79-659: Baltimore Tower , also known as Arena Tower and nicknamed The Slinky due to its resemblance to the popular toy , is a high-rise residential skyscraper in Millwall on the Isle of Dogs , London , England. The building is located on a site that was previously the location of the London Arena . The 45-storey building comprises 366 residential apartments and is 149 meters in height. It was designed by American architecture firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill . Baltimore Tower won
158-585: A cause (e.g., aortic stenosis ) or as a consequence (e.g., mitral regurgitation ) of heart failure. Reverse insufficiency of the left ventricle causes congestion in the blood vessels of the lungs so that symptoms are predominantly respiratory. Reverse insufficiency can be divided into the failure of the left atrium, the left ventricle, or both within the left circuit. Patients will experience shortness of breath (dyspnea) on exertion and, in severe cases, dyspnea at rest. Increasing breathlessness while lying down, called orthopnea , also occurs. It can be measured by
237-465: A decrease in intracardiac pressures or in ejection during systole , reducing cardiac output to the rest of the body. The filling failure and high intracardiac pressure can lead to fluid accumulation in ventricles of the heart. This manifests as water retention and swelling due to fluid accumulation ( edema ) called congestion . Impaired ejection can lead to inadequate blood flow to the body tissues, resulting in ischemia . Congestive heart failure
316-681: A myocardial infarction is suspected, various cardiac markers may be used. Blood tests routinely performed include electrolytes ( sodium , potassium ), measures of kidney function , liver function tests , thyroid function tests , a complete blood count , and often C-reactive protein if infection is suspected. Hyponatremia (low serum sodium concentration) is common in heart failure. Vasopressin levels are usually increased, along with renin, angiotensin II, and catecholamines to compensate for reduced circulating volume due to inadequate cardiac output. This leads to increased fluid and sodium retention in
395-590: A normal ECG virtually excludes left ventricular systolic dysfunction. N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) is the favored biomarker for the diagnosis of heart failure, according to guidelines published 2018 by NICE in the UK . Brain natriuretic peptide 32 (BNP) is another biomarker commonly tested for heart failure. An elevated NT-proBNP or BNP is a specific test indicative of heart failure. Additionally, NT-proBNP or BNP can be used to differentiate between causes of dyspnea due to heart failure from other causes of dyspnea. If
474-483: A number of tricks, including travelling down a flight of steps end-over-end as it stretches and re-forms itself with the aid of gravity and its own momentum; and appearing to levitate for a period of time after it has been dropped. These toys are interesting characteristics have contributed to its success in its home country of the United States, and it has inspired many popular toys with Slinky-like components, in
553-419: A person with a failure of one ventricle lives long enough, it will tend to progress to failure of both ventricles. For example, left ventricular failure allows pulmonary edema and pulmonary hypertension to occur, which increases stress on the right ventricle. Though still harmful, right ventricular failure is not as deleterious to the left side. Since heart failure is a syndrome and not a disease, establishing
632-485: A person with heart failure may have a reduced force of contraction due to overloading of the ventricle . In a normal heart, increased filling of the ventricle results in increased contraction force by the Frank–Starling law of the heart , and thus a rise in cardiac output . In heart failure, this mechanism fails, as the ventricle is loaded with blood to the point where heart muscle contraction becomes less efficient. This
711-522: A plastic cup to one end of the Slinky. The Helixophone is the name composer and artist Sonia Paço-Rocchia gave to a musical instrument made with a Slinky and a resonator. Hélix is a sound installation with up to 20 Helixophones, automated and playing an interactive sound composition. Metal Slinkys can be used as an antenna; it resonates between 7 and 8 MHz. During the Vietnam War, it
790-826: A result of Betty James' concern about the toy's affordability for less affluent customers. In addition to its use as a toy, it has been used as a classroom teaching tool; as a portable and extendable radio antenna in wartime (particularly the Vietnam War). It was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame at The Strong in Rochester, New York in 2000. In 2003, it was named to the Toy Industry Association 's Century of Toys List. In its first 60 years, about 300 million Slinkys were sold. In 1960, after his wife filed for divorce, Richard James left
869-423: A result of a blocked coronary artery . Cardiomyopathy refers specifically to problems within the heart muscle, and these problems can result in heart failure. Ischemic cardiomyopathy implies that the cause of muscle damage is coronary artery disease. Dilated cardiomyopathy implies that the muscle damage has resulted in enlargement of the heart. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy involves enlargement and thickening of
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#1732790233555948-512: A result, coronary catheterization may be used to identify possibilities for revascularisation through percutaneous coronary intervention or bypass surgery . Heart failure is commonly stratified by the degree of functional impairment conferred by the severity of the heart failure, as reflected in the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification . The NYHA functional classes (I–IV) begin with class I, which
1027-454: A stairway, the Slinky transfers energy along its length in a longitudinal wave. The whole spring descends end over end in a periodical motion as if it were "walking" down one step at a time. When the top end of the Slinky is dropped, the information of the tension change must propagate to the bottom end before both sides begin to fall; the top of an extended Slinky will drop while the bottom initially remains in its original position, compressing
1106-505: A video demonstrating how familiar toys behaved in space. One astronaut described the toy as "sort of droop[ing]". The video was prepared to stimulate interest in school children about the basic principles of physics and the phenomenon of weightlessness. Several online videos have shown that a Slinky can be mounted on the pole of a bird feeder to deter squirrels from climbing up the pole. Congestive heart failure Heart failure ( HF ), also known as congestive heart failure ( CHF ),
1185-415: A wide range of countries. In 1943, Richard T. James , a naval mechanical engineer, observed a spring "stepping" downward after being knocked off a shelf, then coming to rest in a vertical position. James's wife Betty later recalled, "He came home and said, 'I think if I got the right property of steel and the right tension, I could make it walk.'" James experimented with different types of steel wire over
1264-429: Is a pathophysiological condition in which the heart's output is insufficient to meet the needs of the body and lungs. The term "congestive heart failure" is often used because one of the most common symptoms is congestion or fluid accumulation in the tissues and veins of the lungs or other parts of a person's body. Congestion manifests itself particularly in the form of fluid accumulation and swelling (edema) , in
1343-812: Is a syndrome caused by an impairment in the heart 's ability to fill with and pump blood . Although symptoms vary based on which side of the heart is affected, HF typically presents with shortness of breath , excessive fatigue , and bilateral leg swelling . The severity of the heart failure is mainly decided based on ejection fraction and also measured by the severity of symptoms. Other conditions that have symptoms similar to heart failure include obesity , kidney failure , liver disease , anemia , and thyroid disease . Common causes of heart failure include coronary artery disease , heart attack , high blood pressure , atrial fibrillation , valvular heart disease , excessive alcohol consumption , infection , and cardiomyopathy . These cause heart failure by altering
1422-420: Is a common, costly, and potentially fatal condition, and is the leading cause of hospitalization and readmission in older adults. Heart failure often leads to more drastic health impairments than the failure of other, similarly complex organs such as the kidneys or liver. In 2015, it affected about 40 million people worldwide. Overall, heart failure affects about 2% of adults, and more than 10% of those over
1501-702: Is a worsening of chronic heart failure symptoms, which can result in acute respiratory distress . High-output heart failure can occur when there is increased cardiac demand that results in increased left ventricular diastolic pressure which can develop into pulmonary congestion (pulmonary edema). Several terms are closely related to heart failure and may be the cause of heart failure, but should not be confused with it. Cardiac arrest and asystole refer to situations in which no cardiac output occurs at all. Without urgent treatment, these events result in sudden death. Myocardial infarction ("Heart attack") refers to heart muscle damage due to insufficient blood supply, usually as
1580-465: Is also referenced in the movie Lords of Dogtown , where it is sung in full by Emile Hirsch , and is sung by Eddie Murphy as part of the final routine in the stand-up comedy film Eddie Murphy Raw . It was also parodied in an ad for the Isuzu Amigo used as a promo for the vehicle's return in late March 1998, nearly two months before the ad was pulled due to criticism from the company that made
1659-471: Is by the side of the heart involved (left heart failure versus right heart failure). Right heart failure was thought to compromise blood flow to the lungs compared to left heart failure compromising blood flow to the aorta and consequently to the brain and the remainder of the body's systemic circulation. However, mixed presentations are common, and left heart failure is a common cause of right heart failure. A more accurate classification of heart failure type
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#17327902335551738-421: Is caused by any condition that reduces the efficiency of the heart muscle, through damage or overloading . Over time, these increases in workload, which are mediated by long-term activation of neurohormonal systems such as the renin–angiotensin system and the sympathoadrenal system, lead to fibrosis , dilation, and structural changes in the shape of the left ventricle from elliptical to spherical. The heart of
1817-410: Is consistent with an international 2021 report termed "Universal Definition of Heart Failure". Score-based algorithms have been developed to help in the diagnosis of HFpEF , which can be challenging for physicians to diagnose. The AHA / ACC / HFSA defines heart failure as symptoms and signs consistent with heart failure in combination with shown "structural and functional alterations of the heart as
1896-432: Is defined as a person who experiences no limitation in any activities and has no symptoms from ordinary activities. People with NYHA class II heart failure have slight, mild limitations with everyday activities; the person is comfortable at rest or with mild exertion. With NYHA class III heart failure, a marked limitation occurs with any activity; the person is comfortable only at rest. A person with NYHA class IV heart failure
1975-491: Is due to the reduced ability to cross-link actin and myosin myofilaments in over-stretched heart muscle. No diagnostic criteria have been agreed on as the gold standard for heart failure, especially heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). In the UK , the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommends measuring N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) followed by an ultrasound of
2054-605: Is exposure to certain toxins such as lead and cobalt . Additionally, infiltrative disorders such as amyloidosis and connective tissue diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus have similar consequences. Obstructive sleep apnea (a condition of sleep wherein disordered breathing overlaps with obesity, hypertension, and/or diabetes) is regarded as an independent cause of heart failure. Recent reports from clinical trials have also linked variation in blood pressure to heart failure and cardiac changes that may give rise to heart failure. High-output heart failure happens when
2133-422: Is made by measuring ejection fraction , or the proportion of blood pumped out of the heart during a single contraction. Ejection fraction is given as a percentage with the normal range being between 50 and 75%. The types are: Heart failure may also be classified as acute or chronic. Chronic heart failure is a long-term condition, usually kept stable by the treatment of symptoms. Acute decompensated heart failure
2212-506: Is mentioned in the Ebers Papyrus around 1550 BCE. When the heart functions poorly as a pump and does not circulate blood adequately via the circulatory system to meet the demands of the body the term cardiovascular insufficiency is sometimes used. This generally leads to the syndrome of heart failure, a combination of signs and symptoms It develops when the heart fails to properly fill with blood during diastole , resulting in
2291-883: Is not the same as cardiac arrest , in which blood flow stops completely due to the failure of the heart to pump. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, physical findings, and echocardiography . Blood tests , and a chest x-ray may be useful to determine the underlying cause. Treatment depends on severity and case. For people with chronic, stable, or mild heart failure, treatment usually consists of lifestyle changes, such as not smoking , physical exercise , and dietary changes, as well as medications. In heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors , angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), or angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors , along with beta blockers , mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and SGLT2 inhibitors are recommended. Diuretics may also be prescribed to prevent fluid retention and
2370-404: Is relieved. As the spring contracts, every point along its length will accelerate downward with gravity and tension, and experience a decrease in overall downward acceleration related to height along the spring due to the spring force changing with extension – at the bottom of the spring the upward initial acceleration reduces in accordance with Hooke's law as the spring contracts, but
2449-625: Is symptomatic at rest and becomes quite uncomfortable with any physical activity. This score documents the severity of symptoms and can be used to assess response to treatment. While its use is widespread, the NYHA score is not very reproducible and does not reliably predict walking distance or exercise tolerance on formal testing. In its 2001 guidelines, the American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association working group introduced four stages of heart failure: The ACC staging system
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2528-475: Is the X-ray imaging of blood vessels , which is done by injecting contrast agents into the bloodstream through a thin plastic tube ( catheter ), which is placed directly in the blood vessel. X-ray images are called angiograms. Heart failure may be the result of coronary artery disease, and its prognosis depends in part on the ability of the coronary arteries to supply blood to the myocardium (heart muscle). As
2607-484: Is the length of the Slinky in the gravitational field of the Earth and g {\textstyle g} the acceleration due to gravity g = 9.81 m / s 2 {\textstyle g=9.81\,\mathrm {m/s} ^{2}} . Please note, that the expression for T {\textstyle T} is independent of the spring constant k {\textstyle k} and
2686-494: Is the precipitating cause, and may manifest as regional wall motion abnormalities on echo. Chest X-rays are frequently used to aid in the diagnosis of CHF. In a person who is compensated, this may show cardiomegaly (visible enlargement of the heart), quantified as the cardiothoracic ratio (proportion of the heart size to the chest). In left ventricular failure, evidence may exist of vascular redistribution (upper lobe blood diversion or cephalization), Kerley lines , cuffing of
2765-491: Is useful since stage A encompasses "pre-heart failure" – a stage where intervention with treatment can presumably prevent progression to overt symptoms. ACC stage A does not have a corresponding NYHA class. ACC stage B would correspond to NYHA class I. ACC stage C corresponds to NYHA class II and III, while ACC stage D overlaps with NYHA class IV. Histopathology can diagnose heart failure in autopsies . The presence of siderophages indicates chronic left-sided heart failure, but
2844-616: The shortening fraction is the preferred measure of systolic function. Normally, the EF should be between 50 and 70%; in systolic heart failure, it drops below 40%. Echocardiography can also identify valvular heart disease and assess the state of the pericardium (the connective tissue sac surrounding the heart). Echocardiography may also aid in deciding specific treatments, such as medication, insertion of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator , or cardiac resynchronization therapy . Echocardiography can also help determine if acute myocardial ischemia
2923-755: The Best Residential High Rise Award at the International Property Awards in 2017. Ballymore London Arena Ltd applied for an amended planning application to Tower Hamlets in 2008. This London -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Slinky The Slinky is a helical spring toy invented and developed by naval engineer Richard T. James in 1943 and successfully demonstrated at Gimbels department store in Philadelphia on November 27, 1945. It can perform
3002-544: The Slinky pull-toy idea, but never visited the plant. In 1995, the Slinky Dog (voiced by Jim Varney and Blake Clark ) was redesigned for all of Pixar 's Toy Story movies. James Industries had discontinued their Slinky Dog a few years previously. Betty James approved of the new Slinky Dog, telling the press, "The earlier Slinky Dog wasn't nearly as cute as this one." Plastic Slinkys are also available. They can be made in different colors. Many of them are made with
3081-595: The Slinky television commercial was created in Columbia, South Carolina in 1962 with Johnny McCullough and Homer Fesperman writing the music and Charles Weagly penning the lyrics. It became the longest-running jingle in advertising history. The jingle has itself been parodied and referenced in popular culture. It is seen in the "Log" commercial on The Ren & Stimpy Show and sung by actor Jim Carrey in Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls . It
3160-470: The Slinky. Early in the history of James Industries, Helen Herrick Malsed of Washington state sent the company a letter and drawings for developing Slinky pull-toys. The company liked her ideas, and Slinky Dog and Slinky Train were added to the company's product line. Slinky Dog, a small plastic dog whose front and rear ends were joined by a metal Slinky, debuted in 1952. Malsed received royalties of $ 60,000 to $ 70,000 annually for 17 years on her patent for
3239-530: The age of 70. Rates are predicted to increase. The risk of death in the first year after diagnosis is about 35%, while the risk of death in the second year is less than 10% in those still alive. The risk of death is comparable to that of some cancers. In the United Kingdom, the disease is the reason for 5% of emergency hospital admissions. Heart failure has been known since ancient times in Egypt ; it
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3318-453: The amount of blood pumped out is more than typical and the heart cannot keep up. This can occur in overload situations such as blood or serum infusions, kidney diseases, chronic severe anemia , beriberi (vitamin B 1 / thiamine deficiency), hyperthyroidism , cirrhosis , Paget's disease , multiple myeloma , arteriovenous fistulae , or arteriovenous malformations . Chronic stable heart failure may easily decompensate (fail to meet
3397-418: The areas around the bronchi , and interstitial edema. Ultrasound of the lung may also detect Kerley lines. An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) may be used to identify arrhythmias , ischemic heart disease , right and left ventricular hypertrophy , and presence of conduction delay or abnormalities (e.g. left bundle branch block ). Although these findings are not specific to the diagnosis of heart failure,
3476-514: The assembly line, according to his children, it looked more like a "Slinky." He worked at it until it came out perfectly and then went to Betty James with his prototype. Reum manufactured the Plastic Slinky for Betty James for several years. Eventually Betty James decided to manufacture the product exclusively through James manufacturing, effectively ending the production of the toy by the small Minnesota company. Reum's patent number, 4120929
3555-407: The blood , is a late sign of extremely severe pulmonary edema. Other signs of left ventricular failure include a laterally displaced apex beat (which occurs when the heart is enlarged) and a gallop rhythm (additional heart sounds), which may be heard as a sign of increased blood flow or increased intracardiac pressure. Heart murmurs may indicate the presence of valvular heart disease, either as
3634-604: The body first, causing foot and ankle swelling in people who are standing up and sacral edema in people who are predominantly lying down. Nocturia (frequent night-time urination) may occur when fluid from the legs is returned to the bloodstream while lying down at night. In progressively severe cases, ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity causing swelling) and liver enlargement may develop. Significant liver congestion may result in impaired liver function ( congestive hepatopathy ), jaundice, and coagulopathy (problems of decreased or increased blood clotting). Dullness of
3713-457: The body's metabolic needs). This most commonly results from a concurrent illness (such as myocardial infarction (a heart attack) or pneumonia ), abnormal heart rhythms , uncontrolled hypertension , or a person's failure to maintain a fluid restriction, diet, or medication. Other factors that may worsen CHF include: anemia, hyperthyroidism, excessive fluid or salt intake, and medication such as NSAIDs and thiazolidinediones . NSAIDs increase
3792-412: The body; the rate of fluid retention is higher than the rate of sodium retention in the body, this phenomenon causes hypervolemic hyponatremia (low sodium concentration due to high body fluid retention). This phenomenon is more common in older women with low body mass. Severe hyponatremia can result in accumulation of fluid in the brain, causing cerebral edema and intracranial hemorrhage . Angiography
3871-478: The brain. Right-sided heart failure is often caused by pulmonary heart disease (cor pulmonale), which is typically caused by issues with pulmonary circulation such as pulmonary hypertension or pulmonic stenosis . Physical examination may reveal pitting peripheral edema, ascites, liver enlargement , and spleen enlargement . Jugular venous pressure is frequently assessed as a marker of fluid status, which can be accentuated by testing hepatojugular reflux . If
3950-415: The centre toward which it is moving gets closer – meaning the base will have been displaced sufficiently toward the centre of inertial mass for it to appear to have hung still. Should this phenomenology extend to very light strings with heavy suspended masses (which have approximately linear tension distributions), different mathematics would be needed to explain the phenomenon. The jingle for
4029-511: The colors of the rainbow in rainbow order. They were marketed in the 1970s as a safer alternative to metal Slinkys as they did not present a hazard when inserted into electrical sockets. The plastic spring toy, known as the Plastic Slinky was invented by Donald James Reum Sr. of Avon Plastics in Albany, Minnesota. Reum came up with the idea as he was playing with different techniques to produce a spiral hose for watering plants. However, as it came off
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#17327902335554108-721: The company and he became an evangelical missionary in Bolivia with Wycliffe Bible Translators . Betty James moved the company to Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania in 1964 and the company grew under her direction. She attributed the toy's success to its "simplicity". The company was sold to Poof Products, Inc. in 1998. Slinky continued production in Hollidaysburg. Betty James died of congestive heart failure in November 2008, at age 90, after serving as James Industries' president from 1960 to 1998. In July 2012, Poof-Slinky, Inc.
4187-606: The effects of diuretic medications. Gossypol can increase the effects of diuretics, leading to toxicity. Gynura can cause low blood pressure. Licorice can worsen heart failure by increasing blood pressure and promoting fluid retention. Lily of the Valley can cause abnormally slow heart rates with mechanisms similar to those of digoxin. Tetrandrine can lower blood pressure by inhibiting L-type calcium channels . Yohimbine can exacerbate heart failure by increasing blood pressure through alpha-2 adrenergic receptor antagonism. Heart failure
4266-523: The force with which the heart ejects blood , thus are not recommended in people with heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction. Breast cancer patients are at high risk of heart failure due to several factors. After analyzing data from 26 studies (836,301 patients), the recent meta-analysis found that breast cancer survivors demonstrated a higher risk heart failure within first ten years after diagnosis (hazard ratio = 1.21; 95% CI: 1.1, 1.33). The pooled incidence of heart failure in breast cancer survivors
4345-509: The form of peripheral edema (causing swollen limbs and feet) and pulmonary edema (causing difficulty breathing) and ascites (swollen abdomen). Pulse pressure , which is the difference between the systolic ("top number") and diastolic ("bottom number") blood pressures, is often low/narrow (i.e. 25% or less of the level of the systolic) in people with heart failure, and this can be an early warning sign. Symptoms of heart failure are traditionally divided into left-sided and right-sided because
4424-678: The formation of prostaglandins , NSAIDs may exacerbate heart failure through several mechanisms, including promotion of fluid retention, increasing blood pressure , and decreasing a person's response to diuretic medications. Similarly, the ACC/AHA recommends against using COX-2 inhibitor medications in people with heart failure. Thiazolidinediones have been strongly linked to new cases of heart failure and worsening of pre-existing congestive heart failure due to their association with weight gain and fluid retention. Certain calcium channel blockers, such as diltiazem and verapamil , are known to decrease
4503-676: The heart if positive. In Europe , the European Society of Cardiology , and in the United States, the AHA / ACC / HFSA , recommend measuring NT-proBNP or BNP followed by an ultrasound of the heart if positive. This is recommended in those with symptoms consistent with heart failure such as shortness of breath . The European Society of Cardiology defines the diagnosis of heart failure as symptoms and signs consistent with heart failure in combination with "objective evidence of cardiac structural or functional abnormalities". This definition
4582-535: The heart muscle. An echocardiogram ( ultrasound of the heart) is commonly used to support a clinical diagnosis of heart failure. This can determine the stroke volume (SV, the amount of blood in the heart that exits the ventricles with each beat), the end-diastolic volume (EDV, the total amount of blood at the end of diastole), and the SV in proportion to the EDV, a value known as the ejection fraction (EF). In pediatrics,
4661-599: The heart's myocardial tissue (termed myocarditis ) can similarly contribute to the development of heart failure. Genetic predisposition plays an important role. If more than one cause is present, progression is more likely and prognosis is worse. Heart damage can predispose a person to develop heart failure later in life and has many causes including systemic viral infections (e.g., HIV ), chemotherapeutic agents such as daunorubicin , cyclophosphamide , trastuzumab and substance use disorders of substances such as alcohol , cocaine , and methamphetamine . An uncommon cause
4740-430: The left and right ventricles supply different parts of the circulation. In biventricular heart failure, both sides of the heart are affected. Left-sided heart failure is the more common. The left side of the heart takes oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the circulatory system in the body (except for the pulmonary circulation ). Failure of the left side of the heart causes blood to back up into
4819-441: The lung fields when percussed and reduced breath sounds at the base of the lungs may suggest the development of a pleural effusion (fluid collection between the lung and the chest wall ). Though it can occur in isolated left- or right-sided heart failure, it is more common in biventricular failure because pleural veins drain into both the systemic and pulmonary venous systems. When unilateral, effusions are often right-sided. If
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#17327902335554898-446: The lungs, causing breathing difficulties and fatigue due to an insufficient supply of oxygenated blood. Common respiratory signs include increased respiratory rate and labored breathing (nonspecific signs of shortness of breath). Rales or crackles are heard initially in the lung bases and when severe in all lung fields indicate the development of pulmonary edema (fluid in the alveoli ). Cyanosis , indicates deficiency of oxygen in
4977-717: The mass m {\textstyle m} of the Slinky. For a spring pendulum one would expect such a dependence. This is because the dependence on k {\textstyle k} and m {\textstyle m} is hidden in the length L ( k , m ) {\textstyle L(k,m)} : L ( k , m ) = m g 2 k = W 2 k , {\displaystyle L(k,m)={\frac {mg}{2k}}={\frac {W}{2k}}\,,} this allows one to write: T = 4 m k . {\displaystyle T=4{\sqrt {\frac {m}{k}}}\,.} This expression differs from
5056-652: The next year, and finally found a spring that would "walk". Betty was skeptical, but changed her mind when the toy was fine-tuned and neighborhood children expressed an excited interest in it. Richard and Betty formed James Industries and began manufacturing slinkys in Clifton Heights, Pennsylvania, selling them for $ 1 each. They were 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches (64 mm) tall, and included 98 coils of high-grade blue-black Swedish steel. They initially had difficulty selling Slinky to toy stores, but in 1945, they were granted permission to set up an inclined plane in
5135-575: The number of pillows required to lie comfortably, with extreme cases of orthopnea forcing the patient to sleep sitting up. Another symptom of heart failure is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea : a sudden nocturnal attack of severe shortness of breath, usually occurring several hours after falling asleep. There may be " cardiac asthma " or wheezing . Impaired left ventricular forward function can lead to symptoms of poor systemic perfusion such as dizziness , confusion , and cool extremities at rest. Loss of consciousness may also occur due to loss of blood supply to
5214-409: The ordinary spring pendulum T spring pendulum = 2 π m k , {\displaystyle T_{\mbox{spring pendulum}}=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {m}{k}}}\,,} because for the spring pendulum one assumes a massless spring with a mass m {\textstyle m} attached at the bottom. When set in motion on a stepped platform such as
5293-503: The resulting shortness of breath. Depending on the case, an implanted device such as a pacemaker or implantable cardiac defibrillator may sometimes be recommended. In some moderate or more severe cases, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) or cardiac contractility modulation may be beneficial. In severe disease that persists despite all other measures, a cardiac assist device ventricular assist device , or, occasionally, heart transplantation may be recommended. Heart failure
5372-403: The right ventricular pressure is increased, a parasternal heave which causes the compensatory increase in contraction strength may be present. Backward failure of the right ventricle leads to congestion of systemic capillaries. This generates excess fluid accumulation in the body. This causes swelling under the skin ( peripheral edema or anasarca ) and usually affects the dependent parts of
5451-626: The risk twofold. A number of medications may cause or worsen the disease. This includes NSAIDs , COX-2 inhibitors , a number of anesthetic agents such as ketamine , thiazolidinediones, some cancer medications , several antiarrhythmic medications , pregabalin , alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists , minoxidil , itraconazole , cilostazol , anagrelide , stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate ), tricyclic antidepressants , lithium , antipsychotics , dopamine agonists , TNF inhibitors , calcium channel blockers (especially verapamil and diltiazem ), salbutamol , and tamsulosin . By inhibiting
5530-406: The spring. This creates a suspension time of ~0.3 s for an original Slinky, but has potential to create a much larger suspension time. A suspended Slinky's center of mass is accelerating downward at 1 g (about 32 feet per second squared or 9.8 m/s ); when released – the lower portion moves up toward the top portion with an equivalent, constant upward acceleration as the tension
5609-436: The structure or the function of the heart or in some cases both. There are different types of heart failure: right-sided heart failure , which affects the right heart , left-sided heart failure , which affects the left heart , and biventricular heart failure, which affects both sides of the heart. Left-sided heart failure may be present with a reduced ejection fraction or with a preserved ejection fraction . Heart failure
5688-679: The toy section of Gimbels Department Store in Philadelphia to demonstrate it on the Tuesday after Thanksgiving. It was an instant hit; the first 400 units were sold in 90 minutes. In 1946, Slinky was introduced at the American Toy Fair . The Slinky was originally priced at $ 1, but many paid much more due to price increases of spring steel in Pennsylvania. It has, however, remained modestly priced throughout its history as
5767-541: The underlying cause for the clinical presentation", for HFmrEF and HFpEF specifically requiring "evidence of spontaneous or provokable increased left ventricle filling pressures". The European Society of Cardiology has developed a diagnostic algorithm for HFpEF , named HFA-PEFF. HFA-PEFF considers symptoms and signs, typical clinical demographics (obesity, hypertension, diabetes, elderly, atrial fibrillation), and diagnostic laboratory tests, ECG, and echocardiography. One historical method of categorizing heart failure
5846-565: The underlying cause is vital to diagnosis and treatment. In heart failure, the structure or the function of the heart or in some cases both are altered. Heart failure is the potential end stage of all heart diseases. Common causes of heart failure include coronary artery disease , including a previous myocardial infarction (heart attack), high blood pressure , atrial fibrillation , valvular heart disease , excess alcohol use , infection , and cardiomyopathy of an unknown cause. In addition, viral infection and subsequent inflammation of
5925-488: Was 4.44 (95% CI 3.33-5.92) per 1000 person-years of follow-up. Certain alternative medicines carry a risk of exacerbating existing heart failure, and are not recommended. This includes aconite , ginseng , gossypol , gynura , licorice , lily of the valley , tetrandrine , and yohimbine . Aconite can cause abnormally slow heart rates and abnormal heart rhythms such as ventricular tachycardia. Ginseng can cause abnormally low or high blood pressure and may interfere with
6004-571: Was acquired by the private equity firm Propel Equity Partners. In 2014, Propel Equity Partners consolidated Poof-Slinky and several other toy brands into Alex Brands. In July 2020, the Slinky brand was sold to Just Play. The rules that govern the mechanics of a Slinky are Hooke's law and the effects of gravitation . The oscillation of a vertically suspended Slinky has the periodic duration T = 32 L g , {\displaystyle T={\sqrt {\frac {32L}{g}}}\,,} where L {\textstyle L}
6083-575: Was filed on December 28, 1976, and issued by the U.S. Patent Office on October 17, 1978. In 1999, the United States Postal Service issued a Slinky postage stamp. The Slinky was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame in 2000 in their Celebrate the Century stamp series. A bill to nominate the Slinky as the state toy of Pennsylvania was introduced by Richard Geist in 2001 but not enacted. The same year, Betty James
6162-536: Was inducted into the Toy Industry Association 's Hall of Fame. In 2003, Slinky was named to the Toy Industry Association's "Century of Toys List" of the 20th century's 100 most memorable and creative toys. Slinkys and similar springs can be used to create a 'laser gun' like sound effect. This is done by holding up a Slinky in the air and striking one end, causing a metallic sound that sharply lowers in pitch. The effect can be amplified by attaching
6241-609: Was used as a portable antenna for local HF communication. This setup had many advantages over a long wire shot from M79 grenade launcher: small dimensions, fast and quiet installation, reusability, good takeoff angle for local communication, and adequate performance. It was also used to extend the ranges of handheld radios. In 1985, in conjunction with the Johnson Space Center and the Houston Museum of Natural Science , Space Shuttle Discovery astronauts created
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