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62-477: Lessons for the AEP are usually conducted in a separate classroom, sometimes after regular classes. Schools that offer AEP as a subject normally have an art room, a media lab and facilities to store and use art materials. In AEP, students learn how to design or work with digital art programs such as Adobe Illustrator . Techniques with basic media such as pencil, pen, and paint are taught. The lessons also include Study Of

124-428: A Macintosh version until 5.0 in 1993. Version 6 was the last truly Macintosh version of Illustrator. The interface changed radically with the following version to bring consistency between Mac and Windows computer platforms. The changes remained until CS6 when some small steps were taken to restore the app to a slightly more Mac-like interface. With the introduction of Illustrator 7 in 1997, Adobe made critical changes in

186-499: A Renaissance image to evoke his vision of PostScript as a new Renaissance in publishing, and Adobe employee Luanne Seymour Cohen, who was responsible for the early marketing material, found Venus' flowing tresses a perfect vehicle for demonstrating Illustrator's strength in tracing smooth curves over bitmap source images. Over the years the rendition of this image on Illustrator's splash screen and packaging became more stylized to reflect features added in each version. The image of Venus

248-432: A computer. This was later spun off to become the magazine Circuit Cellar , focusing on embedded computer applications. Significant articles in this period included the insertion of floppy disk drives into S-100 computers, publication of source code for various computer languages (Tiny C , BASIC , assemblers ), and coverage of the first microcomputer operating system , CP/M . The first four issues were produced in

310-494: A few years of interruption. The Arabic edition also ended abruptly. Many of Byte ' s columnists migrated their writing to personal web sites. One such site was science fiction author Jerry Pournelle 's weblog The View From Chaos Manor derived from a long-standing column in Byte , describing computers from a power user 's point of view. After the closure of Byte magazine, Pournelle's column continued to be published in

372-415: A follow up is the decision to create BYTE magazine using the facilities of Green Publishing Inc. I will end up with the editorial focus for the magazine; with the business end being managed by Green Publishing. To advertise the new magazine, Green contacted a number of the companies that had been advertising in 73 and asked for their contact lists. He then sent letters out to these people telling them about

434-490: A magazine dedicated to the newly emerging microcomputer market. In 1974, Carl Helmers published a series of six articles that detailed the design and construction of his "Experimenter's Computer System", a personal computer based on the Intel 8008 microprocessor. In January 1975 this became the monthly ECS magazine with 400 subscribers. Green contacted Helmers and proposed starting a new magazine to be known as Byte. The deal

496-492: A matrix comparing its own FreeHand to Illustrator and Draw in which Draw's one "win" was that it came with three different clip art views of the human pancreas. Adobe bought Aldus in 1994 for PageMaker . As part of the transaction, the Federal Trade Commission issued a complaint of Adobe Systems on October 18, 1994, ordering a divestiture of FreeHand to "remedy the lessening of competition resulting from

558-553: A new user interface , layer panels, RGB codes , and color ramp to increase performance. CS6 was released on April 23, 2012. Along with Creative Cloud (the result of Adobe's shift on its release strategy), Illustrator CC was released. This version (the 17th) was the first to be only sold in a subscription-based service model, in line with the other software in the formerly called Creative Suite . As part of Creative Cloud, this version brought improvements in that subject such as color, font and program settings syncing, saving documents to

620-437: A peer of Rolling Stone and Playboy , and others such as David Bunnell of PC Magazine aspired to emulate its reputation and success. It was the only computer publication on the 1981 Folio 400 list of largest magazines. Byte ' s 1982 average number of pages was 543, and the number of paid advertising pages grew by more than 1,000 while most magazines' amount of advertising did not change. Its circulation of 420,000

682-599: A small triangle at the bottom right of the toolbox icon. A small triangle has the option to view or expand some hidden tools by holding down the mouse button on the triangle. Some examples of basic tools in Illustrator are selection tools, paintbrush tools, pen tools, pencil tools e.g. Selection tools are used to the layout, adjust, and organize the artwork by selecting, positioning, and stacking objects accurately. Moreover, selection tools can group, lock or hide, and measure objects. Paintbrush tools can be used to modify

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744-641: A start which reads like a romantic light opera with an episode or two reminiscent of the Keystone Cops , Byte magazine finally has moved into separate offices of its own." Green was not happy about losing Byte and decided to start a new magazine called Kilobyte . He announced these intentions early, and advertised the upcoming magazine in 73 , with the goal of shipping the first issue in December 1976 (the January 1977 edition). Byte quickly took out

806-450: A trademark on "KILOBYTE" as the name for a cartoon series in Byte magazine, and threatened to sue for trademark violations. This forced Green to change the name of the new magazine to Kilobaud . There was competition and animosity between Byte Publications and 73 Inc. but both remained in the small town of Peterborough, New Hampshire . In April 1979, owner/publisher Virginia Williamson (née Londner Green) sold Byte to McGraw-Hill . At

868-522: Is SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics), which is supported by Adobe Illustrator, but the two implementations are not fully compatible. Inkscape also exports to PS , EPS and PDF formats which Illustrator can recognize. A sidebar that appears at the left of the screen with a variety of tools to select, create, and manipulate objects or artworks in Illustrator. These tools can be selected as following: drawing, typing, painting, reshaping, slicing and cutting, symbolism, moving and zooming, and graph. Some tools have

930-525: Is almost identical, except for a slight alteration to the font and the color which is dark gray. The CS5 icon is also virtually the same, except that this time the logo is like a box, along with all the other CS5 product logos, with the "Ai" bright yellow. CS6 changed it a bit to a brown square with a yellow border and yellow lettering, and in CC 2014 the colors were upgraded to a sharper tone and thinner borders. Compatibility with Inkscape : Inkscape's native format

992-411: The Byte name back when it officially relaunched Byte as Byte.com on July 11, 2011. According to the site, the mission of the new Byte was: ...to examine technology in the context of the consumerization of IT. The subject relates closely to important IT issues like security and manageability. It's an issue that reaches both IT and users, and it's an issue where both groups need to listen carefully to

1054-586: The EPS or PDF formats. The .ai filename extension is used by Adobe Illustrator. The AI file format was originally a native format called PGF. PDF compatibility is achieved by embedding a complete copy of the PGF data within the saved PDF format file. This format is not related to .pgf using the same name Progressive Graphics Format . The same "dual path" approach as for PGF is used when saving EPS-compatible files in recent versions of Illustrator. Early versions of

1116-645: The Internet ), Illustrator CC was released. The latest version , Illustrator 2025, was released on October 14, 2024, and is the 29th generation in the product line. Adobe Illustrator was reviewed as the best vector graphics editing program in 2021 by hp Magazine . Development of Adobe Illustrator for the Apple Macintosh began in 1985 (shipping in January 1987) as Adobe's second software product after PostScript . Adobe co-founder and CEO John Warnock created Illustrator in late 1986 to automate many of

1178-477: The typesetting and logo graphic areas of design . Early magazine advertisements (featured in graphic design trade magazines such as Communication Arts ) referred to the product as "the Adobe Illustrator". Illustrator 88, the product name for version 1.7, was released in 1988 and introduced many new tools and features. Byte in 1989 listed Illustrator 88 as among the "Distinction" winners of

1240-612: The AEP curriculum and students’ creative processes and artworks can be found in the catalogue published for the AEP exhibition. Every year, students create at least two projects within the spectrum of art and design, such as photography or designing a logo. Projects are weighted heavily in the overall grade. Throughout the year the students prepare SOVA and Drawing and Painting papers. The four exams are Continual Assessments 1 and 2, Semester Assessments 1 and 2. Drawing and Painting examinations vary in duration and students are allowed to create an art piece over around 3 hours. Three weeks before

1302-580: The AI file format are true EPS files with a restricted, compact syntax, with additional semantics represented by Illustrator-specific DSC comments that conform to DSC's Open Structuring Conventions. These files are identical to their corresponding Illustrator EPS counterparts, but with the EPS procsets ( procedure sets ) omitted from the file and instead externally referenced using %%Include directives . The following formats are also supported: Illustrator Draw

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1364-607: The Byte Awards, stating that with it Adobe had "pulled ahead" of previously industry-dominant competitor Aldus FreeHand . Early versions of the software did not support working in preview mode and users needed to have two windows open on their desktop in order to have a live preview of their work. One window would show the work in progress and the other window would show a preview of the work in progress. Although during its first decade Adobe developed Illustrator primarily for Macintosh, it sporadically supported other platforms. In

1426-655: The Drawing and Painting exams, students are given several themes to choose from. They then have three weeks to complete their Preparatory work for assigned task. The exam is marked according to five components: Investigation and Interpretation of Theme, Exploration and Development of Theme, Aesthetic Qualities, Control of Materials and Technical Processes and Personal Response. For the SOVA examination, students are tested on several artists whom they have studied. They examine selected artworks by these artists and interpret their styles and

1488-721: The Freehand program. Instead, Adobe would provide tools and support to ease the transition to Illustrator. Illustrator CS3 included interface updates to the Control Bar, the ability to align individual points, multiple Crop Areas, the Color Guide panel and the Live Color feature among others. CS3 was released on March 27, 2007. CS4 was released in October 2008. It features a variety of improvements to old tools along with

1550-583: The Macintosh 3.0 version, and certainly not the equal of Windows' most popular illustration package CorelDRAW . (There were no versions 2.0 or 4.0 for the Macintosh—although, the second release for the Mac was titled Illustrator 88—the year of its release. And there was no version 6 for Windows.) Version 4 was, however, the first version of Illustrator to support editing in preview mode, which did not appear in

1612-637: The Turkish editions of PC World , which was soon renamed as PC Life in Turkey. Nikkei Byte , with the name licensed from McGraw Hill, was the leading computer magazine in Japan, published by Nikkei Business Publications . It continued Pournelle's column in translation as a major feature for years after Byte closed in the U.S. In 1999, CMP revived Byte as a web-only publication, from 2002 accessible by subscription . It closed in 2009. UBM TechWeb brought

1674-785: The Visual Arts (SOVA), in which the students are taught to analyze works by renowned artists. AEP was announced in 1983 by the Ministry of Education. It was conceived as an enrichment programme for students with an artistic flair. It was started in January 1984 by the Chinese High School and the Nanyang Girls' High School. AEP is designed to enable students with artistic abilities to undertake an enriched art programme. The AEP curriculum aims to develop students’ conceptual and analytical thinking and creativity. Samples of

1736-586: The account and $ 1/hour for X.25 access. Unlike CompuServe , access at higher speeds was not surcharged. Later, gateways permitted email communication outside the system. By 1990, the magazine was about half an inch (1.25 cm) in thickness and had a subscription price of $ 56/year. Around 1993, Byte began to develop a web presence. It acquired the domain name byte.com and began to host discussion boards and post selected editorial content. Editions were published in Japan , Brazil , Germany , and an Arabic edition

1798-490: The acquisition" because of Adobe's Illustrator software. As a result, Macromedia acquired Free Hand in 1995 from its original developer, Altsys , and continued its development through 2004. The difference in strengths between Photoshop and Illustrator became clear with the rise of the Internet, Illustrator was enhanced to support Web publishing, rasterization previewing, PDF , and SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics). Adobe

1860-514: The appearance of the artwork. There are different types of brushes: calligraphic, scatter, art, pattern, and bristle. Pen tools create straight and curved lines for the artwork and they can add anchor points to paths and delete from paths. Pencil tools allow the user to draw and edit freehand lines. The Adobe Illustrator Artwork format is the native Illustrator file format. It is a proprietary file format developed by Adobe Systems for representing single-page vector-based drawings in either

1922-485: The artwork of Robert Tinney . These covers made Byte visually distinctive. However, issues featuring cover stories introducing significant hardware such as the Apple Lisa , Apple Macintosh , IBM PC and Commodore Amiga featured product photographs on the covers. From approximately 1980 to 1985, cartoonist Tom Sloan drew full page multipanel cartoons. They covered various computer/tech related themes. Several of

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1984-520: The business manager of 73 Inc. since December 1974. She incorporated Green Publishing in March 1975 to take over publication. The first issue of the new magazine was the September 1975 edition. Articles in the first issue included Which Microprocessor For You? by Hal Chamberlin , Write Your Own Assembler by Dan Fylstra and Serial Interface by Don Lancaster . Among the more important articles

2046-504: The cloud, and integration with Behance (a creative collaborative network), as well as other features such as a new touch-compatible type tool, images in brushes, CSS extraction, and files packaging. Starting with version 1.0, Adobe chose to license an image of Sandro Botticelli 's " The Birth of Venus " from the Bettmann Archive and use the portion containing Venus' face as Illustrator's branding image. John Warnock desired

2108-461: The early 1990s, Adobe released versions of Illustrator for Display PostScript licensees NeXT , Digital Equipment Corporation Ultrix, Silicon Graphics IRIX, and Sun Solaris platforms, but they were discontinued due to poor market acceptance. The first version of Illustrator for Windows, version 2.0, was released in early 1989 and flopped. The next Windows version, version 4.0, was widely criticized as being too similar to Illustrator 1.1 instead of

2170-446: The early computer magazines by larger publishers. By this time the magazine had taken on a more serious journal-like atmosphere and began to refer to itself as "the small systems journal". It became an influential publication; Byte was selected as the medium used by Xerox PARC to publicize Smalltalk in 1981. Like many generalist magazines, Byte suffered in the 1990s due to declining advertising sales. McGraw-Hill's publishing arm

2232-464: The features of Adobe Illustrator, yet it was a free download. This allowed professionals to sketch and ideate "on the go" and allowed anyone to access world-class vector drawing capabilities. As a result, Facebook and social media posts appeared from all over the world with vector drawings from Adobe Ideas from pros and novices alike. Version CS6 was the 16th generation of Adobe Illustrator. Adobe added many more features and several bug fixes such as

2294-410: The home or business user's perspective, Byte covered developments in the entire field of "small computers and software", and sometimes other computing fields such as supercomputers and high-reliability computing . Coverage was in-depth with much technical detail, rather than user-oriented. The company was purchased by McGraw-Hill in 1979, a watershed event that led to the rapid purchase of many of

2356-543: The introduction of a few brand-new tools acquired from FreeHand. The ability to create multiple artboards is one of CS4's main additions from Freehand. The artboards allow you to create multiple versions of a piece of work within a single document. Other tools include the Blob Brush, which allows multiple overlapping vector brush strokes to easily merge or join, and a revamped gradient tool allowing for more in-depth color manipulation as well as transparency in gradients. CS5

2418-431: The magazine changed editorial policies. It gradually de-emphasized the do-it-yourself electronics and software articles, and began running product reviews. It continued its wide-ranging coverage of hardware and software, but now it reported "what it does" and "how it works", not "how to do it". The editorial focus remained on home and personal computers . By the early 1980s, Byte had become an "elite" magazine, seen as

2480-521: The manual tasks utilized by his wife, Marva, a graphic designer. It used lines and bézier curves to render infinitely scalable graphics. Illustrator was released in early 1987, and became a commercialization of Adobe's in-house font development software and PostScript file format. Adobe Illustrator is the companion product of Adobe Photoshop . Photoshop is primarily geared toward digital photo manipulation and photorealistic styles of computer illustration , while Illustrator provides results in

2542-507: The methods applied to produce the artwork. This paper is considered a "theory" examination. Ref Adobe Illustrator Adobe Illustrator is a vector graphics editor and design software developed and marketed by Adobe . Originally designed for the Apple Macintosh , development of Adobe Illustrator began in 1985 . Along with Creative Cloud (Adobe's shift to a monthly or annual subscription service delivered over

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2604-487: The new magazine. This resulted in about 20% of the contacts subscribing, a massive conversion rate. Just prior to planning Byte , Green had a run-in with the Internal Revenue Service . When he told his lawyer that he planned on starting a new magazine, he was advised to put it in someone else's name. He had recently gotten back together with his ex-wife, Virginia Londner Green , who had been listed as

2666-518: The offices of 73 and Wayne Green was listed as the publisher. One day in November 1975 Green came back to the office and found that the Byte magazine staff had moved out and taken the January issue with them. For the February 1976 issue, the company changed its name to Byte Publications. Carl Helmers was a co-owner of Byte Publications. The February issue has a short story about the move; "After

2728-675: The original cartoons are now in the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California. Around 1985, Byte started an online service called BIX ( Byte Information eXchange) which was a text-only BBS-style site running on the CoSy conferencing software, also used by McGraw-Hill internally. Access was via local dial-in or, for additional hourly charges, the Tymnet X.25 network. Monthly rates were $ 13/month for

2790-434: The requirements of the other: IT may wish to hold off on allowing devices and software onto the network when they haven't been properly tested and can't be properly supported. But the use of these devices in the enterprise has the air of inevitability for a good reason. They make users more productive and users are demanding them. The Byte.com launch editor-in-chief was tech journalist Gina Smith . On September 26, 2011, Smith

2852-450: The same year as the CS2 release, Adobe Systems announced an agreement to acquire Macromedia in a stock swap valued at about $ 3.4 billion and it integrated the companies' operations, networks, and customer-care organizations shortly thereafter. Adobe now owned Freehand along with the entire Macromedia product line and in 2007, Adobe announced that it would discontinue development and updates to

2914-516: The time, Byte' s paid circulation was 156,000 readers, making it second only to Business Week in the McGraw-Hill's technology magazine portfolio. She remained publisher until 1983 and became a vice president of McGraw-Hill Publications Company. From August 1979, the magazine switched to computerized typesetting, using a Compugraphic system. Shortly after the IBM PC was introduced, in 1981,

2976-767: The user interface with regard to path editing (and also to converge on the same user interface as Adobe Photoshop ), and many users opted not to upgrade. Illustrator also began to support TrueType , effectively ending the "font wars" between PostScript Type 1 and TrueType. Like Photoshop, Illustrator also began supporting plug-ins, greatly and quickly extending its abilities. With true user interface parity between Macintosh and Windows versions starting with 7.0, designers could finally standardize on Illustrator. Corel did port CorelDRAW FreeHand still not available in Illustrator (higher scaling percentages, advanced find-and-replace feature, selective round-corner editing, export/print selected objects only, etc.). Famously, Aldus made

3038-415: Was a microcomputer magazine , influential in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s because of its wide-ranging editorial coverage. Byte started in 1975, shortly after the first personal computers appeared as kits advertised in the back of electronics magazines. Byte was published monthly, with an initial yearly subscription price of $ 10. Whereas many magazines were dedicated to specific systems or

3100-691: Was a free-form vector drawing app for Android and iOS users. Along with Illustrator, it is currently marketed by Adobe through Creative Cloud . Drawings made with the Illustrator Draw app can be exported to the desktop programs of Adobe Illustrator. As of 2022, Illustrator Draw is retired and replaced by Adobe Fresco . Final version to include built-in support for complete Pantone color books. Mockup (beta) of art on objects; edit text within images with Retype (beta); Smooth slider unembed multiple images; Links panel adds Delete button Byte (magazine) Byte (stylized as BYTE )

3162-681: Was an early developer of SVG for the web and Illustrator exported SVG files via the SVG File Format plugin. Using the Adobe SVG Viewer (ASV), introduced in 2000, allowed users to view SVG images in most major browsers until it was discontinued in 2009. Native support for SVG was not complete in all major browsers until Internet Explorer 9 in 2011. Illustrator Version 9 included a tracing feature, similar to that within Adobe's discontinued product Streamline . Illustrator version 10

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3224-615: Was announced in both magazines in May. Green's editorial column in the August 1975 issue of 73 started with this item: The response to computer-type articles in 73 has been so enthusiastic that we here in Peterborough got carried away. On May 25th we made a deal with the publisher of a small (400 circulation) computer hobby magazine to take over as editor of a new publication which would start in August ... Byte . The last issue of ECS

3286-712: Was published in Jordan. The readership of Byte and advertising revenue were declining when McGraw-Hill sold the magazine to CMP Media , a successful publisher of specialized computer magazines, in May 1998. The magazine's editors and writers expected its new owner to revitalize Byte , but CMP ceased publication with the July 1998 issue, laid off all the staff and shut down Byte ' s rather large product-testing lab. Publication of Byte in Germany and Japan continued uninterrupted. The Turkish edition resumed publication after

3348-420: Was published on 12 May 1975. In June, subscribers were mailed a notice announcing Byte magazine. Helmers wrote to another hobbyist newsletter, Micro-8 Computer User Group Newsletter , and described his new job as editor of Byte magazine: I got a note in the mail about two weeks ago from Wayne Green, publisher of '73 Magazine' essentially saying hello and why don't you come up and talk a bit. The net result of

3410-525: Was released by Adobe in November 2001. Illustrator CS (also called version 11), released by Adobe for Mac and Windows in October 2003, was the first version to include 3-dimensional capabilities allowing users to extrude or revolve shapes to create simple 3D objects. Illustrator CS2 (version 12), released by Adobe in April 2005, was available for both the Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows operating systems. It

3472-456: Was released in April 2010. Along with a number of enhancements to existing functionality, Illustrator CS5's new features include a Perspective Grid tool taken from FreeHand, a Bristle Brush (for more natural and painterly looking strokes) and a comprehensive update to strokes, referred to by Adobe as "Beautiful Strokes". In 2011 the Adobe Illustrator team developed a vector drawing app for iPad and iPhone , called Adobe Ideas. The app had many of

3534-657: Was replaced (albeit still accessible via easter egg ) in Illustrator CS (11.0) and CS2 (12.0) by a stylized flower to conform to the Creative Suite's nature imagery. In CS3, Adobe changed the suite branding once again, to simple colored blocks with two-letter abbreviations, resembling a periodic table of elements . Illustrator was represented by the letters Ai in white against an orange background (oranges and yellows were prominent color schemes in Illustrator branding going back as far as version 4.0). The CS4 icon

3596-467: Was sold to CMP Media in May 1998, and the new owners immediately laid off almost everyone in the magazine arm, ending publication with the already-complete July edition. The associated website continued to draw 600,000 page views a month, prompting the owners to re-open the magazine in a pure online format in 1999. It continued as an online publication until 2009, when it shut down, only to be revived in 2011 and then shut down for good in 2013. Wayne Green

3658-541: Was the editor and publisher of amateur radio magazine 73 . In late 1974 and throughout 1975, 73 published a number of articles on the use of computers, which resulted in a significant response from the readers. The Altair 8800 was announced in January 1975, sparking off intense interest among those working technical fields, including the amateur radio market. Green knew of the Altair because MITS had previously been an advertiser in 73 . This led Green to begin plans for

3720-493: Was the introduction of the Kansas City standard for storing data on cassette tape , which was used by most machines of the era. It included advertisements from Godbout , MITS , Processor Technology , SCELBI , and Sphere , among others. Until the December 1988 issue, a continuing feature was Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar , a column in which electronic engineer Steve Ciarcia described small projects to modify or attach to

3782-497: Was the last version for the Mac which did not run natively on Intel processors. Among the new features included in Illustrator CS2 were Live Trace, Live Paint, a control palette and custom workspace. Live Trace allows for the conversion of bitmap imagery into vector art and improved upon the previous tracing abilities. Live Paint allows users more flexibility in applying color to objects, specifically those that overlap. In

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3844-471: Was the third highest of all computer magazines. Byte earned $ 9 million from revenue of $ 36.6 million in 1983, twice the average profit margin for the magazine industry. It remained successful while many other magazines failed in 1984 during economic weakness in the computer industry. The October 1984 issue had about 300 pages of ads sold at an average of $ 6,000 per page. Starting with the December 1975 issue through September 1990, Byte covers often featured

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