis saw as amorality, although Lewis admired Stapledon's inventiveness and described him as "a corking good writer". In fact Stapledon was an agnostic who was hostile to religious institutions , but not to religious yearnings,

820-584: A dog whose intelligence is increased to the level of a human being's. Stapledon's work also refers to then-contemporary intellectual fashions (e.g. the belief in extrasensory perception ). Last and First Men , a "future history" of 18 successive species of humanity, and Star Maker , an outline history of the Universe, were highly acclaimed by figures as diverse as Jorge Luis Borges , J. B. Priestley , Bertrand Russell , Algernon Blackwood , Hugh Walpole , Arnold Bennett , Virginia Woolf (Stapledon maintained

902-622: A fact that set him at odds with H. G. Wells in their correspondence. Together with his philosophy lectureship at the University of Liverpool, which now houses the Olaf Stapledon archive, Stapledon lectured in English literature , industrial history and psychology . He wrote many non-fiction books on political and ethical subjects, in which he advocated the growth of "spiritual values", which he defined as those values expressive of

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984-423: A given content size is likely to reduce growth; access controls restricting editing to registered users tends to reduce growth; a lack of such access controls tends to fuel new user registration; and that a higher ratio of administrators to regular users has no significant effect on content or population growth. Joint authorship of articles, in which different users participate in correcting, editing, and compiling

1066-443: A link to view that specific revision. A diff (short for "difference") feature may be available, which highlights the changes between any two revisions. The edit history view in many wiki implementations will include edit summaries written by users when submitting changes to a page. Similar to the function of a log message in a revision control system, an edit summary is a short piece of text which summarizes and perhaps explains

1148-406: A long period. In addition to using the approach of soft security for protecting themselves, larger wikis may employ sophisticated methods, such as bots that automatically identify and revert vandalism. For example, on Misplaced Pages, the bot ClueBot NG uses machine learning to identify likely harmful changes, and reverts these changes within minutes or even seconds. Disagreements between users over

1230-491: A page or set of pages to maintain quality. A person willing to maintain pages will be alerted of modifications to them, allowing them to verify the validity of new editions quickly. Such a feature is often called a watchlist . Some wikis also implement patrolled revisions , in which editors with the requisite credentials can mark edits as being legitimate. A flagged revisions system can prevent edits from going live until they have been reviewed. Wikis may allow any person on

1312-426: A page to an older version to rectify a mistake, or counteract a malicious or inappropriate edit to its content. These stores are typically presented for each page in a list, called a "log" or "edit history", available from the page via a link in the interface. The list displays metadata for each revision to the page, such as the time and date of when it was stored, and the name of the person who created it, alongside

1394-439: A page was displayed, any instance of a camel case phrase would be transformed into a link to another page named with the same phrase. While this system made it easy to link to pages, it had the downside of requiring pages to be named in a form deviating from standard spelling, and titles of a single word required abnormally capitalizing one of the letters (e.g. "WiKi" instead of "Wiki"). Some wiki implementations attempt to improve

1476-416: A rich text editing mode. This is usually implemented, using JavaScript , as an interface which translates formatting instructions chosen from a toolbar into the corresponding wiki markup or HTML. This is generated and submitted to the server transparently , shielding users from the technical detail of markup editing and making it easier for them to change the content of pages. An example of such an interface

1558-500: A series of scripts which operate an existing web server , a standalone application server that runs on one or more web servers, or in the case of personal wikis , run as a standalone application on a single computer. Some wikis use flat file databases to store page content, while others use a relational database , as indexed database access is faster on large wikis, particularly for searching. Wikis can also be created on wiki hosting services (also known as wiki farms ), where

1640-422: A single website, but rather to a mass of user-editable pages or sites so that a single website is not "a wiki" but "an instance of wiki". In this concept of wiki federation, in which the same content can be hosted and edited in more than one location in a manner similar to distributed version control , the idea of a single discrete "wiki" no longer made sense. The software which powers a wiki may be implemented as

1722-443: A system called WikiNodes . A WikiNode is a page on a wiki which describes and links to other, related wikis. Some wikis operate a structure of neighbors and delegates , wherein a neighbor wiki is one which discusses similar content or is otherwise of interest, and a delegate wiki is one which has agreed to have certain content delegated to it. WikiNode networks act as webrings which may be navigated from one node to another to find

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1804-541: A term in natural language could be wrapped in special characters to turn it into a link without modifying it. The concept was given the name in its first implementation, in UseModWiki in February 2001. In that implementation, link terms were wrapped in a double set of square brackets, for example [[Kingdom of France]] . This syntax was adopted by a number of later wiki engines. It is typically possible for users of

1886-646: A visa to do so. In 1950 he became involved with the anti-apartheid movement. After a week of lectures in Paris, he cancelled a projected trip to Yugoslavia and returned to his home in Caldy, where he died very suddenly of a heart attack. Stapledon was cremated at Landican Crematorium. His widow and their children scattered his ashes on the sandy cliffs overlooking the Dee Estuary , a favourite spot of his that features in more than one of his books. Stapledon Wood, on

1968-434: A wiki to create links to pages that do not yet exist, as a way to invite the creation of those pages. Such links are usually differentiated visually in some fashion, such as being colored red instead of the default blue, which was the case in the original WikiWikiWeb, or by appearing as a question mark next to the linked words. WikiWikiWeb was the first wiki. Ward Cunningham started developing it in 1994, and installed it on

2050-461: A wiki which addresses a specific subject. The syntax used to create internal hyperlinks varies between wiki implementations. Beginning with the WikiWikiWeb in 1995, most wikis used camel case to name pages, which is when words in a phrase are capitalized and the spaces between them removed. In this system, the phrase "camel case" would be rendered as "CamelCase". In early wiki engines, when

2132-454: A wiki's enforcement of certain rules, such as anti-bias, verifiability, reliable sourcing, and no-original-research policies, could pose legal risks. When defamation occurs on a wiki, theoretically, all users of the wiki can be held liable, because any of them had the ability to remove or amend the defamatory material from the "publication". It remains to be seen whether wikis will be regarded as more akin to an internet service provider , which

2214-636: A work incorporating body horror . Ivan Farkas of Cracked.com called All Tomorrows "existentially freak-ay" in 2021 and described the artwork as "otherwordly". A 2022 article by Andrea Viscusi on the Italian media website Stay Nerd compared All Tomorrows to Man After Man (1990) by Dougal Dixon , also a work tackling future human evolution, but found the depictions in All Tomorrows to be "even more disturbing", yet still possible on an "almost subliminal level" to "recognize as our fellow men". In

2296-500: A yearning for greater awareness of the self in a larger context ("personality-in-community"). Stapledon himself named his spiritual values as intelligence, love and creative action. His philosophy was strongly influenced by Spinoza . Stapledon is considered one of the forerunners of the contemporary transhumanist movement. Film producer and director George Pal bought the rights to Odd John and in 1966 Castle of Frankenstein magazine reported that David McCallum would play

2378-404: Is also reflective of this "archaeological" approach, with faded and textured visual effects applied to the paintings. The original reason for adding the faded tint to the paintings was Kosemen wanting to avoid the paintings looking like "horrible racist caricatures". The book was released for free online as a PDF on 4 October 2006 and has since then, per Kosemen himself, "had a life of its own as

2460-401: Is continuing his work on the new version of the book, that has now reached nearly over 300 pages, with still many species to talk about. Every species has now a deeper lore, and new major plot twists have been added. Olaf Stapledon William Olaf Stapledon (10 May 1886 – 6 September 1950) was a British philosopher and author of science fiction . In 2014, he was inducted into

2542-651: Is easy to correct mistakes or harmful changes, rather than attempting to prevent them from happening in the first place. This allows them to be very open while providing a means to verify the validity of recent additions to the body of pages. Most wikis offer a recent changes page which shows recent edits, or a list of edits made within a given time frame. Some wikis can filter the list to remove edits flagged by users as "minor" and automated edits. The version history feature allows harmful changes to be reverted quickly and easily. Some wiki engines provide additional content control, allowing remote monitoring and management of

All Tomorrows - Misplaced Pages Continue

2624-504: Is not a single wiki but rather a collection of hundreds of wikis, with each one pertaining to a specific language. The English-language Misplaced Pages has the largest collection of articles, standing at 6,916,922 as of November 2024. In their 2001 book The Wiki Way: Quick Collaboration on the Web , Cunningham and co-author Bo Leuf described the essence of the wiki concept: Some wikis will present users with an edit button or link directly on

2706-407: Is sometimes also used for wikis that cover not just a city, but a small town or an entire region. Such a wiki contains information about specific instances of things, ideas, people and places. Such highly localized information might be appropriate for a wiki targeted at local viewers, and could include: A study of several hundred wikis in 2008 showed that a relatively high number of administrators for

2788-478: Is specified, an implied license to read and add content to a wiki may be deemed to exist on the grounds of business necessity and the inherent nature of a wiki. Wikis and their users can be held liable for certain activities that occur on the wiki. If a wiki owner displays indifference and forgoes controls (such as banning copyright infringers) that they could have exercised to stop copyright infringement, they may be deemed to have authorized infringement, especially if

2870-517: Is the VisualEditor in MediaWiki , the wiki engine used by Misplaced Pages. WYSIWYG editors may not provide all the features available in wiki markup, and some users prefer not to use them, so a source editor will often be available simultaneously. Some wiki implementations keep a record of changes made to wiki pages, and may store every version of the page permanently. This allows authors to revert

2952-615: The Internet domain c2.com on March 25, 1995. Cunningham gave it the name after remembering a Honolulu International Airport counter employee telling him to take the " Wiki Wiki Shuttle " bus that runs between the airport's terminals, later observing that "I chose wiki-wiki as an alliterative substitute for 'quick' and thereby avoided naming this stuff quick-web." Cunningham's system was inspired by his having used Apple 's hypertext software HyperCard , which allowed users to create interlinked "stacks" of virtual cards. HyperCard, however,

3034-600: The Muslim world . Following the upload of an abridged version of the book's story by YouTuber Alt Shift X in June 2021, All Tomorrows saw a particular surge in popularity online during the summer of 2021. Among other things, there was a surge of internet memes based on the book, primarily on YouTube and Twitter as well as fan art based on the creatures in the book. Readers have characterized All Tomorrows as "bizarre", "inexplicable", "interesting" and "fascinating", and as

3116-851: The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame . Stapledon was born in Seacombe , Wallasey , on the Wirral Peninsula in Cheshire, the only son of William Clibbett Stapledon and Emmeline Miller. The first six years of his life were spent with his parents at Port Said , Egypt. He was educated at Abbotsholme School in Derbyshire and Balliol College, Oxford , where he acquired a BA degree in Modern History (Second Class) in 1909, promoted to an MA degree in 1913. After

3198-546: The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit , used to post court rules and allow practitioners to comment and ask questions. The United States Patent and Trademark Office operates Peer-to-Patent , a wiki to allow the public to collaborate on finding prior art relevant to the examination of pending patent applications. Queens , New York has used a wiki to allow citizens to collaborate on

3280-740: The WikiWikiWeb , Memory Alpha , Wikivoyage , and previously Susning.nu , a Swedish-language knowledge base. Medical and health-related wiki examples include Ganfyd , an online collaborative medical reference that is edited by medical professionals and invited non-medical experts. Many wiki communities are private, particularly within enterprises . They are often used as internal documentation for in-house systems and applications. Some companies use wikis to allow customers to help produce software documentation. A study of corporate wiki users found that they could be divided into "synthesizers" and "adders" of content. Synthesizers' frequency of contribution

3362-491: The server-side software is implemented by the wiki farm owner, and may do so at no charge in exchange for advertisements being displayed on the wiki's pages. Some hosting services offer private, password-protected wikis requiring authentication to access. Free wiki farms generally contain advertising on every page. The four basic types of users who participate in wikis are readers, authors, wiki administrators and system administrators. System administrators are responsible for

All Tomorrows - Misplaced Pages Continue

3444-781: The British Interplanetary Society, invited him to give a talk on the social and biological aspects of space exploration. He also travelled internationally, visiting the Netherlands, Sweden and France, and in 1948 he spoke at the World Congress of Intellectuals for Peace in Wrocław , Poland. He attended the Conference for World Peace held in New York City in 1949, the only Briton to be granted

3526-550: The Qu. The Qu's religion motivates them to remake the universe through genetic engineering . A short war follows in which humanity is defeated. The Qu bioengineer the surviving humans as punishment into a range of exotic forms, many of them unintelligent. After forty million years of domination, the Qu leave the galaxy, leaving the altered humans to evolve on their own. The bioengineered humans range from worm -like humans to insectivores and modular and cell-based species. The book follows

3608-498: The academic community for sharing and dissemination of information across institutional and international boundaries. In those settings, they have been found useful for collaboration on grant writing , strategic planning , departmental documentation, and committee work. In the mid-2000s, the increasing trend among industries toward collaboration placed a heavier impetus upon educators to make students proficient in collaborative work, inspiring even greater interest in wikis being used in

3690-436: The book detail humanity's rebound as a posthuman species, their first contact with another galaxy's life, rediscovering and defeating the Qu after five-hundred million years, and concluding with the rediscovery of Earth 560 million years in the future. All Tomorrows ends with a picture of the book's in-universe author, an alien researcher, holding a billion-year-old human skull and writing that all posthuman species disappeared

3772-426: The change, for example "Corrected grammar" or "Fixed table formatting to not extend past page width". It is not inserted into the article's main text. Traditionally, wikis offer free navigation between their pages via hypertext links in page text, rather than requiring users to follow a formal or structured navigation scheme. Users may also create indexes or table of contents pages, hierarchical categorization via

3854-628: The classroom. Wikis have found some use within the legal profession and within the government. Examples include the Central Intelligence Agency 's Intellipedia , designed to share and collect intelligence assessments , DKosopedia , which was used by the American Civil Liberties Union to assist with review of documents about the internment of detainees in Guantánamo Bay ; and the wiki of

3936-424: The content or appearance of pages may cause edit wars , where competing users repetitively change a page back to a version that they favor. Some wiki software allows administrators to prevent pages from being editable until a decision has been made on what version of the page would be most appropriate. Some wikis may be subject to external structures of governance which address the behavior of persons with access to

4018-420: The content. Proponents maintain that these issues will be caught and rectified by a wiki's community of users. High editorial standards in medicine and health sciences articles, in which users typically use peer-reviewed journals or university textbooks as sources, have led to the idea of expert-moderated wikis. Wiki implementations retaining and allowing access to specific versions of articles has been useful to

4100-435: The design and planning of a local park. Cornell Law School founded a wiki-based legal dictionary called Wex , whose growth has been hampered by restrictions on who can edit. In academic contexts, wikis have also been used as project collaboration and research support systems. A city wiki or local wiki is a wiki used as a knowledge base and social network for a specific geographical locale. The term city wiki

4182-445: The developer of the first wiki software, WikiWikiWeb , originally described wiki as "the simplest online database that could possibly work". " Wiki " (pronounced [wiki] ) is a Hawaiian word meaning "quick". The online encyclopedia project Misplaced Pages is the most popular wiki-based website, as well being one of the internet's most popular websites , having been ranked consistently as such since at least 2007. Misplaced Pages

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4264-412: The display of camel case page titles and links by reinserting spaces and possibly also reverting to lower case, but this simplistic method is not able to correctly present titles of mixed capitalization. For example, " Kingdom of France " as a page title would be written as "KingdomOfFrance", and displayed as "Kingdom Of France". To avoid this problem, the syntax of wiki markup gained free links , wherein

4346-719: The duration of the Second World War Stapledon abandoned his pacifism and supported the war effort. In 1940 the Stapledon family built and moved into a new house on Simon's Field, in Caldy , in Wirral. During the war Stapledon became a public advocate of J.B. Priestley and Richard Acland's left-wing Common Wealth Party , as well as the British internationalist group Federal Union . He supported implementing

4428-461: The expanded version as of 2024. In April 2024 he has announced the release of a physical copy of the book, but only in Thai language. Although being the original version of the book, it is stated to comprehend a few illustrations made by other artists and a new chapter, with various informations about the species. This new chapter is only available in Thai. At the same time, Kosemen has also stated that he

4510-435: The film also featured the voice of Brian Cox . It was the first-ever live-action adaptation of any of Stapledon's literary works. Wiki A wiki ( / ˈ w ɪ k i / WI -kee ) is a form of hypertext publication on the internet which is collaboratively edited and managed by its audience directly through a web browser . A typical wiki contains multiple pages that can either be edited by

4592-584: The finished product, can also cause editors to become tenants in common of the copyright, making it impossible to republish without permission of all co-owners, some of whose identities may be unknown due to pseudonymous or anonymous editing. Some copyright issues can be alleviated through the use of an open content license. Version 2 of the GNU Free Documentation License includes a specific provision for wiki relicensing, and Creative Commons licenses are also popular. When no license

4674-405: The installation and maintenance of the wiki engine and the container web server. Wiki administrators maintain content and, through having elevated privileges , are granted additional functions (including, for example, preventing edits to pages, deleting pages, changing users' access rights, or blocking them from editing). Wikis are generally designed with a soft security philosophy in which it

4756-465: The link had their systems infected with the worm. Some wiki engines offer a blacklist feature which prevents users from adding hyperlinks to specific sites that have been placed on the list by the wiki's administrators. The English Misplaced Pages has the largest user base among wikis on the World Wide Web and ranks in the top 10 among all Web sites in terms of traffic. Other large wikis include

4838-460: The main inspiration for the work, alongside Edward Gibbon 's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . All Tomorrows is written in the style of a historical work, narrated by an alien creature recounting the history of humanity. According to Kosemen, the "tone of voice is a high school student fanboying on the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon". The artwork

4920-570: The making of the book and some additional artwork by other artists. All Tomorrows is yet to be physically published in English, however in July 2024 preorders on the crowdfunding site Unbound began for official hardback and e-book editions in the English language , including additional materials and artwork and the intent to publish in 2025. Originally an obscure work, All Tomorrows slowly gained popularity online following its 2006 publication. In

5002-557: The most famous wiki site , launched in January 2001 and entering the top ten most popular websites in 2007. In the early 2000s, wikis were increasingly adopted in enterprise as collaborative software. Common uses included project communication, intranets , and documentation, initially for technical users. Some companies use wikis as their collaborative software and as a replacement for static intranets, and some schools and universities use wikis to enhance group learning . On March 15, 2007,

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5084-973: The needs of the users. Wiki engines usually allow content to be written using a lightweight markup language and sometimes edited with the help of a rich-text editor . There are dozens of different wiki engines in use, both standalone and part of other software, such as bug tracking systems . Some wiki engines are free and open-source , whereas others are proprietary . Some permit control over different functions (levels of access); for example, editing rights may permit changing, adding, or removing material. Others may permit access without enforcing access control. Further rules may be imposed to organize content. In addition to hosting user-authored content, wikis allow those users to interact, hold discussions, and collaborate. There are hundreds of thousands of wikis in use , both public and private, including wikis functioning as knowledge management resources, note-taking tools, community websites , and intranets . Ward Cunningham ,

5166-549: The other post-human species (except for Bug Facers who in a similar fashion like that of the Qu are genetically modified by the Gravitals for their own gain). They are, themselves, destroyed by the Asteromorphs, the descendants of a human species who escaped experimentation by the Qu, the remaining Gravitals are then re-modified into less sophisticated machines to serve as laborers by the Asteromorphs. The final chapters of

5248-531: The page being viewed. This will open an interface for writing, formatting, and structuring page content. The interface may be a source editor, which is text-based and employs a lightweight markup language (also known as wikitext , wiki markup , or wikicode ), or a visual editor . For example, in a source editor, starting lines of text with asterisks could create a bulleted list . The syntax and features of wiki markup languages for denoting style and structure can vary greatly among implementations . Some allow

5330-473: The progress of these new humans as they either go extinct or regain sapience in wildly different forms and gradually discover that the Qu experimented on them. One species, known as the Ruin Haunters, replaces their bodies with mechanical forms using the technology the Qu had left, now known as the Gravitals. They begin to colonize the rest of the galaxy while annihilating most life within it, including

5412-449: The public or limited to use within an organization for maintaining its internal knowledge base . Wikis are powered by wiki software , also known as wiki engines. Being a form of content management system , these differ from other web-based systems such as blog software or static site generators in that the content is created without any defined owner or leader. Wikis have little inherent structure, allowing one to emerge according to

5494-617: The recommendations of the Beveridge Report and spoke at the first public meeting of the Left Book Club 's "Readers' and Writers' Group". Some commentators have called Stapledon a Marxist, although Stapledon distanced himself from the label stating that "I am not a Marxist, but I have learned much from Marxists, and I am not anti-Marxist", though he did refer to himself as a socialist. After 1945 Stapledon travelled widely on lecture tours. Arthur C. Clarke, as Chairman of

5576-427: The scientific community, by allowing expert peer reviewers to provide links to trusted version of articles which they have analyzed. Trolling and cybervandalism on wikis, where content is changed to something deliberately incorrect or a hoax , offensive material or nonsense is added, or content is maliciously removed, can be a major problem. On larger wiki sites it is possible for such changes to go unnoticed for

5658-658: The south-east side of Caldy Hill , is named after him. Stapledon's fiction often presents the strivings of some intelligence that is beaten down by an indifferent universe and its inhabitants who, through no fault of their own, fail to comprehend its lofty yearnings. It is filled with protagonists who are tormented by the conflict between their "higher" and "lower" impulses. Stapledon's writings directly influenced Arthur C. Clarke , Brian Aldiss , Stanisław Lem , Bertrand Russell , John Gloag , Naomi Mitchison , C. S. Lewis , Vernor Vinge , John Maynard Smith and indirectly influenced many others, contributing many ideas to

5740-423: The summer of 2021, he has since added the book to his website and intends to eventually publish All Tomorrows in physical form with new text and illustrations. By 16 October 2022, Kosemen had written the expanded version up until the Qu's conquest of the galaxy. Kosemen stated that the material up until that point amounted to 200 pages, almost twice the length of the entire original book. Kosemen continues to work on

5822-478: The system, for example in academic contexts. As most wikis allow the creation of hyperlinks to other sites and services, the addition of malicious hyperlinks, such as sites infected with malware , can also be a problem. For example, in 2006 a German Misplaced Pages article about the Blaster Worm was edited to include a hyperlink to a malicious website, and users of vulnerable Microsoft Windows systems who followed

5904-528: The title role. In 2017 a multimedia adaptation of Last and First Men by Oscar-nominated Icelandic composer Jóhann Jóhannsson was released, featuring narration by Tilda Swinton and a live score performed by the BBC Philharmonic. In 2019, Justin McDonald and Kate Hodgson wrote, produced, and starred in a short film adaptation of Stapledon's "A Modern Magician." Directed by Mark Heller,

5986-530: The universe and has influenced much of my writing ever since. Ideas such as a "supermind" composed of many individual consciousnesses forms a recurring theme in his work. Star Maker contains the first known description of what are now called Dyson spheres . Freeman Dyson credits the novel with giving him the idea, even stating in an interview that "Stapledon sphere" would be a more appropriate name. Last and First Men features early descriptions of genetic engineering and terraforming . Sirius describes

6068-683: The use of HTML Tooltip Hypertext Markup Language and CSS Tooltip Cascading Style Sheets , while others prevent the use of these to foster uniformity in appearance. A short section of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland rendered in wiki markup: "I've had nothing yet," Alice replied in an offended tone, "so I can't take more." "You mean you can't take less ," said the Hatter. "It's very easy to take more than nothing." While wiki engines have traditionally offered source editing to users, in recent years some implementations have added

6150-568: The web to edit their content without having to register an account on the site first ( anonymous editing ), or require registration as a condition of participation. On implementations where an administrator is able to restrict editing of a page or group of pages to a specific group of users, they may have the option to prevent anonymous editing while allowing it for registered users. Critics of publicly editable wikis argue that they could be easily tampered with by malicious individuals, or even by well-meaning but unskilled users who introduce errors into

6232-568: The wiki is primarily used to infringe copyrights or obtains a direct financial benefit, such as advertising revenue, from infringing activities. In the United States, wikis may benefit from Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act , which protects sites that engage in " Good Samaritan " policing of harmful material, with no requirement on the quality or quantity of such self-policing. It has also been argued that

6314-414: The word wiki was listed in the online Oxford English Dictionary . In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the word "wiki" was used to refer to both user-editable websites and the software that powers them, and the latter definition is still occasionally in use. By 2014, Ward Cunningham's thinking on the nature of wikis had evolved, leading him to write that the word "wiki" should not be used to refer to

6396-591: The world of science fiction. Clarke wrote: In 1930 I came under the spell of a considerably more literate influence, when I discovered W. Olaf Stapledon's just-published Last and First Men in the Minehead Public Library. No book before or since ever had such and impact on my imagination; the Stapledonian vistas of millions and hundreds of millions of years, the rise and fall of civilizations and entire races of men, changed my whole outlook on

6478-636: Was affected more by their impact on other wiki users, while adders' contribution frequency was affected more by being able to accomplish their immediate work. From a study of thousands of wiki deployments, Jonathan Grudin concluded careful stakeholder analysis and education are crucial to successful wiki deployment. In 2005, the Gartner Group, noting the increasing popularity of wikis, estimated that they would become mainstream collaboration tools in at least 50% of companies by 2009. Wikis can be used for project management . Wikis have also been used in

6560-620: Was awarded a PhD degree in philosophy from the University of Liverpool in 1925 and used his doctoral thesis as the basis for his first published prose book, A Modern Theory of Ethics (1929). However, he soon turned to fiction in the hope of presenting his ideas to a wider public. The relative success of Last and First Men (1930) prompted him to become a full-time writer. He wrote a sequel, Last Men in London , and followed it up with many more books of both fiction and philosophy. For

6642-509: Was awarded the Croix de Guerre for bravery. His wartime experiences influenced his pacifist beliefs and advocacy of a World Government. On 16 July 1919 he married Agnes Zena Miller (1894–1984), an Australian cousin. They had first met in 1903, and later maintained a correspondence throughout the war. They had a daughter, Mary Sydney Stapledon (1920–2008), and a son, John David Stapledon (1923–2014). In 1920 they moved to West Kirby . Stapledon

6724-478: Was single-user, and Cunningham was inspired to build upon the ideas of Vannevar Bush , the inventor of hypertext, by allowing users to "comment on and change one another's text." Cunningham says his goals were to link together people's experiences to create a new literature to document programming patterns , and to harness people's natural desire to talk and tell stories with a technology that would feel comfortable to those not used to "authoring". Misplaced Pages became

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