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53-629: The dynasty was founded by Artuk , son of Eksük, a general originally under Malik-Shah I and then under the Seljuk emir of Damascus , Tutush I . Tutush appointed Artuk governor of Jerusalem in 1086. Artuk died in 1091, and was succeeded by his sons Sökmen and Ilghazi who were expelled from Jerusalem by the Fatimid vizier al-Afdal Shahanshah in 1098; the Fatimids lost the city to the Crusaders

106-852: A massive Mongol army to conquer or destroy the remaining Muslim states in southwestern Asia. Hulegu's campaign sought the subjugation of the Lurs of southern Iran, the destruction of the Nizari Ismaili state (the Assassins) , the submission or destruction of the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad , the submission or destruction of the Ayyubid states in Syria based in Damascus , and finally,

159-605: A part of Hulegu's army. Hulegu's Mongol army set out for Baghdad in November 1257. Once near the city he divided his forces to threaten the city on both the east and west banks of the Tigris. Hulegu demanded surrender, but the caliph, Al-Musta'sim , refused. Due to the treason of Abu Alquma, an advisor to Al-Muta'sim, an uprising in the Baghdad army took place and Siege of Baghdad began. The attacking Mongols broke dikes and flooded

212-852: A refuge for the Infidels, your enemies and ours, by having your subjects diligently patrol the seas. Despite many attempts, neither Hulegu nor his successors were able to form an alliance with Europe, although Mongol culture in the West was in vogue in the 13th century. Many new-born children in Italy were named after Mongol rulers, including Hulegu: names such as Can Grande ("Great Khan"), Alaone (Hulegu), Argone ( Arghun ), and Cassano ( Ghazan ) are recorded. Hulegu had fourteen wives and concubines with at least 21 issues with them: Principal wives: Concubines: Hulegu Khan fell seriously ill in January 1265 and died

265-628: A synthesis of Ptolemy 's Almagest and Arabic astronomical traditions, was made in 1131 in Artuqid Mardin . Kara Arslan (1148–1174 CE) commissioned a new Arabic translation of De Materia Medica by an Arab Christian author named Abu Salim al-Malti, probably from Malatya . The Artuqid ruler Nasr al-Din Mahmud (r. 1201–1222) is known to have commissioned an edition of the Al-Jāmi‘ fī ṣinā‘at al-ḥiyal of Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari , devoted to

318-446: Is about 90,000 dead; higher estimates range from 200,000 to a million. The Mongols looted and then destroyed buildings. Mosques, palaces, libraries, hospitals—grand buildings that had been the work of generations—were burned to the ground. The caliph was captured and forced to watch as his citizens were murdered and his treasury plundered. Il Milione , a book on the travels of Venetian merchant Marco Polo , states that Hulegu starved

371-721: The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia under Hethum I, King of Armenia and the Franks of Bohemond VI of Antioch . This force conquered Muslim Syria, a domain of the Ayyubid dynasty. They captured Aleppo by siege and, under the Christian general Kitbuqa , seized Damascus on 1 March 1260. A Christian Mass was celebrated in the Umayyad Mosque and numerous mosques were profaned. Many historical accounts describe

424-479: The Caucasus in 1263. This was the first open war between Mongols and signaled the end of the unified empire. In retaliation for his failure, Hulegu killed Berke's ortogh , and Berke did the same in return. Even while Berke was Muslim, out of Mongol brotherhood he at first resisted the idea of fighting Hulegu. He said, "Mongols are killed by Mongol swords. If we were united, then we would have conquered all of

477-880: The Islamic Golden Age and weakened Damascus , causing a shift of Islamic influence to the Mamluk Sultanate in Cairo and ended the Abbasid Dynasty . Hulegu was born to Tolui , one of Genghis Khan's sons, and Sorghaghtani Beki , an influential Keraite princess and a niece of Toghrul in 1217. Not much is known of Hulegu's childhood except of an anecdote given in Jami' al-Tawarikh and he once met his grandfather Genghis Khan with Kublai in 1224. Hulegu's brother Möngke Khan had been installed as Great Khan in 1251. Möngke charged Hulegu with leading

530-702: The Zengids , and while Joscelin was away in 1144, Zengi recaptured Edessa , the first of the Crusader states to fall (see Siege of Edessa ). The Artuqids became vassals of the Zengids during the reign of Nur al-Din Zengi (r. 1146–1174). Kara Aslan's son Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad allied with the Ayyubid sultan Saladin against Kilij Arslan II , Seljuk sultan of Rûm , whose daughter had married Nur ad-Din Muhammad. In

583-461: The 12th century by several Artuqid rulers on the basis of existing Seljuk edifices. The congregational mosque of Dunaysir (now Kızıltepe ) was commissioned by Yülük Arslan (1184–1203) and completed after his death in 1204 by his brother Artuk Arslan (1203–1239). The Artuqids are known for their sponsoring of literary works in Arabic. A copy of al-Sufi 's book on astronomy The Book of Fixed Stars ,

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636-673: The Artuqid dynasty were those based in Hasankeyf, Harput, Mardin and Aleppo. This branch was initially based at Hasankeyf (Ḥiṣn Kaifā). The capital moved to Diyarbakır (Amid) in 1183. Following the rule of Rukn al-Dīn Mawdūd, the territories of the Hasankeyf branch of the Artuqids were taken over by the Ayyubids . The Harput branch was initially part of the Hasankeyf branch until 1185, gaining independence from Kara Arslan. Harput

689-568: The Artuqid ruler Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmūd who designed the Yedi Kardeş tower himself and apposed the Artuqid double-headed eagle on its walls. A large caravanserai in Mardin as well as the civil engineering feat of Malabadi Bridge are still in regular use in our day. The partially standing Old Bridge, Hasankeyf , was built in 1116 by Kara Arslan. The Great Mosques of Mardin and Silvan were possibly but in any case considerably developed over

742-698: The Crusader state Principality of Antioch at the Battle of Ager Sanguinis of 1119. After pillaging the County of Edessa , Ilghazi made peace with the Crusaders. In 1121, he went north towards Armenia with his son-in-law Mazyad Dubais II ibn Sadaqah and Sultan Malik of Ganja . Ilghazi invaded Georgia and was defeated by David IV of Georgia at the Battle of Didgori of 1121. Ilghazi died in 1122, and although his nephew Belek Ghazi nominally controlled Aleppo,

795-619: The Lurs, and the Assassins surrendered their impregnable fortress of Alamut without a fight, accepting a deal that spared the lives of their people in early 1256. He chose Azerbaijan as his power base, while ordering Baiju to retreat to Anatolia. From at least 1257 onwards, Muslims and Christians of every major religious variety in Europe , the Middle East , and mainland Asia were

848-552: The Mamluks and avenge the defeat at Ain Jalut, however, he was instead drawn into civil war with Batu Khan 's brother Berke . Berke Khan, a Muslim convert and the grandson of Genghis Khan, had promised retribution in his rage after Hulegu's sack of Baghdad and allied himself with the Mamluks. He initiated a large series of raids on Hulegu's territories, led by Nogai Khan . Hulegu suffered a severe defeat in an attempted invasion north of

901-498: The Mongol Hulegu . The Kara Koyunlu captured Mardin and finally put an end to Artuqid rule in 1409. Despite their constant preoccupation with war, members of the Artuqid dynasty left many architectural monuments. Artuqid rulers commissioned many public buildings, such as mosques, bazaars, bridges, hospitals and baths for the benefit of their subjects. They left an important cultural heritage by contributing to literature and

954-602: The Mongol army of about 12,000 in the Battle of Ain Jalut and fought relentlessly for many hours. The Mamluk leader Baybars mostly implemented hit-and-run tactics in an attempt to lure the Mongol forces into chasing him. Baybars and Qutuz had hidden the bulk of their forces in the hills to wait in ambush for the Mongols to come into range. The Mongol leader Kitbuqa , already provoked by the constant fleeing of Baybars and his troops, decided to march forwards with all his troops on

1007-496: The Mongol capture of Damascus, looting of Baghdad, and conquest of Syria. The Mongols, for their part, attempted to form a Frankish-Mongol alliance with (or at least, demand the submission of) the remnant of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, now centered on Acre, but Pope Alexander IV had forbidden such an alliance. Tensions between Franks and Mongols also increased when Julian of Sidon caused an incident resulting in

1060-687: The Turkish TV series, Diriliş: Ertuğrul , he is portrayed as a close companion of Ertuğrul by the Turkish actor, Ayberk Pekcan . This is anachronistic as Ertuğrul died in 1280 and their live spans most likely did not overlapped. He is paid homage in Alparslan BUYUK SELCUKLU This Seljuk biographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Hulegu Hulegu Khan , also known as Hülegü or Hulagu ( c. 1217 – 8 February 1265),

1113-595: The art of metalworking. The door and door handles of the great Mosque of Cizre are unique examples of Artuqid metal working craftsmanship, which can be seen in the Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum in Istanbul, Turkey. They made the most significant additions to Diyarbakır City Walls . Urfa Gate was rebuilt by Muhammad, son of Kara Arslan. In the same area of the western wall, south of Urfa Gate, two imposing towers, Ulu Beden and Yedi Kardeş were commissioned in 1208 by

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1166-633: The battle, he took part in the conquest of Anatolia on behalf of the Seljuk Empire. He captured the Yeşilırmak ( Ancient Greek : Ἶρις ) valley in 1074. In 1075, Artuk captured on behalf of the Byzantine Empire the Norman rebell Roussel de Bailleul and handed him over to the future emperor Alexios Komnenos . He also served the sultan by quashing a rebellion in 1077. His next mission

1219-401: The caliph to death, but there is no corroborating evidence for that. Most historians believe the Mongol and Muslim accounts that the caliph was rolled up in a rug and the Mongols rode their horses over him, as they believed that the earth would be offended if touched by royal blood. All but one of his sons were killed. Baghdad was a depopulated, ruined city for several centuries. Smaller states in

1272-650: The center of Islamic power shifted to the Mamluk sultan's capital of Cairo. Hulegu intended to send forces southward through Palestine toward Cairo. So he had a threatening letter delivered by an envoy to the Mamluk Sultan Qutuz in Cairo demanding that Qutuz open his city or it would be destroyed like Baghdad. Then, because food and fodder in Syria had become insufficient to supply his full force, and because it

1325-486: The characteristic Turkic dress, with long coat and boots, and the sharbush headgear (of a special type seen only in Artuqid manuscripts, with a very tall cap behind the headplate and the limited usage of fur around the rim). An early edition of the Maqamat al-Hariri ( Bibliothèque Nationale de France , Arabe 3929 ) is also considered as probably belonging to the same Artuqid school of painting. The major branches of

1378-486: The city was really controlled by ibn al-Khashshab. Ibn al-Kashshab was murdered by Assassins in 1125, and Aleppo fell under the control of Zengi , atabeg of Mosul , in 1128. After the death of Belek Ghazi, the Artuqids were split between Harput, Hasankeyf and Mardin. Sokman's son Rukn al-Dawla Dāʾūd , bey of Hasankeyf, died in 1144, and was succeeded by his son Kara Aslan . Kara Aslan allied with Joscelin II of Edessa against

1431-490: The death of one of Kitbuqa's grandsons. Angered, Kitbuqa had sacked Sidon. The Barons of Acre, contacted by the Mongols, had also been approached by the Mamluks, seeking military assistance against the Mongols. Although the Mamluks were traditional enemies of the Franks, the Barons of Acre recognized the Mongols as the more immediate menace. Instead of taking sides, the Crusaders opted for a position of cautious neutrality between

1484-408: The death some eight months earlier of Great Khan Möngke . But upon receiving news of how few Mongols now remained in the region, Qutuz quickly assembled his well-trained and equipped 20,000-strong army at Cairo and invaded Palestine. He then allied himself with a fellow Mamluk leader, Baybars in Syria, who not only needed to protect his own future from the Mongols but was eager to avenge for Islam

1537-460: The depiction of mechanical devices, in April 1206 at the Artuqid court ( Ahmet III 3472 , Topkapı Sarayı Library ). The miniatures are thought to reflect various aspects of the Artuqid court at the time. Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari was employed at the Artuqid court during the last quarter of the 12th century, and this is the earliest known manuscript of his opus. Many of the figures in the manuscript wear

1590-574: The following month on the banks of Zarrineh River (then called Jaghatu) and was buried on Shahi Island in Lake Urmia . His funeral was the only Ilkhanate funeral to feature human sacrifice . His tomb has never been found. Hulegu Khan laid the foundations of the Ilkhanate and thus paved the way for the later Safavid dynastic state, and ultimately the modern country of Iran . Hulegu's conquests also opened Iran to both European influence from

1643-518: The following year after the siege of Jerusalem of 1099 . Sökmen and Ilghazi established themselves in Diyarbakır , Mardin , and Hasankeyf in al-Jazira where they came into conflict with the Seljuk sultanate . Sökmen, bey of Mardin, defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of Harran in 1104. Ilghazi succeeded Sökmen in Mardin and imposed his control over Aleppo at the request of the qadi Ibn al-Khashshab in 1118. The next year, Ilghazi defeated

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1696-404: The ground behind the caliph's army, trapping them. Much of the army was slaughtered or drowned. The Mongols under Chinese general Guo Kan laid siege to the city on 29 January 1258, constructing a palisade and a ditch and wheeling up siege engines and catapults . The battle was short by siege standards. By 5 February the Mongols controlled a stretch of the wall. The caliph tried to negotiate but

1749-433: The peace settlement with Kilij Arslan II, Saladin gained control of the Artuqid territory, even though the Artuqids were still technically vassals of Mosul , which Saladin did not control. The Seljuk Empire completely disintegrated soon after that in 1194. The Artuqid dynasty remained in nominal command of al-Jazira, but their power declined under Ayyubid rule. The Hasankeyf branch conquered Diyarbakır in 1198 and its center

1802-425: The point that the outcome was inevitable. Refusing to surrender, the whole Mongol army that had remained in the region, including Kitbuqa , were cut down and killed that day. The battle of Ain Jalut established a high-water mark for the Mongol conquest. After the succession was settled and his brother Kublai Khan was established as Great Khan, Hulegu returned to his lands by 1262. When he massed his armies to attack

1855-460: The region hastened to reassure Hulegu of their loyalty, and the Mongols turned to Syria in 1259, conquering the Ayyubid dynasty and sending advance patrols as far ahead as Gaza . A thousand squads of northern Chinese sappers accompanied Hulegu during his conquest of the Middle East. In 1260 Mongol forces combined with those of their Christian vassals in the region, including the army of

1908-552: The submission or destruction of the Bahri Mamluke Sultanate of Egypt. Möngke ordered Hulegu to treat kindly those who submitted and utterly destroy those who did not. Hulegu vigorously carried out the latter part of these instructions. Hulegu marched out with perhaps the largest Mongol army ever assembled – by order of Möngke, two-tenths of the empire's fighting men were gathered for Hulegu's army in 1253. He arrived at Transoxiana in 1255. He easily destroyed

1961-685: The three Christian rulers Hethum, Bohemond, and Kitbuqa entering the city of Damascus together in triumph, though some modern historians such as David Morgan have questioned this story as apocryphal . The invasion effectively destroyed the Ayyubids, which was until then a powerful dynasty that had ruled large parts of the Levant , Egypt , and the Arabian Peninsula . The last Ayyubid king, An-Nasir Yusuf , had been killed by Hulegu this same year. With Baghdad ravaged and Damascus weakened,

2014-510: The trail of the fleeing Egyptians. When the Mongols reached the highlands, Egyptians appeared from hiding, and the Mongols found themselves surrounded by enemy forces as the hidden troops hit them from the sides and Qutuz attacked the Mongol rear. Estimates of the size of the Egyptian army range from 24,000 to 120,000. The Mongols broke free of the trap and even mounted a temporarily successful counterattack, but their numbers had been depleted to

2067-603: The two forces. In an unusual move, however, they allowed the Egyptian Mamluks to march northward without hindrance through Crusader territory and even let them camp near Acre to resupply. When news arrived that the Mongols had crossed the Jordan River in 1260, Sultan Qutuz and his forces proceeded southeast toward the 'Spring of Goliath' (Known in Arabic as 'Ain Jalut') in the Jezreel Valley . They met

2120-594: The west and buddhist influence from the east. Thus, combined with patronage from his successors, would develop Iran's distinctive excellence in architecture. Under Hulegu's dynasty, Iranian historians began writing in Persian rather than Arabic. It is recorded however that he converted to Buddhism as he neared death, against the will of Doquz Khatun . The erection of a Buddhist temple at Ḵoy testifies his interest in that religion. Recent translations of various Tibetan monks' letters and epistles to Hulegu confirms that he

2173-581: The world." But the economic situation of the Golden Horde due to the actions of the Ilkhanate led him to declare jihad because the Ilkhanids were hogging the wealth of North Iran and because of the Ilkhanate's demands for the Golden Horde not to sell slaves to the Mamluks. Hulegu's mother Sorghaghtani successfully navigated Mongol politics, arranging for all of her sons to become Mongol leaders. She

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2226-585: Was Eksük. He was the Seljuk governor of Jerusalem between 1085–1091. Although the Artuqid dynasty was named after him, actually the dynasty was founded by his sons Sökmen and Ilghazi after his death. He was also father to Alp-Yaruq, Bahram, Abd al-Jabar, and three other sons. Artuk Bey was one of the commanders of the Great Seljuk Empire army during the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. After

2279-550: Was Malik Shah's discordant younger brother in Syria in 1084. In 1086 he was instrumental in defeating Suleiman ibn Qutulmish , the sultan of Seljuks of Rûm in the battle of Ain Salm between Süleyman and Tutush. Tutush granted him al-Quds (Jerusalem) as an iqta and Artuk was governor there until his death in 1091. His grave is in a tomb next to his khanqah near the Gate of al-Dawadariya , known as Gate of King Faisal today. In

2332-629: Was a Christian of the Church of the East (often referred to as "Nestorianism") and Hulegu was friendly to Christianity . Hulegu's favorite wife, Doquz Khatun , was also a Christian, as was his closest friend and general, Kitbuqa . Hulegu sent multiple communications to Europe in an attempt to establish a Franco-Mongol alliance against the Muslims. In 1262, he sent his secretary Rychaldus and an embassy to "all kings and princes overseas". The embassy

2385-416: Was a Mongol ruler who conquered much of Western Asia . Son of Tolui and the Keraite princess Sorghaghtani Beki , he was a grandson of Genghis Khan and brother of Ariq Böke , Möngke Khan , and Kublai Khan . Hulegu's army greatly expanded the southwestern portion of the Mongol Empire , founding the Ilkhanate in Persia . Under Hulegu's leadership, the Mongols sacked and destroyed Baghdad ending

2438-406: Was a campaign in 1086 to capture Diyarbakır (Amid) from the Marwanids . In this campaign he quarreled with the commander-in-chief Fakhr al-Dawla ibn Jahir who tended to make peace with Marwanids. In a surprise attack he defeated reinforcements to Marwanids. However, when the sultan Malik Shah I heard about the event he accused Artuk. Artuk left the battle field and attended to Tutush I who

2491-412: Was a regular Mongol practice to move troops to the cooler highlands for the summer, Hulegu withdrew his main force to Iran near Azerbaijan, leaving behind one tumen (10,000 men or less) under Kitbuqa , accompanied by Armenian, Georgian, and Frankish volunteers, which Hulegu considered sufficient. Hulegu then personally departed for Mongolia to play his role in the imperial succession conflict occasioned by

2544-413: Was apparently intercepted in Sicily by Manfred, King of Sicily , who was allied with the Mamluk Sultanate and in conflict with Pope Urban IV , and Rychaldus was returned by ship. On 10 April 1262, Hulegu sent a letter, through John the Hungarian , to Louis IX of France , offering an alliance. It is unclear whether the letter ever reached Louis IX in Paris – the only manuscript known to have survived

2597-537: Was conquered by Kayqubad I , Seljuk sultan of Rûm, in 1234, as part of his conquering of Anatolia. The Mardin branch of the Artuqids ruled in Mardin and Mayyafariqin from 1101–1409 and were primarily descendants of Ilghazi and his brother Alp-Yaruq. Mardin was conquered by the Kara Koyunlu , a Turkoman tribe, in 1409. The Artuqid branch that ruled Aleppo was an offshoot of the Mardin branch and included descendants of Ilghazi and his brothers Abd al-Jabar and Bahram ibn Artuk. See also Rulers of Aleppo . Aleppo

2650-408: Was in Vienna , Austria. The letter stated Hulegu's intention to capture Jerusalem for the benefit of the Pope and asked for Louis to send a fleet against Egypt: From the head of the Mongol army, anxious to devastate the perfidious nation of the Saracens, with the good-will support of the Christian faith (...) so that you, who are the rulers of the coasts on the other side of the sea, endeavor to deny

2703-425: Was moved here, but was demolished by the Ayyubids in 1231 when it attempted to form an alliance with the Seljuks. The Harput branch was destroyed by the Sultanate of Rum due to following a slippery policy between the Ayyubids and Seljuqs. The Mardin branch survived for longer, but as a vassal of the Ayyubids , Sultanate of Rûm , Il-Khanate and the Timurids . Qara Arslan (r.1260-1292), ruler of Mardin, submitted to

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2756-432: Was refused. On 10 February Baghdad surrendered. The Mongols swept into the city on 13 February and began a week of destruction. The Grand Library of Baghdad , containing countless precious historical documents and books on subjects ranging from medicine to astronomy , was destroyed. Citizens attempted to flee but were intercepted by Mongol soldiers. Death counts vary widely and cannot be easily substantiated: A low estimate

2809-438: Was taken by Zengi in 1128 and ruled by the Zengid dynasty until 1183. Artuqids coinage was very figural, "with its apparent classical and Byzantine motifs and representations". Artuk Bey Zaheer-ul-Daulah Artuk Beg, known as Artuk Bey, was a Turkoman commander of the Seljuk Empire in the 11th century, chief of the Oghuz tribe of Döğer , and eponymous founder of the Artuqid dynasty . His father's name

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