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60-721: Samuel Eells and four others founded the literary society Alpha Delta Phi at Hamilton College in 1832. The fraternity quickly expanded to other colleges across the United States and in Canada. In 1968, the California chapter at the University of California, Berkeley began initiating women in violation of the fraternity's constitution. Soon, the Chicago chapter at Northwestern University also started admitting females. At

120-557: A Book or Book Fairs which raise funds for various organizations, including Books Behind Bars and Seacoast Reads. The Wesleyan University chapter house was designed by Charles A. Rich in 1906 in collegiate colonial revival style. The house is located at 185 High Street in Middletown, also the site of the chapter's 1884 house that was demolished in 1904. An addition was added to the rear of the building in 1925. The society has numerous regional graduate organizations. Some alumni of

180-524: A combined population of 96,189 at the 2020 census . The city is well known for being the partial setting of the 1996 film Fargo . The area that is now Brainerd was formerly Ojibwe territory. Brainerd was first seen by European settlers on Christmas Day in 1805, when Zebulon Pike stopped there while searching for the headwaters of the Mississippi River . Crow Wing Village, a fur and logging community near Fort Ripley , brought settlers to

240-402: A haven for free thought, association and intellectual cultivation, yet he deplored their vicious competition for members and social dominance. In 1832, Eells gathered five students to form a new society, Alpha Delta Phi , which would cultivate intellectual debate and development in the manner of the existing literary societies, but put aside their social competitiveness. It would seek to develop

300-647: A justice of the Supreme Court. Meanwhile, Eells was delivering noteworthy speeches and orations, especially to meetings of religious and philanthropic organizations, many of which were subsequently reprinted and preserved. His speeches and essays were fervently religious and showed a progressive, optimistic philosophy. He spoke on the value of liberal education, including the study of art and the Classics, on history, and occasionally on controversial social topics. Several of these writings and speeches can be found in

360-820: A literary magazine, Echoes From On High . Its members participate in undergraduate and graduate literary competitions, supported by the Samuel Eells Literary and Educational Foundation, a separate nonprofit corporation. The Bowdoin chapter also hosts the Alpha Delta Phi Visiting Writers Series. Other chapters have co-hosted the production of a play or co-sponsored the Queer/Art/Poetics Conference. The chapters also hold social events, including open mic nights and band concerts. The society also participates in charitable activities, such as Blind Date With

420-567: A radical counterculture that was overthrowing conservative beliefs in the continuous decline of humanity. After his partnership with Salmon P. Chase , Eells endeavored to practice law on his own again. This did not last very long, because, as had long been expected, his health began to fall apart. Eells tried several tactics to try to recover his health, such as spending the winter of 1840 in Cuba , but nevertheless, he died in 1842 in Cincinnati at

480-519: A small school that he founded himself. He studied law on his own, passed the Ohio bar exam, and began practicing on his own in Cincinnati . He prided himself on taking pro bono cases for poor or unpopular clients, and built enough of a reputation for himself that he was taken on as a partner by Salmon P. Chase ; Chase was a famous lawyer and jurist who would go on to become a leading abolitionist and

540-529: A time when both the college and American society were in turmoil. The college was nearly bankrupt due to mismanagement, and the student body was torn apart by rivalries between underground debating and literary societies, primarily the Phoenix and the Philopeuthian. College life at the time was intensely supervised and instruction was rigidly traditionalist. Eells saw the virtue of the debating societies as

600-605: Is a city and the county seat of Crow Wing County, Minnesota , United States. Its population was 14,395 at the 2020 census . Brainerd straddles the Mississippi River several miles upstream from its confluence with the Crow Wing River , having been founded as a site for a railroad crossing above the confluence. Brainerd is the principal city of the Brainerd Micropolitan Area , a micropolitan area covering Cass and Crow Wing counties and with

660-625: Is a local community and technical college offering associates degrees and technical certificates. It is part of the Minnesota State Colleges system. Radio stations and television channels in the Brainerd Lakes area: The following routes are in the Brainerd area: Brainerd Lakes Regional Airport serves the area with commercial airline service on Delta Connection and three cargo airlines . The 1996 film Fargo

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720-481: Is clearly influenced by his family's Congregationalism , by Enlightenment humanism, by Hegel 's dialectical philosophy of history, and by the philosophers of Transcendentalism and the Second Great Awakening , such as Ralph Waldo Emerson , Margaret Fuller and Amos Bronson Alcott . Although his idea of unstoppable progress may seem very familiar or cliché today, at that time it was connected to

780-473: Is land and 0.73 square miles (1.89 km ) is water. Brainerd has been assigned ZIP code 56401 by the USPS . Brainerd has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ) with vast seasonal differences. Summers are warm, and occasionally hot, with high humidity, whereas winters are often severely cold. The Burlington Northern (Brainerd/Baxter) United States Environmental Protection Agency Superfund site

840-417: Is on the boundary between Brainerd and Baxter. The site served as a Burlington Northern Railroad tie treatment plant from 1907 to 1985. During that time, wastewater generated from the wood-treating process was sent to two shallow, unlined ponds. This created a toxic sludge that contaminated both the underlying soils and the groundwater with creosote and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). As of

900-416: Is supported by many local and national organizations, as well as people in the community. Brainerd Public Schools is the local school district. Brainerd High School is the local high school, and the district also hosts an alternative high school, and online classes. Alternative schools in Brainerd include Discovery Woods Charter School (K-6) and St Francis Catholic School (K-8). Central Lakes College

960-842: The Alpha Delta Phi fraternity in 1832 at Hamilton College in Clinton, New York . Eells was born in Westmoreland, New York , in the rural western part of the state, in 1810. He could trace his family back to early settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony , and his father was a Congregationalist missionary who worked amongst the Native Americans in Western New York. He was educated at home, probably primarily by his mother, before attending

1020-531: The Bowdoin chapter offered its local female members full fraternity status to comply with the college's new equality guidelines. Although the chapter had been coed for fifteen years, its compliance with the college's guidelines put it at odds with the national fraternity that had yet to create an official solution for its coed chapters. In August 1992 at the fraternity's annual convention in Brainerd, Minnesota ,

1080-479: The Brunonian chapter elected the first female president in the fraternity's history. This resulted in media coverage and hostility from the fraternity and its alumni. Alpha Delta Phi sent a letter stating its plans to suspend the Brunonian chapter at the next national meeting. In 1978, the coed chapters held a Co-Ed Caucus in Middletown to develop strategies. They developed the home rule policy and introduced it at

1140-493: The Freemasons , and the very early stirrings of Transcendentalist philosophy, which would become very influential later in the 1830s. Alpha Delta Phi was the second Greek-letter fraternity at Hamilton College, behind Sigma Phi, and as it founded more chapters, it also became the first fraternity at Harvard , Brown University , and several other institutions. When it founded a chapter at Miami University in Ohio, it became

1200-759: The Middletown chapter at Wesleyan University in 1973. That same year, Price came up with the Brown Compromise that allowed women to join as "local" members but not as national fraternity initiates. The Bowdoin chapter at Bowdoin College went coed in 1976, followed by the Columbia chapter at Columbia University and the Amherst chapter at Amherst College . However, the California and Chicago chapters returned to male-only status. In March 1975,

1260-486: The Middletown chapter members were female . By the next year, the option of splitting Alpha Delta Phi had supporters. In 1989, the Brunonian chapter passed a resolution to cut ties with the national fraternity if it did not stop its discrimination of women by the fall of 1990. In November, the Stanford University chapter became the first fraternity on its campus to go coed, initiating fifteen women. At

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1320-548: The University of New Hampshire , the University of Pennsylvania , Binghamton University , George Washington University , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , and Ursinus College . In August 2017 at the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity's annual convention in Minneapolis, Minnesota , the fraternity and the society replaced the 1992 agreement. The new agreement brought greater parity and removed geographic restrictions on

1380-428: The census of 2020, the population was 14,395. The population density was 1,186.7 inhabitants per square mile (458.2/km ). There were 6,473 housing units at an average density of 533.6 units per square mile (206.0 units/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 88.6% White , 2.2% Native American , 1.6% Black or African American , 0.7% Asian , 0.8% from other races , and 6.1% from two or more races. Ethnically,

1440-567: The "Agreement Between the Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity and the Alpha Delta Phi Society" was ratified. Under this agreement, the fraternity and the society separated and became independent, legal entities with their own governing bodies. The two organizations would not share membership, except for male members of the society chapters who joined the fraternity before 1992. The groups would share the license for

1500-590: The "Memorial of Samuel Eells," collected by his nephew James Eells in 1873 (Cleveland, Oh., Cobb, Andrews & co., 1873). Probably his most noteworthy work is the "Address to the Biennial Convention of Alpha Delta Phi: On the Law and Means of Social Advancement," delivered and published in 1839. Here, he argues that the general law of human history is progress. Each successive phase of human history brings greater fellowship amongst all humanity and freedom for

1560-482: The "entire man," "moral, social and intellectual," and create a community of caring and brotherhood. In writing the constitution and "ideals" for Alpha Delta Phi, Eells and his cohorts drew on the previously existing debate and literary societies, the few previously existing Greek-letter fraternities such as Sigma Phi and Kappa Alpha, liberal Protestant philosophy, the Enlightenment philosophy and traditions of

1620-632: The 1978 national conference. However, the proposed home rule policy was defeated; it would have given each chapter the right to decide whether or not to initiate women fully. At the 1981 convention, the Trinity Compromise was adopted, allowing those "non-constitutionally qualified for membership" to be inducted as full members of a chapter and participate in the initiation ceremony as long as they did not hold an elected office or vote on new members. Although women could now be full members of individual chapters, they could only be associate members of

1680-537: The 1990 national convention, the adoption of the Berkeley-Washington resolution was delayed in favor of a new proposal to create two separate, but connected, organizations. According to this proposal, Alpha Delta Phi would remain an all-male fraternity and the new Alpha Delta Phi Society would consist of the coed chapters and any interested all-male chapters. This proposal convinced the Brunonian chapter to delay its disassociation by another year. In 1991,

1740-489: The Alpha Delta Phi national convention in 1972, the California chapter proposed an amendment to the constitution, eliminating the all-male restriction and allowing women to become full members. The debate was contentious, with most chapters opposed to the change. As a result, the proposed amendment was tabled. Brother Robert Price was tasked with finding a solution to the conflict. More Alpha Delta Phi chapters became coed, including Brunonian chapter at Brown University and

1800-402: The Brainerd station as a machine and car shop, prompting many to move north and abandon Crow Wing. Brainerd was organized as a city on March 6, 1873. On January 11, 1876, the state legislature revoked Brainerd's charter for six years, in reaction to the election of local handyman Thomas Lanihan as mayor instead of Judge C.B. Sleeper. Brainerd functioned as a township in the interim. In 1881,

1860-533: The College cemetery in 1999. Though noteworthy in their time, Eells' works are not widely read today and are treated mostly as historical artifacts. Alpha Delta Phi , however, is a thriving organization. It is divided into two branches—the Society , with five chapters and two affiliates, and the all-male Fraternity, with dozens of chapters in the United States and Canada. Brainerd, Minnesota Brainerd ( / ˈ b r eɪ n ər d / BRAY -nərd )

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1920-489: The First National Bank of Brainerd became briefly famous when it was held up by Baby Face Nelson and his gang. Over the years, increased efficiency and the better positioning of the more centralized Livingston , Montana , shops led to a decline in the importance of a railroad station that once employed over 1,000 and serviced locomotives for the whole Northern Pacific line. The BNSF Railway (successor to

1980-572: The Greek letters ΑΔΦ and intellectual property, including history and songs. The agreement also limited where new chapters could be established and the society's use of the name Alpha Delta Phi. As a result, some chapters could not use the society name, instead operating as the Adelphi Society. With the agreement's adoption, the Brown , Columbia , Stanford, and Wesleyan chapters withdrew from

2040-549: The Lambda Phi chapter had been granted affiliate chapter status with the society. Lambda Phi was accepted as a fully chartered chapter at the Alpha Delta Phi Society annual convention in March 2024. This was the first time since the formation and establishment of the society that a presently active Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity chapter voluntarily went co-ed and transitioned to becoming a society chapter. The Society continues to use

2100-503: The Northern Pacific) continues to employ approximately 70 people in Brainerd at a maintenance-of-way equipment shop that repairs and maintains track and equipment. The former Northern Pacific railway station has been converted to breweries, coffee shops, and event centers available to rent for special occasions. The Northwest Paper Company built Brainerd's first paper mill in 1903 and with the steady increase in tourism since

2160-557: The Ojibwe only wanted to sell blueberries and the settlers avoided a bloody misunderstanding. The guilt of the two Ojibwe was never proven. Brainerd was the idea of Northern Pacific railroad president John Gregory Smith , who in 1870 named the township after his wife, Anne Eliza Brainerd Smith , and father-in-law, Lawrence Brainerd . The company built a bridge over the Mississippi seven miles north of Crow Wing Village and used

2220-413: The area in the mid-19th century. In those early years, the relationship between the settlers and the Native Americans was fraught. The most famous example of this tenuous relationship was the "Blueberry War" of 1872. Two Ojibwe were hanged for allegedly murdering a missing girl. When a group of Ojibwe approached the town, troops from Fort Ripley were called to prevent a potential reprisal. As it turned out,

2280-574: The area, better known as the Brainerd Lakes. Brainerd itself is now heavily developed into commercial and residential areas and has seen an uptick in development in recent years. Brainerd is just north of Minnesota's geographical center, in a relatively hilly terminal moraine area created by the Superior Lobe of the Labradorian ice sheet. The town occupies land on both sides of the Mississippi River , though its older parts are almost all to

2340-401: The badge and crest of the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity. The Alpha Delta Phi Society has seven active chapters, three graduate chapters, and three affiliate chapters. All chapters are gender-inclusive. Active chapters are noted in bold ; inactive chapters are noted in italic . range as ΑΔΦ fraternity . As a literary society, members write, read, and discuss literature. It also publishes

2400-444: The city. The population density was 1,652.8 inhabitants per square mile (638.1/km ). There were 5,847 housing units at an average density of 733.3 units per square mile (283.1 units/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 95.83% White , 0.71% African American , 1.44% Native American , 0.46% Asian , 0.01% Pacific Islander , 0.26% from other races , and 1.29% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.86% of

2460-414: The early 20th century the paper and service industries have become Brainerd's primary employers. The town's coating mill was sold by Potlatch to Missota Paper in 2003 and then by Missota Paper to Wausau Paper in 2004. It is now used as a small industrial center called Brainerd Industrial Center (BIC). Due to the many lakes in the area, Brainerd is a popular summertime destination for those owning cabins in

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2520-634: The east. Though the city itself has relatively few lakes, there are over 460 lakes within 25 miles (40 km) of Brainerd, mostly to the north. For this reason, Crow Wing County and parts of the adjoining counties are often collectively called the Brainerd Lakes Area despite most of the lakes existing closer to Nisswa. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has an area of 12.66 square miles (32.79 km ), of which 11.91 square miles (30.85 km )

2580-514: The festival's mission is to connect the nation's best performers and audiences through excellent classical music and inspiring education. There are educational programs for children in the area with musicians from across the world and high-caliber concerts that are free to the public. The Lakes Area Music Festival, through its Outreach initiative, brings classical music into areas that normally do not get concerts. Among these are public libraries, women's shelters, and correctional facilities. The program

2640-460: The first Greek-letter fraternity west of the Alleghenies , and the first anywhere outside of New York and New England . After graduating from Hamilton, Eells moved to Ohio, where his father had already gone in the intervening years. On the way, he had a nearly fatal bout with cholera , but surprised nearly everyone by surviving and recovering. Once in Ohio, he supported himself by teaching at

2700-420: The founding society chapters joined before the schism between fraternity and society; they are listed as notables for both organizations. This issue was deliberated as part of the separation agreement between the organizations, allowing both to claim the alumni from the earlier era. Samuel Eells Samuel Eells (1810–1842) was a 19th-century American lawyer, philosopher, essayist, and orator who founded

2760-521: The fraternity. These four chapters established the Alpha Delta Phi Society that granted each chapters home rule to determine its gender makeup. The Bowdoin chapter joined at the society's first convention in 1993. The society adopted a constitution in October 1997 at its annual convention, ratifying it in 1998. Its first affiliate was formed in 1994 at Middlebury College . Between 2008 and 2015, affiliate chapters and chapters opened at Harvard University ,

2820-630: The home of his friend S. W. Pomeroy, wracked with arthritis and tuberculosis . The middle joint of his rheumatic ring finger remains in the possession of the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity as a testament to his courage and willpower. Samuel Eells was buried in the Eells family plot in Woodland Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio. His remains were later repatriated to the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity house at Hamilton College, and eventually reburied in

2880-403: The individual soul. Although tyranny and suffering may prevail in certain places and times, truth and freedom will always overcome them in the long run. Absolute perfection may never be achieved, but human society will always be pushed forward towards true freedom. He asserts that only spiritual and philosophical change—not material advancement or political reform—can lead to real progress; he cites

2940-542: The mistreatment of the Native Americans as proof that democratic government and law are not enough in themselves to preclude tyranny. Rather, Eells believes that the spread of Christianity around the world will help begin a new era of equality, justice and peace. While the trust that Eells places in Christian missionaryism may seem naive at best, one must remember that he was raised on a very liberal, humanistic strain of early-nineteenth-century Protestantism . His philosophy

3000-524: The national convention. Not only were the women not allowed to stay for the business meeting but there was also pushing and shoving when they tried to participate in ceremonies at the annual banquet. The next year at the annual convention, the Washington chapter and the Berkeley chapter presented a resolution to revoke the charter of any chapter that initiated women after August 1990. In 1988, half of

3060-405: The national fraternity. The coed chapters immediately began circumventing the resolution, allowing women to serve as officers by creating new offices or submitting male names to the national fraternity. Some chapters submitted female entries to the fraternity's literary contest under male members' names. In 1985, female members from the Middletown chapter were denied entry to a business session at

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3120-680: The nearby Clinton Academy and finally Hamilton College . Eells' constitution was feeble, and through all of his short life he struggled with tuberculosis and possibly other illnesses. Nevertheless, he was known amongst his friends and colleagues for his intense intellectual curiosity, drive, and "personal magnetism." Besides his praiseworthy writing and oration, he often undertook seemingly impossible projects; for example, before going to Hamilton, in order to improve his health, he traveled on foot from Maryland to Massachusetts, then sailed to Newfoundland and back, paying for his passage by fishing. Samuel Eells studied at Hamilton College from 1828 to 1832,

3180-576: The population was 2.5% Hispanic or Latino of any race. As of the census of 2010, there were 13,590 people, 5,851 households, and 3,069 families living in the city. The population density was 1,141.1 inhabitants per square mile (440.6/km ). There were 6,390 housing units at an average density of 536.5 units per square mile (207.1 units/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 93.5% White , 1.2% African American , 1.6% Native American , 0.3% Asian , 0.4% from other races , and 3.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.8% of

3240-442: The population. There were 5,851 households, of which 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.7% were married couples living together, 15.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 47.5% were non-families. 37.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

3300-475: The population. 31.4% were of German , 28.1% were Finnish , 17.7% Norwegian , 7.1% Swedish , 6.8% Irish , and 6.1% United States or American ancestry. There were 5,623 households, of which 29.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.8% were married couples living together, 14.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.0% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.8% had someone living alone who

3360-435: The railroad, and with it the town, expanded. Lumber and paper, as well as agriculture in general, were important early industries, but for many decades Brainerd remained a railroad town: in the 1920s roughly 90% of Brainerd residents were dependent on the railroad. Participation in the nationwide railroad strike on July 1, 1922, left most Brainerd residents unemployed and embittered many of those involved. On October 27, 1933,

3420-478: The use of the name Alpha Delta Phi Society. The language of the agreement was also simplified. In August 2023 the Lambda Phi chapter at Massachusetts Institute of Technology announced that they would go co-ed and begin recruiting and initiating new members of all genders, effective immediately. The Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity Board of Governors responded by promptly revoking Lambda Phi's charter. Within days, The Alpha Delta Phi Society Board of Governors announced that

3480-462: Was $ 26,901, and the median family income was $ 35,212. Males had a median income of $ 27,677 versus $ 21,217 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 15,744. About 11.8% of families and 17.6% of the population were below the poverty line , including 20.5% of those under age 18 and 16.0% of those age 65 or over. The Brainerd Lakes Area has a classical music festival during the summers called Lakes Area Music Festival. According to its website,

3540-436: Was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.92. The median age in the city was 32.2 years. 24.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 12.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.5% were from 25 to 44; 20.5% were from 45 to 64, and 15.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.6% male and 52.4% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 13,178 people, 5,623 households and 3,036 families living in

3600-423: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.94. Age distribution was 25.1% under the age of 18, 13.7% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 16.8% from 45 to 64, and 18.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33. For every 100 females, there were 85.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.4 males. The median household income

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