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71-548: Mount Abu ( pronunciation ) is a hill station in the Aravalli Range in the Sirohi district of the state of Rajasthan in western India . The mountain forms a rocky plateau 22 km long by 9 km wide. It is referred to as 'an oasis in the desert' as its heights are home to rivers, lakes, waterfalls and evergreen forests. It is also home to numerous Hindu and Jain temples. The ancient name of Mount Abu

142-612: A Jain monk of Nagendra Gachchha , was their clan guru . Extensive information on their ancestry has been drawn from literary works and inscriptions: in Naranarayanananda , Vastupala referred to Chandapa as his ancestor and this descent has been expanded upon in Prabandha-kosha and Puratana-prabandha-sangraha . Chandapa was a minister, probably in the Chaulukya court, where his son Chandaprasada also served as

213-437: A chief of Godraha (modern day Godhra ), and successfully captured him. Tejapala had him imprisoned within a wooden cage until he committed suicide by biting his tongue. Sadik, a Muslim merchant, rejected the authority of Vastupala and induced Sankha (Sangramsimha), a ruler of Lata (now South Gujarat ) to attack Stambhatirtha. Vastupala suffered a number of early defeats but he later received support from Mahechaka (although

284-420: A collection of prabandha s from 13th to 15th century; are important sources. Jinaprabha's Vividha-tirtha-kalpa (1333 CE) is also noteworthy. Jinaharsha's Vastupala-charita is an authentic biography of Vastupala with very few exaggerations. Ratnamandiragani's Upadesha-tarangini (1461 CE), Subhashilagani's Prabandha-panchasati / Kathakosha (1453 CE), and Somadharma's Upadesha-saptati (1447 CE) note

355-515: A few are at the Taranga hills (VS 1285), Vaidyanatha-prashsti of Dabhoi (1255 CE) by Someshvara, Patan , Sherisa (VS 1285, near Ahmedabad ), Khambhat (VS 1281), Nagara (VS 1292, near Khambhat), Ganesar (VS 1291, near Dholka), Dhammani (1296, Sirohi) and Nava Sanghpur (near Vijapur ). The majority of such inscriptions are found in temples. Jinaprabha's Sukrita-kirti-kallolini (1231 CE) and Jayasimha's Vastupala-Tejapala-Prashsti are known from

426-632: A hill town transformed by contemporaneous tourism practices as a hill station. Most hill stations, listed by region: Hundreds of hill stations are located in India. The most popular hill stations in India include: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa   Punjab Sindh Balochistan Gilgit Baltistan Vastupala Vastupala and his brother Tejapala were born to a Pragavata, or Porwad as they are known today, Jain family in Anahilavada Patan (modern day Patan, Gujarat ). Vijayasenasuri,

497-550: A large treasure. Anupama, wife of Tejapala, counselled Vastupala to keep it on the peaks of the mountains so it may not fall in the hands of others, as it fell to theirs. The brothers had the Jain temples of Girnar and Mount Abu built and led pilgrimages there. Her advice proved sound and these are the only surviving public works built by the brothers. Vastupala was a patron to many poets and scholars, earning him nickname Laghu Bhojaraja or Junior Bhoja . His patronage of poetry

568-462: A minister. Jaishree, Chandaprasada's wife, bore him two sons, Sura and Soma, who became a jewel keeper to the Chaulukya ruler, Jayasimha Siddharaja . Soma's wife, Sita, bore him one son, Ashwaraja (or Asharaja). Later in life, Ashwaraja became a minister and married Kumaradevi, a daughter of Abhu, a Pragvata vanika and a dandapati (commander-in-chief) by profession. Kumaradevi was apparently

639-611: A summer retreat. Hill stations in British India were established for a variety of reasons. One of the first reasons in the early 1800s, was for the place to act as a sanitorium for the ailing family members of British officials. After the rebellion of 1857 , the British "sought further distance from what they saw as a disease-ridden land by [escaping] to the Himalayas in the north". Other factors included anxieties about

710-492: A temple dedicated to Mahavira , an Upashraya (prayer house for monks) and excavated a tank at Padaliptapura (modern day Palitana ). He also built large tanks at Arakapalita and Suryapura, two statues at the temple dedicated to Mahavira at Modhera , and Shakunika-vihara at Bharuch . The Luniga-vasahi temple dedicated to Neminatha was built on Mount Abu by Tejapala in memory of his elder brother Luniga in 1231 CE. There are about thirty inscriptions mentioning additions to

781-455: A wealthy Muslim trader from Stambhatirtha , various corrupt officials, citizens, and village headmen. Particular examples include the fining of the village heads of around five hundred villages in the region for irregularities, as well as the administrators of Vardhamanapur (modern day Wadhwan ) and Gohilavati. The Prabandha s mention that Vastupala participated in 63 battles, although few of these are discussed. They mention his involvement in

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852-439: A widow when she married Ashwaraja ; however, this has been disputed. The couple had eleven children — seven daughters: Jalhu (or Bhau or Jalu), Mau, Sau, Dhanadevi, Sohaga, Vaijuka (or Tejuka) and Padmaladevi; and four sons: Luniga, Malladeva, Vastupala and Tejapala. Luniga died in childhood while Malladeva died after fathering a son, Purnasimha. Very little is known about the early life of Vastupala or his brother. Even less

923-477: Is Arbuda. In the Puranas , the region has been referred to as Arbudaranya ("forest of Arbuda ") and 'Abu' is a diminutive of this ancient name. It is believed that sage Vashistha retired to the southern spur at Mount Abu following his differences with sage Vishvamitra . There is another history story according to which a serpent named "Arbuda" saved the life of Nandi (Lord Shiva's bull). The incident happened on

994-399: Is a long poem describing the friendship between Krishna and Arjuna , their walk and talks in the gardens of Raivataka ( Girnar ), and the later abduction of Krishna's sister Subhadra by Arjuna. The subject is taken from Vanaparva of Mahabharata . It consists of 16 cantos with 794 verses. He mentioned his pilgrimages at the end of the poem so it must have been written after 1221 CE,

1065-507: Is a town located at a higher elevation than the nearby plain or valley. The English term was originally used mostly in colonial Asia , but also in Africa (albeit rarely), for towns founded by European colonialists as refuges from the summer heat and, as Dale Kennedy observes about the Indian context, "the hill station (...) was seen as an exclusive British preserve: here it was possible to render

1136-485: Is described in the Prabandha-kosha , Vastupala-charita , Puratana-prabandha-samgraha and Upadesha-tarangini . He was a tolerant of other faiths which led him to be patron to Jain as well as non-Jain poets and scholars as well, including Someshvara, Harihara, Arisimha and Nanaka. He also made a donation of 10000 drammas (coins) to the Shiva temple of Prabhas. Many literary works were commissioned at his request such as

1207-572: Is equally famous. The Durga Ambika Mata Temple lies in a cleft of rock in Jagat, just outside Mount Abu town. The mountain is also the home to a number of Jain temples including Dilwara Temples , a complex of temples carved out of white marble . The Dilwara Temples or Delvada Temples are located about 2½ kilometers from the Mount Abu town. These Jain temples were built by Vimal Shah and designed by Vastupala , Jain ministers of Dholka, between

1278-522: Is first mentioned as a minister in VS 1310 (1254 CE) so Tejapala must have died between 1247 CE and 1254 CE. Vastupala made thirteen pilgrimages to Mount Shatrunjaya and Girnar . In addition to his childhood visits with his father in 1193 CE and 1194 CE, he led five annual sangha s (pilgrim caravans) to Shatrunjaya and Girnar between 1221 and 1237 CE as well as annual pilgrimages with his family to Shatrunjaya between 1227 and 1233 CE. His pilgrimage in 1221 CE

1349-695: Is identified to be Mount Abu. This mountain is mentioned in the travels of Arjuna during his twelve-year pilgrimage. Letitia Elizabeth Landon 's poem Hindoo Temples on the Mountain-Lake of Aboo , published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book , 1839, is a reflection on this mountain fastness. The average annual precipitation of Mount Abu is 1554 mm. Due to its altitude, Mount Abu gets more rain compared to most of Rajasthan, with over 500 mm of rain falling in July and August. While it still has hot summers,

1420-462: Is in the midst of a range of forested hills. There are five temples in all, each with its own unique identity. All five temples are enclosed within a single high walled compound. The group is named after the small village of Dilwara or Delvara in which they are located. The five temples are: Among all the five legendary marble temples of Dilwara, the most famous of those are the Vimal Vasahi and

1491-594: Is known about Vastupala's date of birth, although the Vasantavilāsa mentions 1163 CE as the year of birth. An undated inscription (now housed in the Watson Museum , Rajkot ) mentions that the brothers made a pilgrimage to Mount Shatrunjaya with their father Aśvarājā in VS 1249 (1193 CE), presumably during their childhood. They lived in Sumhalaka, a town granted to their father as a reward for his service to

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1562-782: Is mentioned repeatedly in Girnar inscriptions and in contemporary works such as the Kirti-kaumudi , Sukrita-sankirtana and Dharmabhyudaya . He died during his 1240 CE pilgrimage, which is described in Vasanta-vilasa. Vastupala was a philanthropist and commissioned the construction of numerous monuments and public utilities such as temples, rest-houses, wells, hospitals and tanks. Contemporary sources, such as Sukrita-sankirtana , mention about fifty construction works. The number of his works increased considerably in later works of Rajashekhara Suri, Jinaharsha and Jinaprabha, although

1633-470: Is not known but they were certainly appointed at Dhavalakka in VS 1276 (1220 CE). Vastupala and Tejapala traveled to Dhavalakka at a time when they were in such poverty that their other brother, Luniga, was unable to donate an image of Jina to the Vimala-vasahi temple on Mount Abu before his death. Vastupala and Tejapala are said to have miraculously acquired wealth through the blessings of Shrimata,

1704-510: Is not mentioned in Vasanta-vilasa . The Vividha-tirtha-kalpa and Prabandha-kosha mention that Vastupala lost his ministerial authority to Nagara Brahmin Nagada. Two different stories are mentioned: One stating that Visaladeva was angered because Vastupala had declared the punishment to his maternal uncle for insulting a Jain monk. Another states that Visaladeva decided to punish Vastupala when he found that some of state revenues were used for

1775-462: Is one of more attractive place which was built by Parmar kings. The Dilwara Jain Temple is a pilgrimage centre for the Jain religion among the lush green hills of Aravali. The Dilwara Jain Temple is located at a distance of 2.5 km from Mount Abu. Vastupala designed the temple. Vimal Shah built it between the 11th century and the 13th century. The complex is sculpted on white marble in every corner of

1846-604: The Guru Shikhar peak; and the Achaleshwar Mahadev Temple (1412). The Achalgarh Fort , built in the 14th century by Kumbha of Mewar , is nearby and at its center is the popular visitor attraction of the Nakki Lake . The Toad Rock is on a hill near the lake. Close to the fort is the Achaleshwar Mahadev Temple , a popular Shiva temple. Also, Achal Fort Jain Temple, Shantinath Jain Temple (1513)

1917-575: The Katha-ratnakara of Narachandra Suri and the Alankara-mahodadhi of Narendraprabha Suri. He had made a copy of Dharmabhyudaya Mahakavya of Udayaprabha Suri , a pupil of Vijayasena Suri. This copied manuscript, dated VS 1290 (1234 CE), has been stored in the Jain library of Khambhat. He was an expert poet having studied Nyaya , Vyakarana (grammar) and Sahitya (literature), as well as Jain philosophy under Narachandra, and

1988-518: The Prabandha-chintamani states that it was Lunapala). After a fierce battle at Vatakupa near Stambhatirtha, Shankha retreated or was killed. Sadik was captured and put to death. Viradhavala ordered the confiscation his property, absorbing it into the state treasury. Vastupala received some part of his wealth. The people of Stambhatirtha celebrated the victory by organising a festival in the temple of Goddess Ekallavira which lay outside

2059-477: The Sukrita-sankirtana , Vastupala-Tejapala-Prashasti and Sukrita-kirti-kallolini , state that the brothers served the Chaulukya king Bhima II who dispatched them to Viradhavala. This is confirmed by writings by Vastupala himself, who wrote in the Naranarayanananda that he was in the service of Bhima II prior to his departure for Dhavalakka. The date when he began his service in the Chaulukya court

2130-469: The 11th and 16th centuries and are famous for their use of white marble and intricate marble carvings. They are a pilgrimage place of the Jains, and a popular general tourist attraction. The temples have an opulent entranceway, the simplicity in architecture reflecting Jain values like honesty and frugality. Minutely-carved ornamental detail covers the ceilings, doorways, pillars, and panels. The temple complex

2201-467: The 1857 revolt." As noted by Indian historian Vinay Lal , hill stations in India also served "as spaces for the colonial structuring of a segregational and ontological divide between Indians and Europeans, and as institutional sites of imperial power." William Dalrymple wrote that "The viceroy was the spider at the heart of Simla's web: From his chambers in Viceregal Lodge, he pulled

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2272-460: The Indian into an outsider". The term is still used in present day, particularly in India, which has the largest number of hill stations, most are situated at an altitude of approximately 1,000 to 2,500 metres (3,300 to 8,200 ft). Nandi Hills is a 11th-century hill station that was developed by the Ganga dynasty in present-day Karnataka , India. Tipu Sultan (1751–1799) notably used it as

2343-637: The Luna Vasahi temples. In Mount Abu, the faith community of Brahma Kumaris has its spiritual headquarters, which are represented by its own account in 110 countries. Every year about 2.5 million visitors are supposed to visit the sprawling campus of that spiritual movement. The Brahma Kumaris ashram has a museum that displays the knowledge that Lord Shiva gave to the Prajapita Brahma. The 50-acre land also provides ample space for meditation and spiritual learning as well as to connect yourself to

2414-401: The brothers were quite wealthy and were patrons of many public works. The Prabandha s contain numerous stories of their wealth, some of which read like folktales while others are contemporaneous accounts. One account tells of the brothers seeking to bury part of their wealth, worth one lakh , near the village of Hadalaka (modern Hadala near Dhandhuka ). However, upon excavation, they discovered

2485-784: The construction of Indra-mandapa and six other temples on Shatrunjaya hill, the Adinatha temple at Dholka , Ashtapada-prasada at Prabhas , Vastupala-vihara and Parshwanatha temple on Girnar . The Girnar temples were built in 1232 CE. His brother, Tejapala, commissioned the construction of Asharaja-vihara at Tejalapur, Patan and Junagadh in memory of his father. He also commissioned the Neminath Temple at Dholka, Adinath Temple at Prabhas, as well as temples at Tharad , Karnavati , Godhra , Shatrunjaya, Girnar, Pavagadh , Navsari among others. In memory of his mother Kumaradevi, he had temples built at Khambhat and Dabhoi. Vastupala built

2556-483: The construction of the temple on Mount Abu respectively. Jinabhadra's Prabandhavali , the oldest prabandha , speaks of events during Vastupala's life and has helped solve chronological inconsistencies. Narendraprabha's Vastupala- prashasti , Narachandra's Vastupala-prashasti , and Udayaprabha's Vastupala-stuti mention his activities. Merutunga 's Prabandha-Chintamani (1305 CE); Rajashekhara's Prabandha-kosha (1349 CE); and Puratana-prabandha-sangraha ,

2627-564: The cultural activities of Vastupala. Old Gujarati poems include Vastupla-Tejapala-Rasa and other Rasa s by Hiranada (1428 CE), Lakshmisagara (after 1452 CE), Parshwachandra (1541 CE), Samayasundara (1626 CE), and Meruvijaya (1665 CE). A large number of inscriptions of Vastupala and Tejapala, some short while others are very long, are available. Most of these inscriptions are in the Girnar range ( VS 1288, VS 1289, VS 1293) and Abu (VS 1278, VS 1287, VS 1288, VS 1290, VS 1293, VS 1296) while

2698-547: The dangers of life in India, among them "fear of degeneration brought on by too long residence in a debilitating land". The hill stations were meant to reproduce the home country, illustrated in Lord Lytton 's statement about Ootacamund in the 1870s as having "such beautiful English rain, such delicious English mud." Shimla was officially made the "summer capital of India" in the 1860s and hill stations "served as vital centres of political and military power, especially after

2769-503: The daytime, light pullovers are sufficient. According to the 2011 Census of India , Mount Abu has a population of 22,943, out of which 54.7% are males and 45.3% are females. It has an average literacy rate of 81.15%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 90.12%, and female literacy is 70.23%. In Mount Abu, 12.34% of the population is under 6 years of age. Of the people, 89.31% are Hindu, 7.69% are Muslim, and 1.45% are Christian. Hill station A hill station

2840-594: The famous gurus like Atri and Vashishtha . The association of the Gurus with the mountain is noticed in many inscriptions and epigraphs including Tilakamanjari of Dhanpala. According to one theory, this Gurdhara or land of the gurus got corrupted with time and became Gurjara. A municipality was established at Abu in 1864; it had six members nominated by the Agent to the Governor General (AGG). Mount Abu town,

2911-507: The king must not have removed him as a minister. Tejapala's son Lunasimha is mentioned as a governor of Bhrigukachcha (modern day Bharuch ) in a colophon of a palm-leaf manuscript dated VS 1296 (1242 CE). Tejapala is mentioned as a minister ( mahamatya ) in a manuscript of Ācārāṅga Sūtra dated to VS 1303 (1247 CE). The Vastupala-charita mentions that Tejapala died ten years after the death of Vastupala, so he may have died in VS 1306 (1250 CE), VS 1308 (1252 CE) or VS 1304 (1248 CE). Nagada

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2982-525: The king of Chaulukya. Their father visited many pilgrim sites with their mother Kumāradevī and built several public utilities, such as lakes, tanks, wells, and temples. After the death of their father, they lived in Mandali or Mandalika (modern day Mandal ) with their mother, probably until her death. Vastupala was married to Lalita and Vayajalladevi (or Sokhuka or Saukhyalata). Tejapala was married to Anupama and Suhavadevi (also spelled Suhadadevi). Anupama

3053-515: The main impetus being "places to rest and recuperate from the arduous life on the plains". In the second half of the 19th century, there was a period of consolidation with few new hill stations. In the final phase, "hill stations reached their zenith in the late nineteenth century. The political importance of the official stations was underscored by the inauguration of large and costly public-building projects." The concept of Hill Station has been used loosely in India (and more broadly South Asia) since

3124-514: The mid-20th century to qualify any town or settlement in mountainous areas, which attempt to expand its local economy toward tourism, or have been invested by recent mass tourism practices. Kullu and Manali in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh , are two example of that misuse of Hill Station or more accurately deviation of its meaning. These two historical settlements existed prior to the British, and haven't been specially frequented by them or even extensively modified or shaped by them. However,

3195-650: The military activities of Viradhavala, and state that he captured Vamanasthali (modern day Vanthali ) from Samgana and Chamunda, brothers of Viradhavala's wife Jayataladevi. The brothers also attacked Bhadreshwar , ruled by Bhimasimha of the Pratihara clan, in Kutch but were unsuccessful and ultimately concluded a peace treaty with him. Vastupala and Viradhavala were defeated by the three warriors from Marwar ; Samantapala, Anandapala and Trilokasimha; who had supported Bhimasimha. Tejapala commanded an army against Ghughula,

3266-500: The mother of the Sultan when she was to board a ship, possibly at Stambhatirtha, taking her on a pilgrimage to Mecca . The captain of the ship approached Vastupala who received the Sultan's mother with respect and returned the booty. Upon her return from Mecca, she presented Vastupala to the Sultan, who began friendly relations with Viradhavala. Vastupala was received with honour by Viradhavala for successfully safeguarding his realm from

3337-478: The mountain that is currently known as Mount Abu and so the mountain is named "Arbudaranya" after that incident which gradually became Abu. According to a legend, the sage Vashistha performed a yajna at the peak of Mount Abu, to seek from the gods a provision for the defense of righteousness on earth. In answer to his prayer, a youth arose from the Agnikunda (fire-altar) — the first Agnivansha . Achalgarh Fort

3408-484: The ninth contains blessings for the devotee and the tenth is reserved for himself. He wrote a short ten verse devotional, Aradhana , which would be his last composition. Prabandha-kosha notes that the first verse of it, "Na Kritam Sukritam Kinchit", was spoken by him on his death-bed. Aradhana is also mentioned in the Puratana-prabandha-samgraha and the Prabandha-chintamani . Vastupala

3479-663: The non-western world in general." The historian of Himalayan cultures Shekhar Pathak speaking about the development of Hill Stations like Mussoorie noted that "the needs of this (European) elite created colonies in Dehradun of Indians to cater to them." This "exclusive, clean, and secure social space – known as an enclave – for white Europeans ... evolved to become the seats of government and foci of elite social activity", and created racial distinctions which perpetuated British colonial power and oppression as Nandini Bhattacharya notes. Dale Kennedy observed that "the hill station, then,

3550-469: The number maybe exaggerated. Rajashekhara Suri mentioned that his charity extended from Shri Shaila in the south to Kedara in the north and Prabhasa in the west to Banaras in the east. Apart from building numerous Jain temples, he also built Brahmashalas, Mathas , Shiva temples as well as mosques. More than fifty temples were commissioned by Vastupala and Tejapala in addition to a large number of renovations and image installations. Vastupala commissioned

3621-620: The only hill station in Rajasthan , is at an elevation of 1,220 m (4,003 ft). It has been a popular retreat from the heat of Rajasthan and neighboring Gujarat for centuries. The mountain is home to several Hindu temples , including the Adhar Devi Temple (also known as Arbuda Devi Temple), carved out of the solid rock; the Shri Raghunathji Temple; and a shrine and temple to Dattatreya built atop

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3692-473: The patron deity of Abu and using this wealth, they commissioned a temple, Luniga-vasahi, dedicated to Luniga. Vastupala was made a governor of Sthambhatirtha (now Khambhat ), then an important port town, while Tejapala was made a minister at Dhavalakka. During his tenure, he enacted reforms to the administration and increased state revenue. He also instituted measures against corruption and piracy. The Vastupala-charita mentions punishments being meted out to

3763-465: The predations of the Delhi Sultanate. Copied manuscripts of Hammira-mada-mardana are dated to around 1230 CE (VS 1286) and Vastupala had begun his career in 1220 CE (VS 1276) so this event is likely to have occurred between these two dates. These manuscripts are preserved in Jain library of Jaisalmer . Vastupala died in 1240 CE (VS 1296), not long after Viradhavala, who died in 1238 CE and

3834-403: The rise of internal domestic tourism in India from the eighties and the subsequent reproduction of Hill Station practice by urban middle-class Indians contributed to the labelling of these two localities as Hill Stations . Munnar , a settlement in the state of Kerala whose economy is primarily based on tea cultivation and processing , as well as plantation agriculture, is another example of

3905-419: The strings of an empire that stretched from Rangoon in the east to Aden in the west." Meanwhile Judith T Kenny observed that "the hill station as a landscape type tied to nineteenth-century discourses of imperialism and climate. Both discourses serve as evidence of a belief in racial difference and, thereby, the imperial hill station reflected and reinforced a framework of meaning that influenced European views of

3976-408: The stunning, undisturbed natural surroundings. The Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary was established in 1960 and covers 290 km of the mountain. The sanctuary encircles the town, and sloth bears from the sanctuary have habitually been seen inside the city throughout the year foraging on hotel waste in open rubbish bins. Arbuda Mountains is a mountain range described in the epic Mahabharata . It

4047-404: The summers aren't quite as hot as well due to the altitude, and the monsoon actually sees relatively comfortable temperatures (24-30 C). Winters are cool in Mount Abu, with the mercury hovering around 13 °C to 22 °C. Nights are chilly, and the average night temperature is around 3 to 12 °C. The temperature has dipped to as low as −7.4 °C. Heavy winter clothing is preferable. In

4118-459: The temple constructions. In both the stories, Someshvara saved Vastupala from punishment. This is counter to other sources that mention Visaladeva being dissatisfied with Vastupala but did not make any mention of a loss of ministerial authority. The Abu inscription, dated to the 3rd day of the bright half of the Magha month VS 1296 (26 April 1240 CE), suggests that Tejapala succeeded him as minister so

4189-525: The temple. The conquest of Mount Abu in 1311 CE by Rao Lumba of the Deora-Chauhan dynasty. He shifted the capital city to Chandravati in the plains. After the destruction of Chandravati in 1405, Rao Shasmal made Sirohi his headquarters. Later it was leased by the British government from the Maharaja of Sirohi for use as the headquarters. The Arbuda Mountains region is said to be original abode of

4260-492: The temples and his family members. The Prabandha s state that the Luniga-vasahi cost twelve crores and fifty-three lakhs while the Girnar temples cost eighteen crores and ninety-six lakhs, although these figures may be an exaggerated. Of the temples built by the brothers, only a few survive such as Vastupala-vihara at Girnar (1231 CE), Neminath Temple at Abu and the temple at Prabhas. Born into an aristocratic family,

4331-465: The town. Vastupala attended the festival, and paid the homage to the goddess. The battle must have fought before he handed over administration of Stambhatirtha to his son, Jaitrasimha or Jayantastmha, in VS 1279 (1223 CE). Harihara's Sankha-Parabhava-Vyayoga is a historical play dramatizing this battle. During the reign of Viradhavala, the Sultan of Delhi Mojdin attacked Gurjaradesa , an event that

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4402-525: The year of his death. The Abu inscription, dated to the third day of the bright of Vaishakha month VS 1296 (12 April 1240 CE), mentions Tejapala as a Mahamatya (minister), a position he could only have ascended to following the death of Vastupala, so 1240 CE is considered as a true date of his death. The Prabandha s mention that he died due to fever in a village Arkapalita (now Ankevalia in Gujarat ), on his last pilgrimage to Mount Shatrunjaya, but this

4473-699: The year of his first major pilgrimage. Parts of the poem were quoted by others, such as Kavya-kalpalata of Amarachandra, who drew one verse, and Jalhana who included the sixth verse from the first canto in his Sukti-muktavali . A large number of literary sources and inscriptions give information on the life and works of Vastupala and his brother Tejapala. The last canto of Naranarayanananda , written by Vastupala himself, gives some information on him and his family. Other biographical works, such as Kirti-kaumudi and Surathotsava , both written by Someshvara, and Sukrita-sankirtana , by Arisimha, were written during Vastupula's lifetime while Balachandra's Vasanta-vilasa

4544-455: Was a daughter of Dharaniga, a counselor to the brothers, and his wife Tribhuvanadevi. According to Kirti-kaumudi , the Vasanta-vilasa , the Prabandha-kosha , and the Prabandha-chintamani , the brothers travelled to the Vaghela capital at Dhavalakka (modern day Dholka ). There, they were introduced by Someshvara to king Viradhavala who subsequently appointed them. Other sources, such as

4615-516: Was a hymn praising Adinatha in the temple on the Shatrunjaya hills. This hymn is Adinatha Stotra , or Ishwara-manoratha-maya Stotra , and consists of twelve verses. Another of his Stotra, Nemistava , contains ten verses, eight dedicated to Neminatha and two to himself. Ambika Stotra is dedicated to Ambika , the presiding goddess of Neminatha and the family goddess of Pragavata, his clan. It has ten verses, eight of which praise Ambika,

4686-534: Was considered an expert in composing Sanskrit sukti s (stray poetry), drawing praise from Someshvara and Udayaprabha. A number of his works appear in anthologies written by others. Sukti-muktavali , a 13th-century anthology commissioned by the Yadava general Jalhana, contains four of his verses as does the Sharngadhara-paddhati written by Sharangdhara of Shakambhari . His Naranarayanananda

4757-542: Was dramatised in Hammira-mada-mardana , a Sanskrit play by Jaysimha Suri. The Prabandhka-kosha describes the Delhi army being forced to retreat after being encircled by Dharavarsha of Chandravati from the north, and Vastupala from the south, leaving the army trapped in a mountain pass near Arbuda (modern day Mount Abu ). In another action against the Delhi Sultanate, Vastupala secretly hired pirates to rob

4828-521: Was eulogised in the works of others. He had received titles of 'Kavi-kunjara', 'Saraswati-kantha-bharana' (Ornament of the goddess of knowledge Saraswati 's neck), 'Kavi-chakravarti' ( universal king of poetry) and 'Kurchala-saraswati' (Saraswati with a beard) for his literary capabilities. Harihara, Someshvara and other poets gave him a poetic name, Vasantapala, and Balachandra named his biographical work, Vasanta-vilasa . Vastuapala wrote Naranarayanananda and noted in its conclusion that his first poem

4899-467: Was seen as an exclusive British preserve: here it was possible to render the Indian into an outsider". Kennedy, following Monika Bührlein, identifies three stages in the evolution of hill stations in India: high refuge, high refuge to hill station, and hill station to town. The first settlements started in the 1820s, primarily as sanitoria. In the 1840s and 1850s, there was a wave of new hill stations, with

4970-417: Was succeeded by his younger brother Visaladeva. The date of Vastupala's death is mentioned by his contemporary, Balachandra, who wrote in Vasanta-vilasa that his death fell on the fifth day of the bright half of Magha month VS 1296, corresponding to 1 January 1240 CE. The year VS 1296 is also mentioned in a palm leaf manuscript. However, Prabandha-kosha and Vastupala-charita both note VS 1298 (1242 CE) as

5041-513: Was written soon after his death. Surathotsava is a mythological historical allegory but it does give information on the Chaulukya king Bhima II , whom Vastupala first served; Dharmabhyudaya mentions his pilgrimages; and Jayasimha's play Hammira-mada-mardana (1220–1230 CE) discusses his military career and his strategy in dealing with the invasion from Delhi. The Apabhramsa poems – Revanatagiri Rasu by Vijayasena and Abu Rasa (1233 CE) by Pahlanputra – mention his pilgrimage to Girnar and

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