51-710: (Redirected from Article II ) Article Two may refer to: Article 2 of the Constitution of India , concerning the establishment or admission of states Article Two of the United States Constitution Article Two of the Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state) Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights Bill of Rights of Puerto Rico , Article Two of
102-483: A Museum of Democracy . In a speech held on 19 September 2023, Prime Minister Narendra Modi proposed that the building be renamed Samvidhan Sadan ("Constitution House"). Speaker of the Lok Sabha , Om Birla , announced later that day that it had been so renamed. On 13 December 2001, five terrorists from Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) - two Pakistan -raised terrorist organisations - entered
153-514: A dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign, democratic republic with the constitution. Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392, 393, and 394 of the constitution came into force on 26 November 1949, and the remaining articles became effective on 26 January 1950 which is celebrated every year in India as Republic Day . The constitution was drawn from
204-465: A governor or (in union territories) a lieutenant governor and a chief minister . Article 356 permits the president to dismiss a state government and assume direct authority if a situation arises in which state government cannot be conducted in accordance with constitution. This power, known as president's rule , was abused as state governments came to be dismissed on flimsy grounds for political reasons. After S. R. Bommai v. Union of India , such
255-630: A committee was assembled by the then Speaker , Mira Kumar , to suggest and assess several alternatives to the usage of the building. In 2019, the Indian government launched the Central Vista Redevelopment Project , a multi-billion dollar project to redevelop the Central Vista, India's central administrative area near Raisina Hill, New Delhi . The construction of a new parliament building, as well as redeveloping
306-428: A course of action is more difficult since the courts have asserted their right of review. The 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts introduced the system of panchayati raj in rural areas and Nagar Palikas in urban areas. Article 370 gave special status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir . Article 368 dictates the procedure for constitutional amendments . Amendments are additions, variations or repeal of any part of
357-692: A number of sources. Mindful of India's needs and conditions, its framers borrowed features of previous legislation such as the Government of India Act 1858 , the Indian Councils Acts of 1861 , 1892 and 1909 , the Government of India Acts 1919 and 1935 , and the Indian Independence Act 1947 . The latter, which led to the creation of Pakistan , divided the former Constituent Assembly in two. The Amendment act of 1935
408-477: A preamble and 470 articles, which are grouped into 25 parts. With 12 schedules and five appendices, it has been amended 105 times ; the latest amendment became effective on 15 August 2021. The constitution's articles are grouped into the following parts: Schedules are lists in the constitution which categorise and tabulate bureaucratic activity and government policy. The executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government receive their power from
459-484: A single constitution, single citizenship , an integrated judiciary, a flexible constitution, a strong central government , appointment of state governors by the central government, All India Services (the IAS , IFS and IPS ), and emergency provisions . This unique combination makes it quasi-federal in form. Each state and union territory has its own government. Analogous to the president and prime minister, each has
510-639: Is a basic characteristic of the constitution, overturning Articles 368(4), 368(5) and 31C. Old Parliament House, New Delhi The Old Parliament House , officially known as the Samvidhan Sadan ( Constitution House ), was the seat of the Imperial Legislative Council of India between 18 January 1927 and 15 August 1947, the Constituent Assembly of India between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950, and
561-427: Is also a very important step for making the constitution for two new born countries. Each new assembly had sovereign power to draft and enact a new constitution for the separate states. The constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly , which was elected by elected members of the provincial assemblies . The 389-member assembly (reduced to 299 after the partition of India ) took almost three years to draft
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#1732766286291612-417: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Constitution of India The Constitution of India is the supreme legal document of India . The document lays down the framework that demarcates fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights , directive principles , and
663-676: Is given to me does not really belong to me. It belongs partly to Sir B.N. Rau the Constitutional Advisor to the Constituent Assembly who prepared a rough draft of the Constitution for the consideration of Drafting Committee. A part of the credit must go to the members of the Drafting Committee who, as I have said, have sat for 141 days and without whose ingenuity to devise new formulae and capacity to tolerate and to accommodate different points of view,
714-597: Is hand-written, with each page decorated by artists from Shantiniketan including Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and Nandalal Bose . Its calligrapher was Prem Behari Narain Raizada . The constitution was published in Dehradun and photolithographed by the Survey of India . Production of the original constitution took nearly five years. Two days later, on 26 January 1950, it became the law of India . The estimated cost of
765-479: Is no provision for a joint session of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha to pass a constitutional amendment. During a parliamentary recess, the president cannot promulgate ordinances under his legislative powers under Article 123, Chapter III . Despite the supermajority requirement for amendments to pass, the Indian constitution is the world's most frequently-amended national governing document. The constitution
816-811: Is preserved in a nitrogen -filled case at the Old Parliament House in New Delhi . In 1928, the All Parties Conference convened a committee in Lucknow to prepare the Constitution of India, which was known as the Nehru Report . With the exception of scattered French and Portuguese exclaves, India was under the British rule from 1858 to 1947. From 1947 to 1950, the same legislation continued to be implemented as India
867-632: Is so specific in spelling out government powers that many amendments address issues dealt with by statute in other democracies. In 2000, the Justice Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah Commission was formed to examine a constitutional update. The commission submitted its report on 31 March 2002. However, the recommendations of this report have not been accepted by the consecutive governments. The government of India establishes term-based law commissions to recommend legal reforms, facilitating
918-416: Is surrounded by large gardens and the perimeter is fenced off by sandstone railings ( jali ). The current building is planned to be converted into a Museum of Democracy after the new Parliament House becomes operational. Proposals for a new parliament building to replace Parliament House emerged in the early 2010s as a result of questions being asked about the stability of the original structure. In 2012,
969-727: The Government of India Act 1935 as the country's fundamental governing document, and the Dominion of India became the Republic of India . To ensure constitutional autochthony , its framers repealed prior acts of the British parliament in Article 395. India celebrates its constitution on 26 January as Republic Day . The constitution declares India a sovereign , socialist , secular , and democratic republic , assures its citizens justice , equality , and liberty , and endeavours to promote fraternity . The original 1950 constitution
1020-655: The Parliament of India between 26 January 1950 and 18 September 2023. For 73 years, it housed the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha (the lower and upper houses ) respectively in India's bicameral parliament. The building was designed by British architects Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker and was constructed between 1921 and 1927. It was opened in January 1927 as the seat of the Imperial Legislative Council and
1071-651: The Rajpath will create a new office and residence for the Indian prime minister, as well as combining all ministerial buildings in a single central secretariat. The groundbreaking ceremony for the new building was held in October 2020 and the foundation stone was laid on 10 December 2020. After the inauguration of the New Parliament House , the Old Parliament House will be converted to
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#17327662862911122-416: The Constituent Assembly was ₹ 6.3 crore . The constitution has had more than 100 amendments since it was enacted. The Indian constitution is the world's longest for a sovereign nation. At its enactment, it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules. At about 145,000 words, it is the second-longest active constitution—after the Constitution of Alabama —in the world. The amended constitution has
1173-475: The Constitution of Puerto Rico Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Article Two . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article_Two&oldid=1151231091 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
1224-423: The Constitution. I must not omit to mention the members of the staff working under Mr. Mukherjee. For, I known how hard they worked and how long they have toiled sometimes even beyond midnight. I want to thank them all for their effort and their co-operation. While deliberating the revised draft constitution, the assembly moved, discussed and disposed off 2,473 amendments out of a total of 7,635. G. V. Mavlankar
1275-489: The Department of Industries and Labour, invited Lord Irwin , then Viceroy of India , to inaugurate the building. The third session of Central Legislative Assembly was held in this building on 19 January 1927. After independence, the house served as the seat of the Constituent Assembly from 1947–1950. The Constitution of India was created here, under the presidency of Rajendra Prasad . Two floors were added to
1326-616: The Indian government's Central Vista Redevelopment Project . The building was designed by the British architects Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker in 1912–1913. The structure was built over a period of six years, starting in 1921 and culminating in 1927. Following the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms in 1919, there was an expansion of the Legislative Assembly which necessitated the construction of
1377-671: The assembly, which had over 30 representatives of the scheduled classes . Frank Anthony represented the Anglo-Indian community , and the Parsis were represented by H. P. Modi. Harendra Coomar Mookerjee , a Christian assembly vice-president, chaired the minorities committee and represented non-Anglo-Indian Christians. Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha community. Judges, such as Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer , Benegal Narsing Rau , K. M. Munshi and Ganesh Mavlankar were members of
1428-427: The assembly, committees were proposed. Rau's draft was considered, debated and amended by the seven-member drafting committee, which was appointed on 29 August 1947 with B. R. Ambedkar as chair. A revised draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the assembly on 4 November 1947. Before adopting the constitution, the assembly held eleven sessions in 165 days. On 26 November 1949, it adopted
1479-495: The assembly. Female members included Sarojini Naidu , Hansa Mehta , Durgabai Deshmukh , Amrit Kaur and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit . The first, two-day president of the assembly was Sachchidananda Sinha ; Rajendra Prasad was later elected president. It met for the first time on 9 December 1946. Sir B. N. Rau , a civil servant who became the first Indian judge in the International Court of Justice and
1530-456: The basic structure doctrine. The extent of land ownership and practice of a profession, in this case, were considered fundamental rights. The ruling was overturned with the ratification of the 24th Amendment in 1971. The judiciary is the final arbiter of the constitution. Its duty (mandated by the constitution) is to act as a watchdog, preventing any legislative or executive act from overstepping constitutional bounds. The judiciary protects
1581-688: The building is circular, with 144 columns on the outside. At the centre of the building is the circular Central Chamber, and surrounding this Chamber are three semicircular halls that were constructed for the sessions of the Chamber of Princes (now used as the Library Hall), the State Council (later used for the Rajya Sabha ), and the Central Legislative Assembly (later used for the Lok Sabha ). The former parliament
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1632-552: The building. The iconic circular design was proposed by Lutyens, who believed that this would be the most efficient design given the triangular shape of the plot of land on which the building is located. The foundation stone was laid by HRH Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn , in February 1921. On 18 January 1927, Sir Bhupendra Nath Mitra , a Member of the Governor-General's Executive Council, in charge of
1683-531: The constitution and are bound by it. With the aid of its constitution, India is governed by a parliamentary system of government with the executive directly accountable to the legislature . The constitution is considered federal in nature, and unitary in spirit. It has features of a federation, including a codified , supreme constitution; a three-tier governmental structure (central, state and local); division of powers ; bicameralism ; and an independent judiciary . It also possesses unitary features such as
1734-406: The constitution by Parliament. An amendment bill must be passed by each house of Parliament by a two-thirds majority of its total membership when at least two-thirds are present and vote. Certain amendments pertaining to the constitution's federal nature must also be ratified by a majority of state legislatures. Unlike ordinary bills in accordance with Article 245 (except for money bills ), there
1785-502: The constitution holding eleven sessions over a 165-day period. In the constitution assembly, a member of the drafting committee, T. T. Krishnamachari said: Mr. President, Sir, I am one of those in the House who have listened to Dr. Ambedkar very carefully. I am aware of the amount of work and enthusiasm that he has brought to bear on the work of drafting this Constitution. At the same time, I do realise that that amount of attention that
1836-496: The constitution to the limit of its basic structure. The Supreme Court or a high court may declare the amendment null and void if this is violated, after a judicial review . This is typical of parliamentary governments, where the judiciary checks parliamentary power. In its 1967 Golak Nath v. State of Punjab decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the state of Punjab could not restrict any fundamental rights protected by
1887-528: The constitution, which was signed by 284 members. The day is celebrated as National Law Day, or Constitution Day . The day was chosen to spread the importance of the constitution and to spread thoughts and ideas of Ambedkar. The assembly's final session convened on 24 January 1950. Each member signed two copies of the constitution, one in Hindi and the other in English. The original constitution
1938-441: The constitution. According to the doctrine, the constitution's basic features (when "read as a whole") cannot be abridged or abolished. These "basic features" have not been fully defined, and whether a particular provision of the constitution is a "basic feature" is decided by the courts. The Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala decision laid down the constitution's basic structure: This implies that Parliament can only amend
1989-494: The duties of citizens. It is the longest written national constitution in the world. It imparts constitutional supremacy (not parliamentary supremacy , since it was created by a constituent assembly rather than Parliament ) and was adopted by its people with a declaration in its preamble . Parliament cannot override the constitution . It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949 and became effective on 26 January 1950. The constitution replaced
2040-444: The fundamental rights of the people (enshrined in the constitution) from infringement by any state body, and balances the conflicting exercise of power between the central government and a state (or states). The courts are expected to remain unaffected by pressure exerted by other branches of the state, citizens or interest groups. An independent judiciary has been held as a basic feature of the constitution, which cannot be changed by
2091-519: The legislature or the executive. Article 50 of the Constitution provides that the state must take measures to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services. Judicial review was adopted by the constitution of India from judicial review in the United States . In the Indian constitution, judicial review is dealt with in Article 13 . The constitution is the supreme power of
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2142-688: The nation, and governs all laws. According to Article 13 : Due to the adoption of the Thirty-eighth Amendment , the Supreme Court was not allowed to preside over any laws adopted during a state of emergency which infringe fundamental rights under article 32 (the right to constitutional remedies). The Forty-second Amendment widened Article 31C and added Articles 368(4) and 368(5), stating that any law passed by Parliament could not be challenged in court. The Supreme Court ruled in Minerva Mills v. Union of India that judicial review
2193-483: The rule of law. In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala , the Supreme Court ruled that an amendment cannot destroy what it seeks to modify; it cannot tinker with the constitution's basic structure or framework, which are immutable. Such an amendment will be declared invalid, although no part of the constitution is protected from amendment; the basic structure doctrine does not protect any one provision of
2244-567: The structure in 1956 due to a demand for more space. The Parliament Museum , which was opened in 2006, stands next to the Parliament House, in the building of the Parliamentary Library. The architectural style of the structure can be described as an amalgamation of a classical style of architecture inspired from Greece and Rome and structural elements and decorative motifs from Indian architecture. The perimeter of
2295-579: The task of framing the Constitution could not have come to so successful a conclusion. Much greater share of the credit must go to Mr. S. N. Mukherjee , the Chief Draftsman of the Constitution. His ability to put the most intricate proposals in the simplest and clearest legal form can rarely be equalled, nor his capacity for hard work. He has been an acquisition to the Assembly. Without his help this Assembly would have taken many more years to finalise
2346-496: Was president of the United Nations Security Council , was appointed as the assembly's constitutional adviser in 1946. Responsible for the constitution's general structure, Rau prepared its initial draft in February 1948. The draft of B.N. Rau consisted of 243 articles and 13 schedules which came to 395 articles and 8 schedules after discussions, debates and amendments. At 14 August 1947 meeting of
2397-524: Was a dominion of United Kingdom for these three years, as each princely state was convinced by Sardar Patel and V. P. Menon to sign the articles of integration with India, and the British Government continued to be responsible for the external security of the country. Thus, the constitution of India repealed the Indian Independence Act 1947 and Government of India Act 1935 when it became effective on 26 January 1950. India ceased to be
2448-468: Was a void to that extent. One or two people were far away from Delhi and perhaps reasons of health did not permit them to attend. So it happened ultimately that the burden of drafting this constitution fell on Dr. Ambedkar and I have no doubt that we are grateful to him for having achieved this task in a manner which is undoubtedly commendable. B. R. Ambedkar in his concluding speech in constituent assembly on 25 November 1949 stated that: The credit that
2499-547: Was known as the Council House . Following the British withdrawal from India, it was taken over by the Constituent Assembly of India , and then by the Indian Parliament once India's Constitution came into force on 26 January 1950 with India becoming a republic. The New Parliament House , built near this building on a triangular plot from 2020 to 2023 was inaugurated on 28 May 2023. It was built as part of
2550-516: Was necessary for the purpose of drafting a constitution so important to us at this moment has not been given to it by the Drafting Committee. The House is perhaps aware that of the seven members nominated by you, one had resigned from the House and was replaced. One died and was not replaced. One was away in America and his place was not filled up and another person was engaged in State affairs, and there
2601-419: Was the first Speaker of the Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament) after India turned into a republic. B. R. Ambedkar , Sanjay Phakey, Jawaharlal Nehru , C. Rajagopalachari , Rajendra Prasad , Vallabhbhai Patel , Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi , Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar , Sandipkumar Patel, Abul Kalam Azad , Shyama Prasad Mukherjee , Nalini Ranjan Ghosh , and Balwantrai Mehta were key figures in
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