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45-595: It was built as a shower/bathroom/changing facility in 1921 and was dubbed the Lakefront Park Bathhouse. It was a major focal point of the Miller Beach community for decades. The building is architecturally significant as one of the earliest examples of pre-cast concrete modular construction. Ninety percent of the building is built with only six basic cast blocks, the most basic being the T-Block,

90-556: A "thermal bridge" that degrades thermal performance. Also, since steel does not have the same thermal expansion coefficient as concrete, as the wall heats and cools any steel that is not embedded in the concrete can create thermal stresses that cause cracking and spalling. To achieve better thermal performance, insulation was added in the void, and in many applications today the steel trusses have been replaced by composite (fibreglass, plastic, etc.) connection systems. These systems, which are specially developed for this purpose, also eliminate

135-668: A building's enclosure or "envelope," they can be designed to also serve as part of the building's structural system, eliminating the need for beams and columns on the building perimeter. Besides their energy efficiency and aesthetic versatility, they also provide excellent noise attenuation, outstanding durability (resistant to rot, mold, etc.), and rapid construction. In addition to the good insulation properties, sandwich panels require fewer work phases to complete. Compared to double-walls, for example, which have to be insulated and filled with concrete on site, sandwich panels require much less labor and scaffolding. The precast concrete industry

180-869: A construction site. The forms used in a precast plant can be reused hundreds to thousands of times before they have to be replaced, often making it cheaper than onsite casting in terms of cost per unit of formwork. Precast concrete forming systems for architectural applications differ in size, function, and cost. Precast architectural panels are also used to clad all or part of a building facade or erect free-standing walls for landscaping, soundproofing , and security. In appropriate instances precast products – such as beams for bridges, highways, and parking structure decks – can be prestressed structural elements. Stormwater drainage, water and sewage pipes, and tunnels also make use of precast concrete units. Precast concrete molds can be made of timber, steel, plastic, rubber, fiberglass, or other synthetic materials, with each giving

225-429: A controlled environment, transported to the construction site and maneuvered into place; examples include precast beams , and wall panels, floors, roofs, and piles. In contrast, cast-in-place concrete is poured into site-specific forms and cured on site. Recently lightweight expanded polystyrene foam is being used as the cores of precast wall panels, saving weight and increasing thermal insulation . Precast stone

270-828: A joining material such as mortar to bind the blocks together, although dry ashlar construction, metal ties, and other methods of assembly have been used. The dry ashlar of Inca architecture in Cusco and Machu Picchu is particularly fine and famous. The word is attested in Middle English and derives from the Old French aisselier , from the Latin axilla , a diminutive of axis , meaning "plank". "Clene hewen ashler" often occurs in medieval documents; this means tooled or finely worked, in contradistinction to rough-axed faces. In tile carpet installation "ashlar" refers to

315-566: A place to change or shower, the building now serves as a museum honoring Octave Chanute , the father of flight. Chanute conducted some of the first heavier-than-air glider flights in human history in the high dunes just yards from the structure. His successful experiments and glider designs paved the way for the Wright brothers ' powered flight at Kitty Hawk . The building also honors the Tuskegee Airmen , aeronautic pioneers who spearheaded

360-409: A precast plant), the precast concrete is afforded the opportunity to properly cure and be closely monitored by plant employees. Using a precast concrete system offers many potential advantages over onsite casting. Precast concrete production can be performed on ground level, which maximizes safety in its casting. There is greater control over material quality and workmanship in a precast plant compared to

405-492: A precursor of today's standard concrete block. By the 1960s the facility was falling into major disrepair. In 1971 the building was closed to the public and boarded up. The Aquatorium was rescued from demolition by the Chanute Aquatorium Society in 1991. The Society invented the word Aquatorium meaning "place to view the water" in order to disassociate the structure with the word bathhouse . No longer

450-459: A unique finish. In addition, many surface finishes for the four precast wall panel types – sandwich, plastered sandwich, inner layer and cladding panels – are available, including those creating the looks of horizontal boards and ashlar stone . Color may be added to the concrete mix, and the proportions and size aggregate also affect the appearance and texture of finished concrete surfaces. Ancient Roman builders made use of concrete and soon poured

495-429: A vertical 1/2 offset pattern. Ashlar blocks have been used in the construction of many buildings as an alternative to brick or other materials. In classical architecture , ashlar wall surfaces were often contrasted with rustication . The term is frequently used to describe the dressed stone work of prehistoric Greece and Crete , although the dressed blocks are usually much larger than modern ashlar. For example,

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540-477: Is a huge energy consuming industry, and precast concrete products are and will continue to be more energy efficient than its counterparts. The wide range of designs, colours, and structural options that these products provide is also making it a favourable choice for its consumers. Many state and federal transportation projects in the United States require precast concrete suppliers to be certified by either

585-426: Is also used for the roll ways of some rubber-tyred metros . Modular paving is available in a rainbow of colors, shapes, sizes, and textures. These versatile precast concrete pieces can be designed to mimic brick, stone or wood. Underground vaults or mausoleums require watertight structures that withstand natural forces for extended periods of time. Storage of hazardous material, whether short-term or long-term,

630-407: Is an increasingly important environmental issue, calling for containers that not only seal in the materials, but are strong enough to stand up to natural disasters or terrorist attacks. Seawalls , floating docks, underwater infrastructure, decking, railings, and a host of amenities are among the uses of precast along the waterfront. When designed with heavy weight in mind, precast products counteract

675-432: Is distinguished from precast concrete by the finer aggregate used in the mixture, so the result approaches the natural product. Precast concrete is employed in both interior and exterior applications, from highway, bridge, and high-rise projects to parking structures, K-12 schools, warehouses, mixed-use, and industrial building construction. By producing precast concrete in a controlled environment (typically referred to as

720-701: Is essential that each structural component be designed and tested to withstand both the tensile and compressive loads that the member will be subjected to over its lifespan. Expanded polystyrene cores are now in precast concrete panels for structural use, making them lighter and serving as thermal insulation. Multi-storey car parks are commonly constructed using precast concrete. The constructions involve putting together precast parking parts which are multi-storey structural wall panels, interior and exterior columns, structural floors, girders, wall panels, stairs, and slabs. These parts can be large; for example, double-tee structural floor modules need to be lifted into place with

765-485: Is generally rectangular ( cuboid ). It was described by Vitruvius as opus isodomum or trapezoidal . Precisely cut "on all faces adjacent to those of other stones", ashlar is capable of requiring only very thin joints between blocks, and the visible face of the stone may be quarry-faced or feature a variety of treatments: tooled, smoothly polished or rendered with another material for decorative effect. One such decorative treatment consists of small grooves achieved by

810-459: Is largely dominated by Government initiated projects for infrastructural development. However, these are also being extensively used for residential (low and high rise) and commercial constructions because of their various favourable attributes. The efficiency, durability, ease, cost effectiveness, and sustainable properties of these products have brought a revolutionary shift in the time consumed in construction of any structure. Construction industry

855-410: Is the most common form of concrete reinforcement. It is typically made from steel, manufactured with ribbing to bond with concrete as it cures. Rebar is versatile enough to be bent or assembled to support the shape of any concrete structure. Carbon steel is the most common rebar material. However, stainless steel, galvanized steel, and epoxy coatings can prevent corrosion. The following is a sampling of

900-460: Is typically 8 inches, but their designs are often customized to the application. In a typical 8-inch wall panel the concrete wythes are each 2-3/8 inches thick), sandwiching 3-1/4 inches of high R-value insulating foam. The interior and exterior wythes of concrete are held together (through the insulation) with some form of connecting system that is able to provide the needed structural integrity. Sandwich wall panels can be fabricated to

945-457: The tholos tombs of Bronze Age Mycenae use ashlar masonry in the construction of the so-called "beehive" dome. This dome consists of finely cut ashlar blocks that decrease in size and terminate in a central capstone . These domes are not true domes, but are constructed using the corbel arch . Ashlar masonry was also heavily used in the construction of palace facades on Crete , including Knossos and Phaistos . These constructions date to

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990-464: The MM III-LM Ib period, c.  1700 –1450 BC. In modern European masonry the blocks are generally about 35 centimetres (14 in) in height. When shorter than 30 centimetres (12 in), they are usually called small ashlar . In some Masonic groupings, which such societies term jurisdictions , ashlars are used as a symbolic metaphor for how one's personal development relates to

1035-489: The Architectural Precast Association, National Precast Concrete Association or Precast Prestressed Concrete Institute. Ashlar Ashlar ( / ˈ æ ʃ l ər / ) is a cut and dressed stone , worked using a chisel to achieve a specific form, typically rectangular in shape. The term can also refer to a structure built from such stones. Ashlar is the finest stone masonry unit, and

1080-644: The Jim Bridger Building in Williston, North Dakota, was precast in Minnesota with air, electrical, water, and fiber utilities preinstalled into the building panels. The panels were transported over 800 miles to the Bakken oilfields, and the commercial building was assembled by three workers in minimal time. The building houses over 40,000 square feet of shops and offices. Virtually the entire building

1125-703: The UK for a variety of applications including agricultural buildings, grain stores, silage clamps, slurry stores, livestock walling and general retaining walls. Panels can be used horizontally and placed either inside the webbings of RSJs ( I-beam ) or in front of them. Alternatively panels can be cast into a concrete foundation and used as a cantilever retaining wall. Precast concrete building components and site amenities are used architecturally as fireplace mantels, cladding, trim products, accessories and curtain walls. Structural applications of precast concrete include foundations, beams, floors, walls and other structural components. It

1170-776: The application of a metal comb. Generally used only on softer stone ashlar, this decoration is known as "mason's drag". Ashlar is in contrast to rubble masonry , which employs irregularly shaped stones, sometimes minimally worked or selected for similar size, or both. Ashlar is related but distinct from other stone masonry that is finely dressed but not quadrilateral, such as curvilinear and polygonal masonry . Ashlar may be coursed , which involves lengthy horizontal layers of stone blocks laid in parallel, and therefore with continuous horizontal joints. Ashlar may also be random, which involves stone blocks laid with deliberately discontinuous courses and therefore discontinuous joints both vertically and horizontally. In either case, it generally uses

1215-461: The buoyant forces of water significantly better than most materials. Prestressing is a technique of introducing stresses into a structural member during fabrication and/or construction to improve its strength and performance. This technique is often employed in concrete beams, columns, spandrels, single and double tees, wall panels, segmental bridge units, bulb-tee girders, I-beam girders, and others. Many projects find that prestressed concrete provides

1260-481: The construction, safety, and site protection of roads, airports, and railroad transportation systems. Products include: box culverts , 3-sided culverts, bridge systems, railroad crossings, railroad ties, sound walls /barriers, Jersey barriers , tunnel segments, concrete barriers, TVCBs, central reservation barriers, bollards, and other transportation products. Precast concrete can also be used to make underpasses, surface crossings, and pedestrian subways. Precast concrete

1305-408: The differential thermal expansion problem. The best thermal performance is achieved when the insulation is continuous throughout the wall section, i.e., the wythes are thermally separated completely to the ends of the panel. Using continuous insulation and modern composite connection systems, R-values up to R-28.2 can be achieved. The overall thickness of sandwich wall panels in commercial applications

1350-408: The first-floor areas so museum space could be constructed below. The cornerstone for The Tuskegee Airmen Wing of the new museum was laid January 17, 1999. [REDACTED] Media related to Gary Bathing Beach Aquatorium at Wikimedia Commons Pre-cast concrete Precast concrete is a construction product produced by casting concrete in a reusable mold or "form" which is then cured in

1395-433: The help of precast concrete lifting anchor systems . Precast concrete is employed in a wide range of engineered earth retaining systems. Products include commercial and residential retaining walls , sea walls , mechanically stabilized earth panels, and other modular block systems. Sanitary and stormwater management products are structures designed for underground installation that have been specifically engineered for

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1440-463: The integration of the armed forces. Hundreds of thousands of dollars have been raised for the building's restoration and revamping. Lee Construction Management of Miller was employed to begin restoration of the facility. In the spring of 1998, they demolished the east showers and began construction of new wing in January 1999. In the spring of 2000 major reconstruction of the second floor waterproofed

1485-407: The length and width desired, within practical limits dictated by the fabrication system, the stresses of lifting and handling, and shipping constraints. Panels of 9-foot clear height are common, but heights up to 12 feet can be found. The fabrication process for precast concrete sandwich wall panels allows them to be produced with finished surfaces on both sides. Such finishes can be very smooth, with

1530-452: The lowest overall cost, considering production and lifetime maintenance. The precast concrete double-wall panel has been in use in Europe for decades. The original double-wall design consisted of two wythes of reinforced concrete separated by an interior void, held together with embedded steel trusses. With recent concerns about energy use, it is recognized that using steel trusses creates

1575-552: The material into moulds to build their complex network of aqueducts , culverts , and tunnels. Modern uses for pre-cast technology include a variety of architectural and structural applications – including individual parts, or even entire building systems. In the modern world, precast panelled buildings were pioneered in Liverpool , England , in 1905. The process was invented by city engineer John Alexander Brodie . The tram stables at Walton in Liverpool followed in 1906. The idea

1620-606: The numerous products that utilize precast/prestressed concrete. While this is not a complete list, the majority of precast/prestressed products typically fall under one or Since precast concrete products can withstand the most extreme weather conditions and will hold up for many decades of constant usage they have wide applications in agriculture. These include bunker silos, cattle feed bunks, cattle grid , agricultural fencing, H-bunks, J-bunks, livestock slats, livestock watering trough, feed troughs, concrete panels, slurry channels, and more. Prestressed concrete panels are widely used in

1665-575: The panels to reduce on-site construction time. The carpenters, electricians and plumbers do need to make some slight adjustments when first becoming familiar with some of the unique aspects of the wall panels. However, they still perform most of their job duties in the manner to which they are accustomed. Precast concrete sandwich wall panels have been used on virtually every type of building, including schools, office buildings, apartment buildings, townhouses, condominiums, hotels, motels, dormitories, and single-family homes. Although typically considered part of

1710-702: The precast concrete products industry produces utility, underground, and other non-prestressed products, and is represented primarily by the National Precast Concrete Association (NPCA). In Australia , The New South Wales Government Railways made extensive use of precast concrete construction for its stations and similar buildings. Between 1917 and 1932, it erected 145 such buildings. Beyond cladding panels and structural elements, entire buildings can be assembled from precast concrete. Precast assembly enables fast completion of commercial shops and offices with minimal labor. For example,

1755-405: The purpose of further processing into non-contaminating liquids and soil products. Products include: aeration systems , distribution boxes, dosing tanks, dry wells , grease interceptors , leaching pits, sand-oil/oil-water interceptors, septic tanks , water/sewage storage tanks, wet wells, fire cisterns, and other water and wastewater products. Precast concrete transportation products are used in

1800-446: The surfaces painted, stained, or left natural; for interior surfaces, the finish is comparable to drywall in smoothness and can be finished using the same prime and paint procedure as is common for conventional drywall construction. If desired, the concrete can be given an architectural finish, where the concrete itself is colored and/or textured. Colors and textures can provide the appearance of brick, stone, wood, or other patterns through

1845-609: The tenets of their lodge . As described in the explanation of the First Degree Tracing Board , in Emulation and other Masonic rituals the rough ashlar is a stone as taken directly from the quarry, and allegorically represents the Freemason prior to his initiation; a smooth ashlar (or "perfect ashlar") is a stone that has been smoothed and dressed by the experienced stonemason , and allegorically represents

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1890-795: The treatment and removal of pollutants from sanitary and stormwater run-off. These precast concrete products include stormwater detention vaults , catch basins , and manholes . For communications, electrical, gas or steam systems, precast concrete utility structures protect the vital connections and controls for utility distribution. Precast concrete is nontoxic and environmentally safe. Products include: hand holes, hollow-core products, light pole bases, meter boxes, panel vaults, pull boxes, telecommunications structures, transformer pads, transformer vaults, trenches, utility buildings, utility vaults , utility poles, controlled environment vaults (CEVs), and other utility structures. Precast water and wastewater products hold or contain water, oil or other liquids for

1935-504: The use of reusable formliners , or, in the most sophisticated applications, actual brick, stone, glass, or other materials can be cast into the concrete surface. Window and door openings are cast into the walls at the manufacturing plant as part of the fabrication process. In many applications, electrical and telecommunications conduit and boxes are cast directly into the panels in the specified locations. In some applications, utilities, plumbing and even heating components have been cast into

1980-492: Was fabricated in Minnesota. Reinforcing concrete with steel improves strength and durability. On its own, concrete has good compressive strength, but lacks tensile and shear strength and can be subject to cracking when bearing loads for long periods of time. Steel offers high tensile and shear strength to make up for what concrete lacks. Steel behaves similarly to concrete in changing environments, which means it will shrink and expand with concrete, helping avoid cracking. Rebar

2025-955: Was not taken up extensively in Britain. However, it was adopted all over the world, particularly in Central and Eastern Europe as well as in Million Programme in Scandinavia. In the US, precast concrete has evolved as two sub-industries, each represented by a major association. The precast concrete structures industry, represented primarily by of the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI), focuses on prestressed concrete elements and on other precast concrete elements used in above-ground structures such as buildings, parking structures, and bridges, while

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