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25-1041: [REDACTED] Look up enlightenment , Enlightenment , enlighten , or enlightened in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Enlightenment or enlighten may refer to: Age of Enlightenment [ edit ] Age of Enlightenment , period in Western intellectual history from the late 17th to late 18th century, centered in France but also encompassing (alphabetically by country or culture): England: Midlands Enlightenment , period in 18th-century England Greece: Modern Greek Enlightenment , an 18th-century national revival and educational movement in Greece Italy: Italian Enlightenment , period in 18th-century Italy Jewish: Haskalah , Jewish Enlightenment, movement among European Jews in

50-563: A Hazara grassroots civil disobedience group created in Afghanistan in 2016 Project Enlightenment , an educational program See also [ edit ] Counter-Enlightenment , a term used by some 20th century commentators to describe contemporary reasoned opposition to the Age of Enlightenment All pages with titles beginning with Enlighten Enlightened (disambiguation) Illumination (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

75-454: A Hazara grassroots civil disobedience group created in Afghanistan in 2016 Project Enlightenment , an educational program See also [ edit ] Counter-Enlightenment , a term used by some 20th century commentators to describe contemporary reasoned opposition to the Age of Enlightenment All pages with titles beginning with Enlighten Enlightened (disambiguation) Illumination (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

100-615: A moist nature, whereas water is the first principle of the nature of moist things." Anaximander (Greek: Ἀναξίμανδρος, Anaximandros ) (c. 610 – c. 546 BCE) wrote a cosmological work, little of which remains. From the few extant fragments, we learn that he believed the beginning or first principle ( arche , a word first found in Anaximander's writings, and which he probably invented) is an endless, unlimited mass ( apeiron ), subject to neither old age nor decay, which perpetually yields fresh materials from which everything we can perceive

125-618: A set of graphics libraries Events [ edit ] Enlighten Canberra , an annual arts and cultural festival in Canberra, Australia "Enlightenment", the main artistic performance in the 2012 Summer Paralympics opening ceremony Film and television [ edit ] Enlightenment (Doctor Who) , a 1983 Doctor Who serial Music [ edit ] Enlightenment (Van Morrison album) , 1990 Enlightenment (McCoy Tyner album) , 1973 "Enlightenment" (Van Morrison song) , 1990 Enlightenment (soundtrack album) ,

150-562: A set of graphics libraries Events [ edit ] Enlighten Canberra , an annual arts and cultural festival in Canberra, Australia "Enlightenment", the main artistic performance in the 2012 Summer Paralympics opening ceremony Film and television [ edit ] Enlightenment (Doctor Who) , a 1983 Doctor Who serial Music [ edit ] Enlightenment (Van Morrison album) , 1990 Enlightenment (McCoy Tyner album) , 1973 "Enlightenment" (Van Morrison song) , 1990 Enlightenment (soundtrack album) ,

175-642: Is derived from the Greek classical element fire, rather than from air, water, or earth. This led to the belief that change is real and stability illusory. For Heraclitus, "Everything flows, nothing stands still." He is famous for saying: "No man can cross the same river twice, because neither the man nor the river are the same." Anaxagoras (Greek: Ἀναξαγόρας) of Clazomenae (c. 510 – c. 428 BCE) regarded material substance as an infinite multitude of imperishable primary elements , referring all generation and disappearance to mixture and separation respectively. All substance

200-409: Is derived. Anaximenes of Miletus (Greek: Ἀναξιμένης ὁ Μιλήσιος; c. 585 – c. 528 BCE), like others in his school of thought, practiced material monism and believed that air is the arche . Heraclitus (Greek: Ἡράκλειτος, Hērakleitos ) of Ephesus (c. 535 – c. 475 BCE) disagreed with Thales, Anaximander, and Pythagoras about the nature of the ultimate substance and claimed instead that everything

225-469: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages enlightenment [REDACTED] Look up enlightenment , Enlightenment , enlighten , or enlightened in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Enlightenment or enlighten may refer to: Age of Enlightenment [ edit ] Age of Enlightenment , period in Western intellectual history from

250-510: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ionian Enlightenment The Ionian school included such thinkers as Thales , Anaximander , Anaximenes , Heraclitus , Anaxagoras , and Archelaus . This classification can be traced to the doxographer Sotion . The doxographer Diogenes Laërtius divides pre-Socratic philosophy into the Ionian and Italian school . The collective affinity of

275-497: Is ordered by an ordering force, the cosmic mind ( nous ). Archelaus (Greek: Ἀρχέλαος, Arkhelaos ) was a Greek philosopher of the 5th century BCE, born probably in Athens. He was a pupil of Anaxagoras and is said by Ion of Chios (Diogenes Laërtius, ii. 23) to have been the teacher of Socrates . Some argue that this is probably only an attempt to connect Socrates with the Ionian school; others (e.g., Gomperz, Greek Thinkers) uphold

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300-423: Is water (which is why he also propounded that the earth floats on water). Presumably he derived this assumption from seeing the nutriment of everything is moist, and that heat itself is generated from moisture and depends upon it for its existence (and that from which a thing is generated is always its first principle). He derived his assumption, then, from this; and also from the fact that the seeds of everything have

325-746: The Maeander River and are collectively referred to as the Milesian school . They sought to explain nature by finding its fundamental element called the arche . They seemed to think although matter could change from one form to another, all matter had something in common that did not change. Aristotle thus characterized them as material monists . They also believed all were alive or were hylozoists . The Milesians disagreed on what all things had in common, and did not seem to experiment to find out, but used abstract reasoning rather than religion or mythology to explain themselves, and are thus credited as

350-804: The British North American colonies and the early United States Arab Enlightenment or Nahda , late 19th to early 20th century. Religion [ edit ] Enlightenment in Buddhism , translation of the term bodhi ("awakening"} Moksha Moksha (Jainism) Kevala jnana , awakened knowledge in Jainism Divine illumination Computing [ edit ] Enlightenment (window manager) , an X Window System window manager Enlighten (radiosity engine) , code to do real-time calculation of indirect lighting ("radiosity") in video Enlightenment Foundation Libraries ,

375-609: The British North American colonies and the early United States Arab Enlightenment or Nahda , late 19th to early 20th century. Religion [ edit ] Enlightenment in Buddhism , translation of the term bodhi ("awakening"} Moksha Moksha (Jainism) Kevala jnana , awakened knowledge in Jainism Divine illumination Computing [ edit ] Enlightenment (window manager) , an X Window System window manager Enlighten (radiosity engine) , code to do real-time calculation of indirect lighting ("radiosity") in video Enlightenment Foundation Libraries ,

400-488: The Ionians was first acknowledged by Aristotle who called them physiologoi (φυσιολόγοι), or natural philosophers . They are sometimes referred to as cosmologists , since they studied stars and maths , gave cosmogonies and were largely physicalists who tried to explain the nature of matter. The first three philosophers (Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes) were all centred in the mercantile city of Miletus on

425-468: The first philosophers. Thales (Greek: Θαλῆς, Thalēs ) of Miletus (c. 624 – c. 546 BCE) is regarded as the earliest Western philosopher. Before him, the Greeks explained the origin and nature of the world through myths of anthropomorphic gods and heroes. Phenomena like lightning and earthquakes were attributed to the actions of the gods. By contrast, Thales attempted to find naturalistic explanations of

450-436: The late 17th to late 18th century, centered in France but also encompassing (alphabetically by country or culture): England: Midlands Enlightenment , period in 18th-century England Greece: Modern Greek Enlightenment , an 18th-century national revival and educational movement in Greece Italy: Italian Enlightenment , period in 18th-century Italy Jewish: Haskalah , Jewish Enlightenment, movement among European Jews in

475-852: The late 18th century Poland: Enlightenment in Poland , ideas of the Age of Enlightenment in Poland Russia: Russian Enlightenment , 18th-century period of active government encouragement of proliferation of arts and sciences in Russia Scotland: Scottish Enlightenment , period in 18th-century Scotland Spain: Enlightenment in Spain , came to Spain with a new dynasty, the Bourbons, subsequent reform and 'enlightened despotism' USA: American Enlightenment , intellectual culture of

500-501: The late 18th century Poland: Enlightenment in Poland , ideas of the Age of Enlightenment in Poland Russia: Russian Enlightenment , 18th-century period of active government encouragement of proliferation of arts and sciences in Russia Scotland: Scottish Enlightenment , period in 18th-century Scotland Spain: Enlightenment in Spain , came to Spain with a new dynasty, the Bourbons, subsequent reform and 'enlightened despotism' USA: American Enlightenment , intellectual culture of

525-423: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Enlightenment . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment&oldid=1244282868 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

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550-423: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Enlightenment . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment&oldid=1244282868 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

575-450: The soundtrack of the 2012 Summer Paralympics opening ceremony Other uses [ edit ] Ionian Enlightenment , the origin of ancient Greek advances in philosophy and science Dark Enlightenment , an anti-democratic and reactionary movement that broadly rejects egalitarianism and Whig historiography Enlightenment Intensive , a group retreat designed to enable a spiritual enlightenment Enlightenment Movement (Afghanistan) ,

600-450: The soundtrack of the 2012 Summer Paralympics opening ceremony Other uses [ edit ] Ionian Enlightenment , the origin of ancient Greek advances in philosophy and science Dark Enlightenment , an anti-democratic and reactionary movement that broadly rejects egalitarianism and Whig historiography Enlightenment Intensive , a group retreat designed to enable a spiritual enlightenment Enlightenment Movement (Afghanistan) ,

625-513: The world without referencing the supernatural. He explained earthquakes by imagining that the Earth floats on water and earthquakes occur when waves rock the Earth. Thales' most famous belief was his cosmological doctrine, which held that the world originated from water. Aristotle wrote in Metaphysics , "Thales, the founder of this school of philosophy [Ionian school], says the permanent entity

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