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83-499: PGF may refer to: Paternal grandfather Paterson GlobalFoods , Canadian agrifood company Patterson–Gimlin film , purporting to show Bigfoot IATA code of Perpignan–Rivesaltes Airport , France Placental growth factor , a human gene Vector graphics language in the PGF/TikZ pair Precision guided firearm Probability-generating function Progressive Graphics File ,

166-696: A "great-great-grandfather" would be the "second great-grandfather", and a "great-great-great-grandfather" would be a third great-grandfather, and so on. This system is used by some genealogical websites such as Geni . One may also use cardinal numbers for numbering greats, for example, great-great-great-grandmother becomes 3×-great-grandmother. Individuals who share the same great-grandparents but are not siblings or first cousins are "second cousins" to each other, as second cousins have grandparents who are siblings. Similarly, "third cousins" would have great-grandparents who are siblings, and "fourth cousins" would have great-great-grandparents who are siblings. The use of

249-528: A Hispanic not a Roman") as having been said by a native of Hispania. In Portugal, Hispanic refers to something historical related to ancient Hispania (especially the terms Hispano-Roman and Hispania) or the Spanish language and cultures shared by all the Spanish-speaking countries. Although sharing the etymology for the word (pt: hispânico , es: hispánico ), the definition for Hispanic

332-668: A common pair is pake and beppe. Northern Chinese people often use laolao and laoye , while Mandarin -speaking Southerners often use wài pó (外婆, mother's mother) and wài gōng (外公, mother's father), to refer to maternal grandparents; paternal grandparents usually are called nǎi nai (奶奶, father's mother) and yé yé (爷爷, father's father). In the Philippines , grandparents are called lolo (grandfather) and lola (grandmother). Languages and cultures with more specific kinship terminology than English may distinguish between paternal grandparents and maternal grandparents. For example, in

415-494: A day for this purpose with festivals and religious services. Some Spanish-speakers in Latin America syncretize Roman Catholicism and African or Native American rituals and beliefs. Such is the case of Santería , popular with Afro-Cubans , which combines old African beliefs in the form of Roman Catholic saints and rituals. Other syncretistic beliefs include Spiritism and Curanderismo . In Catholic tradition, Our Lady of

498-470: A direct and clear role in relation to the raising, care and nurture of children . Grandparents are second-degree relatives to their grandchildren and share 25% genetic overlap. A step-grandparent can be the step-parent of the parent or the step-parent's parent or the step-parent's step-parent (though technically this might be called a step-step-grandparent). The various words for grandparents at times may also be used to refer to any elderly person, especially

581-441: A file format Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title PGF . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PGF&oldid=1211681408 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

664-461: A general overhaul of family laws in France. Thus, the lineage-based vision of grandparents in the 18th century was succeeded by the "indulgent grandparent" vision in the centuries that followed. This is reflected in the institutionalization of visits and vacations with grandparents, the use of tu (informal "you") by grandchildren to address grandparents, which developed gradually in the 19th century,

747-474: A geographic basis, from the toponym Hispania as the people of Hispania spoke different languages, although Titus Livius ( Livy ) said they could all understand each other, not making clear if they spoke dialects of the same language or were polyglots. The first recorded use of an anthroponym derived from the toponym Hispania is attested in one of the five fragments, of Ennius in 236 BC who wrote "Hispane, non Romane memoretis loqui me" ("Remember that I speak like

830-451: A grandparent, or the grandparents of a parent, are called the same names as grandparents (grandfather/-mother, grandpa/-ma, granddad/-ma, etc.) with the prefix great- added, with an additional great- added for each additional generation. One's great-grandparent's parents would be "great-great-grandparents". To avoid a proliferation of "greats" when discussing genealogical trees, one may also use ordinals instead of multiple "greats"; thus

913-704: A negative impact on grandparents' physical and emotional health. For example, taking care of grandchildren can reduce grandparents' own time for self-care such as missing their medical appointments. Therefore, they are likely to have a higher chance to suffer from physical health issues. In the US, compared with those who do not take care of their grandchildren, grandparents who are involved in childcare are more likely to have poor physical conditions, such as heart disease, hypertension or body pain. Besides physical health issues, grandparents are also likely to have emotional issues. To be more specific, raising young children again could be

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996-550: A person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race and states that Hispanics or Latinos can be of any race and any ancestry. Because of the technical distinctions involved in defining "race" vs. "ethnicity", there is confusion among the general population about the designation of Hispanic identity. Currently, the United States Census Bureau defines six race categories: A 1997 notice by

1079-464: A positive or negative impact on child development. On the one hand, previous research suggests that children and adolescents who have a close relationship with their grandparents tend to have better well-being, experience fewer emotional problems, and demonstrate fewer problematic behaviours. They are also more academically engaged and are more likely to help others. On the other hand, there are also research studies indicating that grandparent involvement

1162-765: A single nomenclature is "Iberian", and the one to refer to cultures derived from both countries in the Americas is "Iberian-American". These designations can be mutually recognized by people in Portugal and Brazil . "Hispanic" is totally void of any self-identification in Brazil, and quite to the contrary, serves the purpose of marking a clear distinction in relation to neighboring countries' culture. Brazilians may identify as Latin Americans, but refute being considered Hispanics because their language and culture are neither part of

1245-629: A stressful and overwhelming experience and thus results in different kinds of negative emotions such as anxiety or depression. In addition to physical and emotional issues, grandparents who are involved in caring for their grandchildren can also suffer socially. For instance, grandparents will be forced to limit their social activities so as to care for their grandchildren. By doing so, grandparents become more isolated from their social relations. Taking care of grandchildren also means more responsibilities, grandparents would fear for their grandchildren's future well-being because of their disability and death in

1328-683: A strong preference to live together and keep frequent contact with family members because most of them are immigrants or first-generation born in the US, they are more likely to live and function as a unit. Grandparents in Latino culture also play important roles in stabilizing the family unit as family leaders. Although Caucasian grandparents are less likely to raise their grandchildren, they have more cognitive or physical burdens of taking care of grandchildren compared with other ethnic groups, mainly because their caregiver roles are less normative, and they rely more on remote or companionate parenting styles. On

1411-790: A third live in a household consisting of two parents and a grandparent. Likewise, more than 40% of grandparents across 11 European countries care for their grandchildren in the absence of the parents. In Britain, around 63% of grandparents care for their grandchildren who are under 16 years old. Grandparent involvement is also common in Eastern societies. For instance, 48% of grandparents in Hong Kong reported that they are taking care of their grandchildren. In China, around 58% of Chinese grandparents who are aged 45 or older are involved in childcare. In Singapore, 40% of children from birth to three years old are cared by their grandparents and this percentage

1494-667: A two-to-one margin—33% versus 14%." 21% prefer to be referred to simply as "Americans". A majority (51%) say they most often identify themselves by their family's country of origin, while 24% say they prefer a pan-ethnic label such as Hispanic or Latino. The Miguel de Cervantes Prize is awarded to Hispanic writers, whereas the Latin Grammy Award recognizes Hispanic musicians, and the Platino Awards as given to outstanding Hispanic films. Folk and popular dance and music also varies greatly among Hispanics. For instance,

1577-1112: Is also a very popular music style in Spain, especially in Andalusia . Spanish ballads "romances" can be traced in Argentina as "milongas", same structure but different scenarios. On the other side of the ocean, Hispanic America is also home to a wide variety of music, even though Latin music is often erroneously thought of, as a single genre. Hispanic Caribbean music tends to favor complex polyrhythms of African origin. Mexican music shows combined influences of mostly European and Native American origin, while traditional Northern Mexican music— norteño and banda — polka , has influence from polka music brought by Central European settlers to Mexico which later influenced western music. The music of Hispanic Americans—such as tejano music —has influences in rock , jazz , R&B , pop , and country music as well as traditional Mexican music such as Mariachi . Meanwhile, native Andean sounds and melodies are

1660-525: Is associated with more hyperactivity and peer difficulties among young children. In other words, children who are cared for by their grandparents can have more interpersonal relationship problems. Also, children who are under the care of their grandparents have poorer health outcomes such as obesity, and more injuries due to low safety awareness. Since taking care of grandchildren could be a highly demanding job that requires constant energy and time devotion, grandparental involvement in child raising could have

1743-554: Is committed to Hispanic educational success in the United States, and the Hispanic and Lusitanic world. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission encourages any individual who believes that he or she is Hispanic to self-identify as Hispanic. The United States Department of Labor – Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs encourages the same self-identification. As a result, individuals with origins to part of

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1826-399: Is different between Portugal and Spain. The Royal Spanish Academy (Spanish: Real Academia Española, RAE), the official royal institution responsible for regulating the Spanish language defines the terms " hispano " and " hispánico " (which in Spain have slightly different meanings) as: Hispano : Hispánico The modern term to identify Portuguese and Spanish territories under

1909-450: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Paternal grandfather In cases where parents are unwilling or unable to provide adequate care for their children (e.g., financial obstacles, marriage problems, illness or death ), grandparents often take on the role of primary caregivers . Even when this is not the case, and particularly in traditional cultures , grandparents often have

1992-556: Is host to the third-largest Jewish population in the Western Hemisphere, after the United States and Canada) in the 19th century and following World War II. Many Spanish-speaking Jews also originate from the small communities of reconverted descendants of anusim —those whose Spanish Sephardi Jewish ancestors long ago hid their Jewish ancestry and beliefs in fear of persecution by the Spanish Inquisition in

2075-1107: Is limited, and welfare payment is low, grandparents provide more intensive childcare. In Singapore, the grandparent caregiver tax relief was established in 2004, which enables working parents (Singapore citizens with children age 12 and below) whose children are being cared for by unemployed grandparents to receive income tax relief of 3,000 Singaporean dollars. There are different types of grandparental involvement, including nonresident grandparents, co-resident grandparents, grandparent-maintained household, and custodial grandparents. Grandparents have different functions in child development. Not only do they provide instrumental support such as picking grandchildren up from school or feeding them, but they also offer emotional support. Furthermore, grandparents protect children from being impacted by negative circumstances, such as harsh parenting, poor economic status, and single-parent families. In addition to providing support, grandparents can also help grandchildren with their schoolwork or teach them values that are integral to their society. Grandparents can have

2158-602: Is not a necessary responsibility of grandparents. Grandparents taking care of their grandchildren is often caused by involuntary events or crisis, and it is more like a solution to a problem, not an initiative desire, which is a distinct difference from that in China. For example, grandparents in the USA often take care of their grandchildren when their adult children get into troubles such as substance abuse, incarceration or parental death. Differences also exist in different ethnicities in

2241-426: Is not a predominant language in these regions and, as a result, their inhabitants are not usually considered Hispanic. Hispanic culture is a set of customs, traditions, beliefs, and art forms in music, literature, dress, architecture, cuisine, and other cultural fields that are generally shared by peoples in Hispanic regions, but which can vary considerably from one country or territory to another. The Spanish language

2324-1154: Is rare. In writing, Grandfather and Grandmother are most common, but very rare as a form of address. In speech, Grandpa and Grandma are commonly used in the United States, Canada, and Australia. In Britain, Ireland, United States, Australia, New Zealand and, particularly prevalent in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador and English-speaking Quebecers , Nan , Nana , Nanna , Nanny , Gran and Granny and other variations are often used for grandmother in both writing and speech. In Bangladesh , Pakistan , and many parts of India , maternal grandparents are called Nana and Nani . Similarly, paternal grandparents are called Dada and Dadi . One's parents' maternal grandparents are called Par-nani and Par-nana . On similar lines, parents' paternal grandparents are called Par-dadi and Par-dada. Numerous other variants exist, such as Granny , for grandmother. Gogo may be used for either. Given that people may have two living sets of grandparents, some confusion arises from calling two people "grandma" or "grandpa", so often two of

2407-598: Is someone who is a native of Hispania with no foreign parents, while children born in Hispania of Roman parents were Hispanienses . Hispaniensis means 'connected in some way to Hispania', as in "Exercitus Hispaniensis" ('the Spanish army') or "mercatores Hispanienses" ('Spanish merchants'). Hispanicus implies 'of' or 'belonging to' Hispania or the Hispanus or of their fashion as in "gladius Hispanicus". The gentile adjectives were not ethnolinguistic but derived primarily on

2490-404: Is sometimes used. The Hispano-Romans were composed of people from many different Indigenous tribes , in addition to colonists from Italia . Some famous Hispani (plural of Hispanus ) and Hispaniensis were the emperors Trajan , Marcus Aurelius , Hadrian , Theodosius I and Magnus Maximus , the poets Marcus Annaeus Lucanus , Martial and Prudentius , the philosophers Seneca

2573-526: Is still increasing. In South Korea, 53% of children under the age of 6 years old are cared by their grandparents. Therefore, grandparents taking care of their grandchildren has become a prevalent phenomenon around the world. There are a few reasons why grandparent involvement is becoming more prevalent. First, life expectancy has increased while fertility rates have decreased. This means that more children are growing up while their grandparents are still alive and able to become involved in childcare. In addition,

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2656-571: Is the historical ecclesiastical title of Primate of the Spains , traditionally claimed by the Archbishop of Braga , a Portuguese prelate. With the Decretos de Nueva Planta , Philip V started to organize the fusion of his kingdoms that until then were ruled as distinct and independent, but this unification process lacked a formal and juridic proclamation. Although colloquially and literally

2739-592: Is the main cultural element shared by Hispanic peoples. The term Hispanic derives from the Latin word Hispanicus , the adjectival derivation of Hispania , which means of the Iberian Peninsula and possibly Celtiberian origin. In English the word is attested from the 16th century (and in the late 19th century in American English). The words Spain , Spanish , and Spaniard are of

2822-652: Is the most popular sport. The men's national teams of Argentina, Uruguay and Spain have won the FIFA World Cup a total six times. The Spanish La Liga is one of the most popular in the world, known for FC Barcelona and Real Madrid . Meanwhile, the Argentine Primera División is one of the strongest leagues in the Americas. However, baseball is the most popular sport in some Central American and Caribbean countries (especially Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela), as well as in

2905-809: The Crown of Castile , and the Kingdom of Navarre —were collectively called The Spains. This revival of the old Roman concept in the Middle Ages appears to have originated in Provençal , and was first documented at the end of the 11th century. In the Council of Constance , the four kingdoms shared one vote. The terms Spain and the Spains were not interchangeable. Spain was a geographic territory , home to several kingdoms (Christian and Muslim), with separate governments, laws, languages, religions, and customs, and

2988-553: The Iberian Peninsula and Ibero-America. The Spanish Inquisition led to many forced conversions of Spanish Jews. Genetic studies on the (male) Y-chromosome conducted by the University of Leeds in 2008 appear to support the idea that the number of forced conversions have been previously underestimated significantly. They found that twenty percent of Spanish males have Y-chromosomes associated with Sephardic Jewish ancestry. This may imply that there were more forced conversions than

3071-476: The Spanish Empire may self-identify as Hispanic, because an employer may not override an individual's self-identification. The 1970 census was the first time that a "Hispanic" identifier was used and data collected with the question. The definition of "Hispanic" has been modified in each successive census. In a recent study, most Spanish speakers of Spanish or Hispanic American descent do not prefer

3154-542: The Swedish language there is no single word for "grandmother"; the mother's mother is termed mormor and the father's mother is termed farmor . However, the other Scandinavian languages , Danish and Norwegian , use words which specify the kinship like in Swedish (identically spelled among all three languages), as well as using common terms similar to grandmother (Danish: bedstemor, Norwegian: bestemor). The parents of

3237-456: The disputed territory of Western Sahara ), which were formerly part of the Spanish Empire due to colonization mainly between the 16th and 20th centuries. The cultures of Hispanophone countries outside Spain have been influenced as well by the local pre-Hispanic cultures or other foreign influences. There was also Spanish influence in the former Spanish East Indies , including the Philippines , Marianas , and other nations. However, Spanish

3320-588: The Elder and Seneca the Younger , and the usurper Maximus of Hispania . A number of these men, such as Trajan, Hadrian and others, were in fact descended from Roman colonial families. Here follows a comparison of several terms related to Hispanic : Hispania was divided into two provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior . In 27 BC, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, Hispania Baetica and Hispania Lusitania , while Hispania Citerior

3403-542: The Hispanic cultural sphere, nor Spanish-speaking world. In Spanish, the term " hispano ", as in " hispanoamericano ", refers to the people of Spanish origin who live in the Americas and to a relationship to Spain or to the Spanish language. There are people in Hispanic America that are not of Spanish origin, such as Amerindians- the original people of these areas, as well as Africans and people with origins from other parts of Europe. Like in Portugal, in

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3486-805: The Pillar is considered the Patroness of the Hispanic people and the Hispanic world . While a tiny minority, there are some Muslims in Latin America, in the United States, and in the Philippines. Those in the Philippines live predominantly in Bangsamoro . There are also Spanish-speaking Jews , most of whom are the descendants of Ashkenazi Jews who migrated from Europe (German Jews, Russian Jews, Polish Jews, etc.) to Hispanic America, particularly Argentina , Uruguay , Peru , and Cuba (Argentina

3569-538: The Portuguese took the Catholic faith to their colonies in the Americas, Africa, and Asia; Catholicism remains the predominant religion amongst most Hispanics. A small but growing number of Hispanics belong to a Protestant denomination. Hispanic Christians form the largest ethno-linguistic group among Christians in the world, about 18% of the world's Christian population are Hispanic (around 430 million). In

3652-456: The U.S. Office of Management and Budget defined Hispanic or Latino persons as being "persons who trace their origin or descent to Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Central and South America, and other Spanish cultures." The United States Census uses the ethnonyms Hispanic or Latino to refer to "a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Hispanic culture or origin regardless of race." The 2010 census asked if

3735-738: The US. Caucasian individuals generally regard individual independence as more important, so grandparents are less likely to take care of their grandchildren. However, African American and Latino individuals are more likely to regard looking after grandchildren as a family tradition and are more willing to provide help for their adult children. Ethnic differences in grandparents looking after their grandchildren reflect different cultural values that different ethnic groups hold. To be more specific, African American grandparents are more likely to provide guidance and discipline to their grandchildren due to their flexible family system in which relatives, nonblood kin are all willing to help each other. Latino families have

3818-733: The United States, some 65% of Hispanics and Latinos report themselves Catholic and 21% Protestant, with 13% having no affiliation. A minority among the Catholics, about one in five, are charismatics . Among the Protestant, 85% are " Born-again Christians " and belong to Evangelical or Pentecostal churches. Among the smallest groups, less than 4%, are Jewish. Among the Spanish-speaking Catholics, most communities celebrate their homeland's patron saint , dedicating

3901-513: The United States. People who identify their origin as Hispanic, Latino or Spanish may be of any race." The U.S. Department of Transportation defines Hispanic as, "persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race." This definition has been adopted by the Small Business Administration as well as by many federal, state, and municipal agencies for

3984-511: The advent of affectionate names (papi and mami, pépé and mémé, papet and mamé in the south of France) given to the baby boomer generation from the 1970s, or the increase in grandparental care, which marks a greater emotional closeness and the de-hierarchization of relationships. In Switzerland, the relationship between grandchildren and grandparents is protected by Article 274a of the Swiss Civil Code : "In exceptional circumstances,

4067-579: The backbone of Peruvian and Bolivian music, but also play a significant role in the popular music of most South American countries and are heavily incorporated into the folk music of Ecuador and the tunes of Colombia, and in Chile where they play a fundamental role in the form of the greatly followed nueva canción . In U.S. communities of immigrants from these countries it is common to hear these styles. Rock en español , Latin hip-hop , Salsa , Merengue , Bachata , Cumbia and Reggaeton styles tend to appeal to

4150-479: The broader Hispanic population, and varieties of Cuban music are popular with many Hispanics of all backgrounds. Spanish-language literature and folklore is very rich and is influenced by a variety of countries. There are thousands of writers from many places, and dating from the Middle Ages to the present. Some of the most recognized writers are: In the majority of the Hispanic countries, association football

4233-692: The caregiving experience as positive because it provides another chance for them to make up mistakes they made with their own children and give them more opportunities to educate their grandchildren and improve their parenting styles. Grandparental involvement differs between Western and Eastern cultures. Grandparents taking care of their grandchildren is a common phenomenon in China due to Chinese traditions which emphasize family harmony, collective well-being, intergenerational exchanges and filial responsibilities. China's unique philosophies, Buddhism and Taoism , play important roles in forming these cultural values. While Chinese Buddhism emphasizes prioritized role of

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4316-476: The child care services are either too expensive (in big cities) or too scarce (in remote areas). Grandparents serving as their grandchildren's caregiver is particularly common in rural China. Due to the fast development of urbanization in China since the 1980s, up to 220 million migrant workers from rural areas move to urban areas to seek for more job opportunities, which leave around 58 million children behind in rural areas, grandparents, therefore, undertake

4399-427: The cities of the 19th century, there was generally no cohabitation (with the exception of noble families and their lineage logic, a model that declined after 1850), but bourgeois families often housed all the family branches in the same building (they met with their grandparents at the family home during cousinades) while in the working class, grandparents lived in the same neighborhood, family solidarity remaining strong:

4482-520: The cognitive aging process, allowing grandparents a chance to live a more vibrant and active life. Grandparents also get benefits of physically exercising more during this process. Taking care of grandchildren can also have benefits on grandparents' emotional health. As an example, many grandparents start to feel a sense of purpose and meaning in life again after their retirement; as another example, their ties with their adult children and grandchildren are also strengthened. Many grandparents also think of

4565-567: The contrary, African American and Latino grandparents rely more on disciplinary and instructional parenting styles and they are less likely to have cognitive or physical burdens when taking care of their grandchildren. The representation of grandparents as grandparents is recent in France: Diderot invented the verbs grandpériser and grandmériser in the 18th century. Victor Hugo published L'Art d'être grand-père in 1877. According to French parish registers and civil status records, at

4648-1477: The diaspora in the United States. Notable Hispanic teams in early baseball are the All Cubans , Cuban Stars and New York Cubans . The Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum recognizes Hispanic baseball personalities. Nearly 30 percent (22 percent foreign-born Hispanics) of MLB players today have Hispanic heritage. Several Hispanic sportspeople have been successful worldwide, such as Diego Maradona , Alfredo di Stefano , Lionel Messi , Diego Forlán , Fernando Torres , Xavi , Andrés Iniesta , Iker Casillas , Xabi Alonso (association football), Juan Manuel Fangio , Juan Pablo Montoya , Eliseo Salazar , Fernando Alonso , Marc Gené , Carlos Sainz Sr. and Carlos Sainz Jr. (auto racing), Ángel Nieto , Dani Pedrosa , Jorge Lorenzo , Marc Márquez , Marc Coma , Nani Roma (motorcycle racing), Emanuel Ginóbili , Pau Gasol , Marc Gasol (basketball), Julio César Chávez , Saúl Álvarez , Carlos Monzón (boxing), Miguel Indurain , Alberto Contador , Santiago Botero , Rigoberto Urán , Nairo Quintana (cycling), Roberto de Vicenzo , Ángel Cabrera , Sergio García , Severiano Ballesteros , José María Olazábal (golf), Luciana Aymar (field hockey), Rafael Nadal , Marcelo Ríos , Guillermo Vilas , Gabriela Sabatini , Juan Martín del Potro (tennis). Notable Hispanic sports television networks are ESPN Deportes , Fox Deportes and TyC Sports . The Spanish and

4731-445: The end of the 18th century, a little more than half of the grandparents were alive at the birth of their grandchild, a third when the child was 10 years old, and still 10% at 20 years old. In rural France at the end of the 18th century, the majority of family systems were of the nuclear family type (grandparents did not cohabit in the family home, they were only welcomed there at the end of their lives). However, in regions such as Alsace,

4814-414: The expression "King of Spain" or "King of the Spains" was already widespread, it did not refer to a unified nation-state. It was only in the constitution of 1812 that was adopted the name Españas (Spains) for the Spanish nation and the use of the title of "king of the Spains". The constitution of 1876 adopts for the first time the name "Spain" for the Spanish nation and from then on the kings would use

4897-497: The family in Chinese society and harmonious relations among family members, Taoism emphasizes the importance of harmony in interpersonal relations and relations between nature and the humans. These philosophies underline the important role that families play in Chinese cultures. Besides cultural factors, grandparents taking care of their grandchildren also appears in the context in which their adult children need to work full-time, and

4980-757: The future. If grandparents cannot handle the caregiver role of their grandchildren well, this job can eventually become a burden or stressor and bring more severe physical health and emotional issues to grandparents. However, there are also positive effects of being involved in grandchildren raising. Compared with grandparents who do not provide caregiving to their grandchildren, those who take care of their grandchildren with long hours are more likely to have better cognitive functions. To be more specific, taking care of grandchildren helps elder grandparents maintain their mental capacities in later life, they are also less likely to develop diseases such as dementia. Moreover, frequent interactions with their grandchildren could reduce

5063-508: The increasing number of single-parent families creates a need for grandparental support. The degree of grandparent involvement also varies depending on the societal context, such as the social welfare policies. For example, in European countries such as Sweden and Denmark, where formal childcare is widely available, grandparents provide less intensive childcare. By contrast, in European countries such as Spain and Italy, where formal childcare

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5146-433: The mother working outside the home, the children were often cared for by the grandparents. The Civil code recognizes few rights for grandparents with regard to parental authority in France, but case law from the 1850s has influenced family legislation: a Court of Cassation ruling on July 8, 1857 recognized the right of grandparents to visit, but this right was only enshrined following the law of January 4, 1970 as part of

5229-612: The music from Spain is a lot different from the Hispanic American , although there is a high grade of exchange between both continents. In addition, due to the high national development of the diverse nationalities and regions of Spain , there is a lot of music in the different languages of the Peninsula ( Catalan , Galician and Basque , mainly). See, for instance, Music of Catalonia or Rock català , Music of Galicia, Cantabria and Asturias , and Basque music . Flamenco

5312-681: The other terms listed above are used for one set of grandparents. Another common solution is to call grandparents by their first names ("Grandpa George", "Grandma Anne", etc.) or by their family names ("Grandpa Jones", "Grandma Smith"). In North America, many families call one set of grandparents by their ethnic names (e.g., Hispanic grandparents might be called abuelo and abuela or "abuelito" and "abuelita", French grandparents might be called papi and mamie , Italian grandparents might be called nonno and nonna , or Dutch and German grandparents might be called Opa and Oma . In Flanders pepee or petje and memee or metje are most used). In Friesland ,

5395-597: The people and culture of Spain as well as Latin America. While originally the term Hispanic referred primarily to the Hispanos of New Mexico within the United States , today, organizations in the country use the term as a broad catchall to refer to persons with a historical and cultural relationship with Spain regardless of race and ethnicity. The United States Census Bureau uses Hispanic or Latino to refer to

5478-427: The person was "Spanish/Hispanic/Latino". The United States census uses the Hispanic or Latino to refer to "a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race." The Census Bureau also explains that "[o]rigin can be viewed as the heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the person's ancestors before their arrival in

5561-466: The prefix "grand-" dates from the early 13th century, from the Anglo-French graund . The term was used as a translation of Latin magnus . The prefix "great-" represents a direct translation of Anglo-French graund and Latin magnus to English. In Old English , the prefixes ealde- (old) and ieldra- (elder) were used ( ealdefæder / -mōdor and ieldrafæder / -mōdor ). A great-grandfather

5644-406: The public. Even though in urban areas where child care services are available, nearly all grandparents still prefer to take care of their grandchildren voluntarily. Not only because this can reduce their adult children's financial burdens on child care services but also taking care of their own grandchildren is a more effective way to maintain family harmony. In the US, taking care of grandchildren

5727-573: The purposes of awarding government contracts to minority owned businesses. The Congressional Hispanic Caucus and the Congressional Hispanic Conference include representatives of Spanish and Portuguese, Puerto Rican and Mexican descent. The Hispanic Society of America is dedicated to the study of the arts and cultures of the Hispanic and Lusitanic world . The Hispanic Association of Colleges and Universities , proclaimed champions of Hispanic success in higher education,

5810-500: The reduced fertility rates mean that grandparents can devote more attention and resources to their only grandchildren. Second, more mothers are involved in the workforce, and thus, other caregivers need to be present to care for the child. For instance, in Hong Kong, 55% of grandparents reported that they took care of their grandchild because his or her parents have to work. In South Korea, 53% of working mother reported that they once received child care services from their parents. Third,

5893-740: The rest of Europe (and wider world) the concept of 'Hispanic' refers to historical ancient Hispania (especially the term Hispano-Roman and Hispania during the Roman Empire) or the Spanish language and cultures shared by all the Spanish-speaking countries. Both Hispanic and Latino are widely used in American English for Spanish-speaking people and their descendants in the United States. While Hispanic refers to Spanish speakers overall, Latino refers specifically to people of Latin American descent. Hispanic can also be used for

5976-472: The right to maintain personal relations may also be granted to other persons, in particular, to members of the family, provided that this is in the best interests of the child." Grandparents wishing to benefit from a right of custody must demonstrate in court that these exceptional circumstances are effective. As a simple third party, grandparents do not have a legal right to visit in Switzerland. A motion

6059-428: The role of parents and become caregivers to their grandchildren. A new population named "left-behind grandparents" appears in this context, these grandparents live in rural China, and their main job is to look after their grandchildren, most of these grandparents are facing financial burdens and wish their adult children could come back. The mental and physical health of "left-behind grandparents" needs more attention from

6142-553: The same etymology as Hispanus , ultimately. Hispanus was the Latin name given to a person from Hispania during Roman rule . The ancient Roman Hispania , which roughly comprised what is currently called the Iberian Peninsula , included the contemporary states of Spain , Portugal , parts of France , Andorra , and the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar . In English, the term Hispano-Roman

6225-459: The term Hispanic or Latino when it comes to describing their identity. Instead, they prefer to be identified by their country of origin. When asked if they have a preference for either being identified as Hispanic or Latino , the Pew study finds that "half (51%) say they have no preference for either term." Among those who do express a preference, "'Hispanic' is preferred over 'Latino' by more than

6308-558: The terms gramps , granny , grandfather , granddad , grandmother , nan , maw-maw , paw-paw (and others which families make up themselves). When used as a noun (e.g., "... a grandparent walked by"), grandfather and grandmother are usually used, although forms such as grandma/grandpa, granny/granddaddy or even nan/pop are sometimes used. When preceded by "my ..." (e.g., "... my grandpa walked by"), all forms are common (anywhere from "... my grandfather ..." to "... my Gramps ..."). All forms can be used in plural, but Gramps ( plural Gramps)

6391-644: The title of "king of Spain". The expansion of the Spanish Empire between 1492 and 1898 brought thousands of Spanish migrants to the conquered lands, who established settlements, mainly in the Americas, but also in other distant parts of the world (as in the Philippines, the lone Spanish territory in Asia), producing a number of multiracial populations. Today, the varied populations of these places, including those with Spanish ancestry, are also designated as Hispanic. The Latin gentile adjectives that belong to Hispania are Hispanus, Hispanicus, and Hispaniensis. A Hispanus

6474-494: The west of Brittany , Occitania , or the Savoy region, the systems were more complex, with the stem family in particular: the home housed a succession of family nuclei, the patriarch having authority over this home, which could lead to conflict. These cohabitations were therefore managed from the time of marriage by notarial acts that provided for "clauses of insupport" to share the domestic space and tasks in case of conflict. In

6557-411: Was called a þridda fæder (third father), a great-great-grandfather a fēowerða fæder (fourth father), etc. Grandparents are changing their roles in contemporary world, especially as they are becoming increasingly involved in childcare. According to a 2012 study based on 2010 census and survey data, around 10% of children in the U.S. live in a household including a grandparent. Of these, approximately

6640-527: Was previously thought. There are also thought to be many Catholic-professing descendants of marranos and Spanish-speaking crypto-Jews in the Southwestern United States and scattered through Hispanic America. Additionally, there are Sephardic Jews who are descendants of those Jews who fled Spain to Turkey, Syria , and North Africa, some of whom have now migrated to Hispanic America, holding on to some Spanish/Sephardic customs, such as

6723-702: Was rejected in September 2012. Hispanic The term Hispanic ( Spanish : hispano ) refers to people, cultures , or countries related to Spain , the Spanish language , or Hispanidad broadly. In some contexts, especially within the United States , "Hispanic" is used as an ethnic or meta-ethnic term. The term commonly applies to Spaniards and Spanish-speaking ( Hispanophone ) populations and countries in Hispanic America (the continent) and Hispanic Africa ( Equatorial Guinea and

6806-481: Was renamed Hispania Tarraconensis . This division of Hispania explains the usage of the singular and plural forms (Spain, and The Spains) used to refer to the peninsula and its kingdoms in the Middle Ages. Before the marriage of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469, the four Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula—the Kingdom of Portugal , the Crown of Aragon ,

6889-530: Was the historical remnant of the Hispano-Gothic unity. Spain was not a political entity until much later, and when referring to the Middle Ages, one should not be confounded with the nation-state of today. The term The Spains referred specifically to a collective of juridico-political units, first the Christian kingdoms, and then the different kingdoms ruled by the same king. Illustrative of this fact

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