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67-608: The Council's grants, services, initiatives, prizes and payments contribute to the vibrancy of a creative and diverse arts and literary scene and support its presence across Canada and abroad. The Council's investments contribute to fostering greater engagement in the arts among Canadians and international audiences. In addition, the Canada Council administers the Art Bank, which operates art rental programs and an exhibitions and outreach program. The Canada Council Art Bank holds

134-660: A few actors and producers, can live by working in the theatre in Canada." Gifted Canadians "must be content with a precarious and unrewarding life in Canada, or go abroad where their talents are in demand. As such, the report recommended that the Government of Canada establish a Canada Council for the Encouragement of the Arts, Letters, Humanities and Social Sciences . Due to "the dangers inherent in any system of subvention by

201-612: A fully privatized company. The first Crown corporation was the Board of Works, established in 1841 by the Province of Canada to construct shipping canals. The first major Canadian experience with directly state-owned enterprises came during the early growth of the railways . The first Canadian Crown corporation after confederation was the Canadian National Railway Company , created in 1922. During

268-546: A mandate (by royal charter) to govern a specific territory called a charter colony , and the head of this colony, called a proprietary governor , was both a business manager and the governing authority in the area. The first colonies on the island of Newfoundland were founded in this manner, between 1610 and 1728. Canada's most famous and influential chartered company was the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), founded on May 2, 1670, by royal charter of King Charles II . The HBC became

335-613: A relevant minister for the conduct of its affairs. Although these corporations are owned by the Crown, they are operated with much greater managerial autonomy than government departments. While they report to Parliament via the relevant minister in Cabinet , they are "shielded from constant government intervention and legislative oversight" and thus "generally enjoy greater freedom from direct political control than government departments." Direct control over operations are only exerted over

402-545: A symbol of modern Quebec, helping to create the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s where French-speakers in Quebec rose to positions of influence in the industrial economy for the first time, and Quebec nationalism emerged as a political force. This model followed by SaskPower in 1944 and BC Hydro in 1961. Other areas provinces were active in included insurance ( Saskatchewan Government Insurance , 1945) In Alberta,

469-541: A year. Eligible work includes original writing, translation, illustration, narration and photography contained in library books across a range. The Public Lending Right Commission is a permanent advisory board that works with the Canada Council "to define the program's criteria and promote the program among eligible authors, illustrators, narrators and translators" from a variety of literary and scholarly genres. The Commission consists of writers, translators, librarians, and publishers, as well as non-voting representatives from

536-677: Is allotting grants and prizes to Canadian artists based on the merits of their applications. The Canada Council also funds and administers many of Canada's top arts awards, including the Governor General's Literary Awards and the Governor General's Awards in Visual and Media Arts . The Canada Council is called from time to time to appear before parliamentary committees , particularly the Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage . Its accounts are audited by

603-516: Is completely self-funded, earning its money from renting out works in its collection, and continues to expand its collection by buying works in accord with its annual purchasing budget. The vast majority of its art is rented by the federal government , with less than 10% being rented to the private sector. Works of art are rented out for two-year periods. The rental rate is generally 20% of the piece's market value . Although located in Ottawa , Ontario ,

670-699: Is founded in order to defend the rights of Quebec authors. In 1982, the Applebaum-Hébert Committee recommended that the federal government create a program to pay authors for the use of their books in libraries. Soon after, in March 1986, the Payment for Public Use (PPU) program was established by a Cabinet decision, with an initial budget of $ 3 million allocated to it by the Treasury Board Secretariat . This would make Canada

737-561: Is governed by an 11-member Board. The Board is composed of a Chair, Vice-Chair, and nine other members from across Canada. Along with the Director and CEO, Board members are appointed by the Governor-in-Council for fixed terms. The Board meets at least three times per year and is responsible for the oversight of the Canada Council's policies, programs, budgets, and grant decisions. The Canada Council's Executive Management, on

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804-465: Is one of the most distinguished research fellowships in Canada, and was established by the Killam Trusts through Dorothy J. Killam , in memory of her husband, Izaak Walton Killam . The Musical Instrument Bank ( MIB ; French : La Banque d’instruments de musique ) is an initiative of Canada Council wherein preeminent Canadian classical musicians , especially young artists, compete for

871-601: Is the only UN agency to have a system of National Commissions. As part of this international network of 195 National Commissions, the Canadian Commission for UNESCO is in a unique situation to effectively contribute to Canada's positions on UNESCO issues. The Canadian Commission for UNESCO was established by Order in Council on 14 June 1957, in conformity with the Constitution of UNESCO and pursuant to

938-456: Is to provide some assistance to universities, to the arts, humanities and social sciences as well as to students in those fields without attempting in any way to control their activities or to tamper with their freedom. Governments should, I feel, support the cultural development of the nation but not attempt to control it. The Canada Council for the Arts was thereafter created as an independent, arm's-length body, accountable to Parliament through

1005-968: The Canada Council Act . It operates under the general authority of the Canada Council for the Arts , which provides its Secretariat. The Commission's role is to involve government departments and agencies, institutions, organizations and individuals working for the advancement of UNESCO's mandated fields of education, science, culture, communication and information, in its activities. The Commission's arm's length relationship to government and its broadly based and diverse membership make it unique among National Commissions. The Commission has an extensive network of approximately 325 members across Canada which includes government and non-governmental organizations, institutions and individual members. The 17-member Executive Committee, including representatives of government and civil society, sets out and approves

1072-569: The Algonquin word for 'crossroads'. The Canada Council for the Arts oversees the Art Bank ( French : Banque d’art ), a division of the Canada Council with the mandate to rent works of art to public and private sector offices. The Art Bank's collection—the largest collection of contemporary Canadian art in the world—includes some 18,000 artworks by over 3,000 Canadian artists, including those from Indigenous backgrounds. These works include

1139-641: The Auditor General of Canada and included in an Annual Report to Parliament. "In 1977, the Canada Council sets up the Payment for Public Use Committee to discuss the creation of a Public Lending Right (PLR) program. The following year, the federal government created the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council , adopting responsibility for the humanities and social sciences from the Canada Council, which would now only be responsible for

1206-476: The Canada Council for the Arts , is Canada's national commission for UNESCO , actively advancing the organization's mandate to contribute to peace based on the intellectual and moral solidarity of humankind by promoting cooperation among nations. Its role is to involve government departments and agencies, institutions, organizations and individuals working for the advancement of education, science, culture, communication and information, in its activities. UNESCO

1273-760: The Canada Revenue Agency . Crown corporations have a long-standing presence in the country and have been instrumental in its formation. They can provide services required by the public that otherwise would not be economically viable as a private enterprise or that do not fit exactly within the scope of any ministry. They are involved in everything from the distribution, use, and price of certain goods and services to energy development, resource extraction, public transportation, cultural promotion, and property management . As of 2022 , there were 47 federal Crown corporations in Canada. Provinces and territories operate their own Crown corporations independently of

1340-543: The Minister of Canadian Heritage with responsibility for establishing its priorities, policies, and funding programs as well as making grant decisions. In its first year, from an initial endowment of CA$ 50 million, the Council had a budget of $ 1.5 million for the arts , humanities , and social sciences . By 1964, the Council proposed for a substantial increase to the endowment. Instead, the Council's main source of revenue became yearly government appropriations . In 1977,

1407-471: The 13th country in the world to develop a PLR program. The initial name was promptly changed to Public Lending Right and catalogue-based system was adopted. The PLR Commission developed and approved its Constitution and Bylaws in 1988, its second year of operation. In 2008, the Commission would unanimously adopt a growth management strategy, including a new four-tier payment scale for PLR payments, which

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1474-573: The 22nd federal parliament under Liberal Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent. This version of the Act established a council of 21 members who could serve between three and five years, depending on their role in the Council. The Act also granted them the power to co-operate with organizations who had similar aims (such as universities) in funding and facilitating work in the Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences across Canada, as well as promoting Canadian work in these fields abroad. There were several amendments over

1541-399: The 6,400 currently being rented to over 200 government and corporate clients. It offers public access to this art through its 3 programs: art rental, loans to museums, and outreach projects. Established in the 1970s and developed by Canada Council Visual Arts Officer Suzanne Rivard-Lemoyne , the Art Bank buys art from notable Canadian artists through a system of peer-review juries. The Bank

1608-572: The Art Bank services its clients across the country. Its collection has been appraised to be worth over 71 million dollars. In 2002 the Canada Council Art Bank began to purchase Indigenous art to enhance its collection as part of its 45th anniversary. Overseeing UNESCO activities in Canada, the Canada Council operates the Canadian Commission for UNESCO (CCUNESCO), which helps governments, organizations, and individual Canadians share information, along with making recommendations to

1675-601: The Canada Council awards a broad range of prizes to over 200 Canadian artists and scholars in recognition of their work. The Canada Council administers various Governor General's Awards , including Medals in Architecture , Literary Awards , Performing Arts Awards , and Awards in Visual and Media Arts . Other awards include the Killam Program of scholarly awards, J.B.C Watkins Awards, the John G. Diefenbaker Award,

1742-430: The Canada Council sets up the Payment for Public Use Committee to discuss the creation of a Public Lending Right (PLR) program. The following year, the federal government created the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council , adopting responsibility for the humanities and social sciences from the Canada Council, which would now only be responsible for the arts. In March 1986, the Payment for Public Use (PPU) program

1809-457: The Canada Council to purchase additional instruments. The Musical Instrument Bank has supported various notable Canadian classical musicians, including Lara St. John , Alexandre Da Costa , Martin Beaver , Judy Kang , and Denise Djokic . among others. In 2018–19, the Canada Council awarded grants to over 2,800 Canadian artists, almost 450 groups, and over 2,000 arts organizations. Each year

1876-528: The Canada Council, the Department of Canadian Heritage , Library and Archives Canada , and Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec . Author Mélikah Abdelmoumen is the current Commission Chair, with writer Russell Wangersky as Vice-Chair. The creation of a PLR program was first deliberated in 1977, when the Council sets up the Payment for Public Use Committee to discuss the matter. Also that year, UNEQ (Union des écrivaines et des écrivains québécois)

1943-399: The Canadian Commission for UNESCO. Dr. Liette Vasseur and Mireille Apollon have served as President and Vice-President since 2018. Crown corporations of Canada Crown corporations ( French : Société de la Couronne ) are government organizations in Canada with a mixture of commercial and public-policy objectives. They are directly and wholly owned by the Crown (i.e.

2010-705: The Canadian counterpart to the Konrad Adenauer Award, which was established by the Government of Germany for Canadian scholars in 1988. The Killam Research Fellowship , granted for two years with a prize of $ 70,000 per year, provides support to scholars by granting them time to pursue research projects of broad significance and widespread interest within the disciplines of the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, health sciences, engineering, or studies linking any of these disciplines. This award

2077-530: The Council 'public service of Canada' from 2002 was updated to 'federal public administration' as of 2005. However, one of the most significant changes concerns Part 4 – Members of the Council. In the major 2002 Amendment other members of the council who were not the Chairperson or Vice-Chairperson would be appointed for a period of three years. In 2006 this was updated and changed to a period of four years and has remained fours years since, up to and including

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2144-500: The East to create Canadian National Railways (CNR) in 1918 as a transcontinental system . The CNR was unique in that it was a conglomerate , and besides passenger and freight rail, it had inherited major business interests in shipping, hotels, and telegraphy and was able create new lines of business in broadcasting and air travel. Many of the components of this business empire were later spun off into new Crown corporations including some

2211-645: The Musical Instrument Bank, and the Walter Carsen Prize for Excellence in the Performing Arts, among others. The John G. Diefenbaker Award , with a prize of up to $ 95,000, allows a distinguished German scholar in the humanities to conduct research in Canada and spend brief periods gaining additional experience at American institutions. The Award was created in 1991, in memory of former Prime Minister John G. Diefenbaker , as

2278-625: The PLR Program. In 2012, author Roy MacSkimming published the first of three major research studies related to PLR; subsequent reports would address the arrival of new technologies and compare the Canadian model to other PLR systems operating around the world. The PLR Program would finally open registration to audiobooks in 2019. For the first time, works must have been published during the previous 5 years in order to be eligible for registration. Canadian Commission for UNESCO The Canadian Commission for UNESCO ( CCUNESCO ), administered by

2345-614: The actions of these organizations. The Crown is not liable for Crown corporations with non-agent status, except for actions of that corporation carried out on instruction from the government, though there may be "moral obligations" on the part of the Crown in other circumstances. Crown corporations are generally formed to fill a need that the federal or provincial government deems in the national interest or not profitable for private industry. Some Crown corporations are expected to be profitable organizations, while others are non-commercial and rely entirely on public funds to operate. Prior to

2412-619: The arts.” Starting in 1978, there were attempts to rename the Council to the Killam-Dunn Council, in recognition of contributions to the Council made by Sir Isaac Walton Killam and Sir James Dunn. The first version of the Canada Council for the Arts Act was titled An Act for the Establishment of a Canada Council for the Encouragement of the Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences . It was assented to on March 28, 1957, by

2479-542: The central government to the arts and letters and to the culture of the country generally," the Commission—operating in the aftermath of WWII —proposed that the new council be created with a large amount of independence from government. In introducing the Canada Council Act to Parliament, then-Prime Minister Louis St-Laurent said: Our main object in recommending the establishment of the Canada Council

2546-599: The construction of the Intercolonial Railway between them was one of the terms of the new constitution. The first section of this entirely government-owned railway was completed in 1872. Western Canada 's early railways were all run by privately owned companies backed by government subsidies and loans. By the early twentieth century, however, many of these had become bankrupt . The federal government nationalised several failing Western railways and combined them with its existing Intercolonial and other line in

2613-401: The corporation's budget and the appointment of its senior leadership through Orders-in-Council . Further, in the federal sphere, certain Crown corporations can be an agent or non-agent of the Crown. One with agent status is entitled to the same constitutional prerogatives, privileges, and immunities held by the Crown and can bind the Crown by its acts. The Crown is thus entirely responsible for

2680-438: The current version. Another significant change is the loss of council members. Instead of 21 council members, in the modern Act there is the Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson along with 9 other members of the council. That is a reduction of 10 members since the 1977 version of the Act. The Canada Council for the Arts, as a federal Crown corporation , is accountable to Parliament through the Minister of Canadian Heritage and

2747-466: The deadline for the Council to submit its financial audits. The Canada Council for the Arts Act was last amended in 2009. This is the current version as of 2022. Between 2002 and 2009 were a number of small revisions to get to the modern Act that we have today. The majority of the changes to the Canada Council for the Arts Act since 2002 involve updates to language due to evolving definitions. For example, in section 12 of Objects, Powers and Duties of

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2814-535: The deficit, affected the Canada Council as it did other federal agencies and departments. During the mid-1990s period, the Council was restructured and its staff numbers reduced. Toward the end of the decade, however, came what the then-chairman of the Council, actor Jean-Louis Roux , called "the beginnings of a new period of growth." In October 1997, the Canadian Heritage Minister announced another $ 25 million of funding for 1997–98 and for each of

2881-496: The earlier part of the century, many British North American colonies that now comprise the Canadian federation had Crown corporations, often in the form of railways, such as the Nova Scotia Railway , since there was limited private capital available for such endeavours. When three British colonies joined to create the Canadian federation in 1867, these railways were transferred to the new central government. As well,

2948-591: The excesses of the previous open market which had led to calls for prohibition in the first place. Virtually all the provinces used this system at one point. The largest of these government liquor businesses, the Liquor Control Board of Ontario (founded 1927), was by 2008 one of the world's largest alcohol retailers. Resource and utility crown corporations also emerged at this time, notably Ontario Hydro and Alberta Government Telephones in 1906, and SaskTel in 1908. Provincial governments also re-entered

3015-478: The federal Canadian government on UNESCO programs and budgets. Established by the Canada Council for the Arts in 1957, the Commission is managed by a 17-member executive committee consisting of representatives of government departments, academics, and other experts in education, culture, and world heritage. The Canada Council for the Arts promotes public awareness of the arts through its communications, research and arts promotion activities. In particular, every year,

3082-418: The federal government. In Canada, Crown corporations within either the federal or provincial level are owned by the Crown as the institution's sole legal shareholder . This follows the legal premise that the monarch , as the personification of Canada , owns all state property. Established by an Act of Parliament , each corporation is ultimately accountable to (federal or provincial) Parliament through

3149-414: The federal level. Not only the federal government was involved, but also the provinces, who were in engaged in an era of " province building " (expanding the reach and importance of the provincial governments) around this time. The prototypical example is Hydro-Québec , founded in 1944 and now Canada's largest electricity generator and the world's largest producer of hydro-electricity. It is widely seen as

3216-439: The following 4 years. An additional $ 10-million increase in the appropriation was announced in the federal budget of February 2000 . In May 2001, further $ 25 million was provided to the Council by the federal government between 2001–02 and 2003–05. In 2006, the Canadian government provided one-time funding of $ 50 million (divided into $ 20 million for 2006–07 and $ 30 million for 2007–08), all of which would go towards grants. In 2007,

3283-551: The formation of Crown corporations as presently understood, much of what later became Canada was settled and governed by a similar type of entity called a chartered company . These companies were established by a royal charter by the Scottish , English , or French crown, but were owned by private investors. They fulfilled the dual roles of promoting government policy abroad and making a return for shareholders. Certain companies were mainly trading businesses, but some were given

3350-470: The general policy and programme directions of the Commission. Through these connections, the Commission coordinates UNESCO programme activities in Canada, consults Canadians and provides advice to the Canadian Government on UNESCO matters. On April 29, 2021, Simon Brault, Director and CEO of the Canada Council for the Arts, announced the appointment of Roda Muse as the new Secretary General of

3417-505: The government announced an additional $ 30 million to be added permanently to the Council's base budget, bringing the Parliamentary appropriation to around $ 180 million in 2008–09. Âjagemô is a 3,000-square-foot (278.71 m) display and performance space at the Canada Council offices that features various exhibitions of contemporary Canadian art , including work from the collection of the Canada Council Art Bank. It takes its name from

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3484-646: The government of Canada or a province). Crown corporations represent a specific form of state-owned enterprise . Each corporation is ultimately accountable to (federal or provincial) Parliament through a relevant minister for the conduct of its affairs. They are established by an Act of Parliament and report to that body via the relevant minister in Cabinet , though they are "shielded from constant government intervention and legislative oversight" and thus "generally enjoy greater freedom from direct political control than government departments." Crown corporations are distinct from "departmental corporations" such as

3551-655: The largest collection of contemporary Canadian art in the world. The Canada Council is also responsible for the secretariat for the Canadian Commission for UNESCO and the Public Lending Right Commission. The Canada Council for the Arts is an arms-length organization based in Ottawa , Ontario , that reports to Parliament through the Minister of Canadian Heritage . Its endowment income is supplemented by annual appropriations from Parliament, donations, and bequests . Its main duty

3618-435: The largest urban areas; and English Canada produced only 14 works of fiction in an entire year. Moreover, the report stated: No novelist, poet, short story writer, historian, biographer, or other writer of non-technical books can make even a modestly comfortable living by selling his work in Canada. No composer of music can live at all on what Canada pays him for his compositions. Apart from radio drama, no playwright, and only

3685-482: The mid-century. The federal Post Office Department became a Crown corporation as Canada Post Corporation in 1981, and Canada's export credit agency , Export Development Canada , was created in 1985. Perhaps the most controversial was Petro-Canada , Canada's short-lived attempt to create a national oil Crown corporation , founded in 1975. The heyday of Crown corporations ended in the late 1980s, and there has been much privatisation since that time, particularly at

3752-500: The most important businesses in the mid-20th-century economy of Canada, such Air Canada , the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), Via Rail , and Marine Atlantic . Provincial Crown corporations also re-emerged in the early 20th century, most notably in the selling of alcohol. Government monopoly liquor stores were seen as a compromise between the recently ended era of Prohibition in Canada and

3819-645: The opportunity to become the steward and performer of a classical instrument from the Musical Instrument Bank on a 3-year loan. The MIB was established in 1985 with a $ 100,000 bequest from the Barwick Family along with the fundraising efforts of businessman William Turner and cellist Denis Brott , both of Montréal . Since then, the Bank has received donations and loans of violins , cellos , and bows —created by such luthiers as Stradivari , Gagliano , Guarneri , and Pressenda —as well as generous bequests for

3886-686: The organization receives some 16,000 grant requests, which are reviewed by peer assessment committees. In 2006–07, the Canada Council awarded some 6,000 grants to artists and arts organizations and made payments to more than 15,400 authors through the Public Lending Right Commission. Grants and payments totaled more than $ 152 million. Through its Public Lending Right (PLR) program, the Canada Council financially compensates over 17,000 Canadian authors annually for providing free public access to their books in Canadian public libraries . Authors are compensated through direct payments ranging from CA$ 50 to $ 4,500

3953-462: The other hand—which is led by the Director and CEO—is responsible for establishing and implementing the broad directions and vision developed by the Board, as well as managing the Council itself. The Director is appointed by the Governor in Council as well, and also acts as the chief executive officer (CEO). Chairs of the Canada Council : Executive Management : The Canada Council for the Arts

4020-568: The production of works in, the arts”. While the council's powers as a promoting and sponsoring body remained, all references to social sciences and humanities were removed. In 1992, this was reversed, and duties of the Research Council, as well as promotional activities of the Department of External Affairs, were reabsorbed into the Canada Council. This amendment also reduced the number of mandatory Council meetings to two, and shortened

4087-494: The railway business as in Northern Alberta Railways in 1925 and what later became BC Rail in 1918. A notable anomaly of this era is Canada's only provincially owned "bank" (though not called that for legal reasons) Alberta Treasury Branches , created in 1937. The Bank of Canada , originally privately owned, became a Crown corporation in 1938. New crown Corporations were also created throughout much of

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4154-549: The term public agency is used to describe "boards, commissions, tribunals or other organizations established by government, but not part of a government department." Crown corporations in Manitoba are supported by Manitoba Crown Services . Crown corporations in Ontario are referred to as Crown agencies . A Crown agency includes any board, commission, railway, public utility, university, factory, company or agency that

4221-575: The world's largest land owner, at one point overseeing 7,770,000 km (3,000,000 sq mi), territories that today incorporate the provinces of Manitoba , Saskatchewan and Alberta , as well as Nunavut , the Northwest Territories , and Yukon . The HBC were often the point of first contact between the colonial government and First Nations . By the late 19th century, however, the HBC lost its monopoly over Rupert's Land and became

4288-581: The years, with most being minor alterations to language or the status of Council members for tax purposes. Two major amendments, passed in the 1970s and later the 1990s, were more significant. In 1976–77, an amendment renamed the Act to simply the Canada Council Act. In conjunction with the establishment of the Social Science and Humanities Research Council, the Act narrowed the Council's mandate exclusively to “the study and enjoyment of, and

4355-622: Was established and began operations in 1957 as part of a major recommendation of the 1951 report by the Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences , commonly known as the Massey Commission. The report described an unpromising cultural landscape in Canada: professional theatre was "moribund;" the musical space was meager; professional artistic ventures were lacking and virtually absent outside of

4422-419: Was established by a Cabinet decision, with an initial budget of $ 3 million allocated to it by the Treasury Board Secretariat . This would make Canada the 13th country in the world to develop a PLR program. The initial name was promptly changed to Public Lending Right, and catalogue-based system was adopted. The mid-1990s "program review" process, which the federal government undertook to curb spending and reduce

4489-465: Was implemented two years later. The Commission first moved in favour of the possibility of ebooks being eligible in the PLR Program in 2011. However, it would not be until 2016, when the Program opened registration to ebooks. Also in 2016, the Program would begin to consider the future eligibility of audiobook materials, and the Canada Council would pledge to increase direct payments to authors through

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