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76-517: The Supreme Court functions as a last resort tribunal. Its rulings cannot be appealed. It also decides on cases dealing with the interpretation of the constitution (for example, it can overturn a law passed by Congress if deems it unconstitutional). The members of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President with the agreement of at least two thirds of the present Senate members in

152-464: A constitution but it could only declare the freedom for slaves' sons. In 1819 and 1826 were declared two constitutions that eventually failed because of the disagreement between Federalists and Unitarians . Many other constitutional pacts existed between 1820 and 1853 (when the current Argentine Constitution was enacted). The most important of them are: the Treaty of Pilar (1820), the Treaty of

228-776: A constitution in order to build an independent state. In October 1811, the Junta Grande , which succeeded the Primera Junta, enacted the Regulation for the Division of Power, but it was not accepted by the executive power . Nevertheless, the freedom of press and the Decree on Individual Security were accepted by November. In 1813, the General Constitutional Assembly was intended to declare

304-534: A feeling of insecurity among Americans in Argentina, as well as the possibility of Americans being the target of guerilla warfare. The American government also predicted a possible regime change as Peron's regime began to lose political power, noting that in February 1976 the military "dissatisfaction is so pervasive and intense that one [a coup] could occur at any time". Another worry with a possible regime change

380-639: A few platoons. Meanwhile, the military, fully backed by the local élite , along with the military dictatorships in Chile and Brazil , the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and the administration of President Gerald Ford , bided its time before ultimately seizing power. According to political scientist Scott Mainwaring, the years prior to the coup were characterized by public perceptions of chaos and power vacuum. There had been extreme radicalization on

456-515: A law reducing the Court to seven justices (thus reducing the majority to four). On 9 November 2006 Senator Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (the President's wife) presented a legislative bill to repeal Law 24774, which dictated the increase to nine justices, in order to eventually return to the original number of five. Most of the members of the Court welcomed this project. The current composition of

532-412: A long time to Argentine jurisprudence, and related to the habeas corpus of Common Law ) is to protect the citizen's physical freedom; and habeas data is a person's right to access information about himself or herself, and request its confidentiality, a change or a suppression. The Argentine Constitution's rights are divided in four groups: Civil, patrimonial, politic and social. Declarations state

608-773: A preamble and two normative parts: The following international human rights instruments —treaties and declarations— also have constitutional status by virtue of article 75 paragraph 22: The first attempt to divide political power in Argentina was during the government created after the May Revolution (Spanish: Revolución de Mayo): the Primera Junta could not create new taxes without the Cabildo' s authorization. Many revolutionary leaders, led by Mariano Moreno , wanted to declare independence immediately and create

684-531: A seat in the Supreme Court must be presented by the Executive Branch for consideration. The nominees' resumes must be made public and announced by the Ministry of Justice , and can be discussed in the media and elsewhere by NGOs , professional law associations, academic and human rights groups, and all citizens in general. After three months, the President, with this advice, can then choose to present

760-627: A session convened for that purpose, and can only be removed by an impeachment process called juicio político ("political trial"), initiated by the Chamber of Deputies and carried out by the Senate, exclusively on grounds of improper behaviour. The Supreme Court of Argentina is headquartered in the Palacio de Justicia , in the Buenos Aires neighbourhood of San Nicolás (the surrounding area

836-479: A short time before return of the constitutional order in 1973. An ad hoc tribunal was formed on May 24, 1973. The five new judges were all Peronists, and none of them came from the judicial family, nor had followed a career in courts. Following the March 1976 military coup , the military junta attempted to depose all the Supreme Court magistrates. The latter, however, accepted the imposition of an act formulating

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912-485: A summary of Perón's social articles known as article 14 bis (existing currently) and to establish the necessity to have a Labour and Social Security Code. In 1972, a "Constitutional Amendment" carried out by the military government led by General Alejandro A. Lanusse reformed the 1957 text. This had to last until 1977 but its application could be extended until 1981 if no Constitutional Convention in 1976 decided either to accept it or reject it definitively. This amendment

988-673: Is a consequence of the traditional interest of Argentina in the affluence of foreigners and foreign investment. Labor rights are also acknowledged (this is part of the legacy of Peronism , resulting in the 1949 and 1957 reforms). These include limited labor day, just salary, right of organization, social security benefits, etc. The constitution declares that no one can be deprived of property, except in case of judicial sentence based on previously enacted legislation, or through expropriation for reasons of public utility, dully qualified by law and previously indemnified. The person, its judicial defense, its domicile and correspondence are inviolable. What

1064-804: Is an independent body with functional autonomy and financial autarchy, with the function of promoting justice for the defense of legality, of the general interests of society, in coordination with the other authorities of the Republic. It is composed of a Prosecutor General of the Nation and a Defender General of the Nation, and such other members as the law may establish. Its members enjoy functional immunities and intangibility of remuneration. (Art. 120). 1976 Argentine coup [REDACTED] Government [REDACTED] Armed Forces The 1976 Argentine coup d'état overthrew Isabel Perón as President of Argentina on 24 March 1976. A military junta

1140-510: Is both head of state, as well as chief executive and head of government. (Art. 87). The vice-president replaces the President in case of illness, absence from the capital, death, resignation, or removal. The vice-president doesn't belong to the executive branch. Curiously, it belongs to the legislative branch since he is also the President of the Senate. (Art. 57) The President promulgates the laws sanctioned by Congress, and has veto power over them. The President directs international relations and

1216-425: Is commonly known as "Tribunales" due to the palace's location). The building was designed by French architect Norbert Maillart in 1906, and initially inaugurated in 1910. Subsequent works, both logistical and aesthetic, continued until 1942, and among its most noteworthy monuments are Justice , by Rogelio Yrurtia , and José de San Martín , by Luis Perlotti . Until the 2000s, the Court lacked independence from

1292-703: Is the Commander in Chief of the Army. In some cases, the President can issue emergency decrees . In the 1994 amendments to the 1853 Constitution, the post of the Chief of the Cabinet Ministers was created who would serve as chief operating officer and would run the day-to-day operations of the government and will be at the same time, be politically responsible to both Houses of the National Congress,

1368-493: The Argentine Constitution of 1949 was successfully passed, which constituted a major revision. Its goal was to modernize and adapt the text to the twentieth century's concepts of democracy, for example, adding a list of social rights which included better working conditions for the working class, the right to good education, etc. This also was included in the principles stated in the preamble. It also permitted

1444-591: The Congressional Palace . An entity known as Legislative Assessment Commission (in Spanish: Comisión de Asesoramiento Legislativo - CAL), composed entirely of officers from the military and police, assumed a Legislative role. Human rights activists state that in the aftermath of the coup and ensuing Dirty War , some 30,000 people, primarily young opponents of the military regime, were " disappeared " or killed. Military men responsible for

1520-666: The Cuadrilátero (1822), the Federal Pact (1831), the Palermo Protocol (1852), and the Treaty of San Nicolás (1852). The Federal Pact urged all the provinces to call a General Federal Congress, however this would have limited Juan Manuel de Rosas 's power who was the most powerful province governor, so the Congress was never called. When Rosas was defeated, in 1852, the Treaty of San Nicolás finally called

1596-574: The Day of Remembrance for Truth and Justice . The American government paid close attention to any changes in regime in Latin America, and had been carefully watching Argentina throughout Peron's presidency. Guerrilla warfare under Perón's presidency had resulted in serious political violence, as well as the murder of John Egan, a U.S. consular to Córdoba , by the Montoneros, which contributed to

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1672-499: The democratic character of the Court. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Court was composed of five magistrates. Following the 1930 military coup by José Félix Uriburu , which initiated the Infamous Decade , the five justices recognized the new authorities and officialized the rupture of constitutional order, thus beginning a precedent which would affect much of Argentina's history. During Juan Perón 's presidency,

1748-496: The executive branch in many cases. Several of its justices were accused of forming an "automatic majority", who consistently agreed on votes having to do with interests of the administration. Authors have underlined a sort of " spoils system ", leading to changes of the Court's composition following each new political majority. The Supreme Court has been characterized by both "instability in its composition" and inconsistency in its rulings. However, reforms in 1994 and 2003 have improved

1824-524: The "principle of legality": No inhabitant of the Nation will be forced to do what the law doesn't order nor forbidden to do what the law doesn't forbid . Equality is as important as freedom. Section 16 states that in the country there are no noble titles and "all its inhabitants are equal before the law" According to the Constitution, Argentina is a representative federal republic divided in provinces , which are subdivided in municipalities , and

1900-410: The 1955 catholic-nationalist Revolución Libertadora , the five magistrates of the Supreme Court were deposed by the military in power . When the constitutional government of Arturo Frondizi ( UCRI ) came to power in 1958, three judges resigned. During Frondizi's term, the number of judges of the Supreme Court was increased, while all Peronist judges of the judicial system were removed. In 1963,

1976-567: The AAA, it indicated public dissatisfaction with the current regime’s treatment over the AAA. By late March 1976, local press was open reporting on a coup happening within hours, which led to ramped up political violence between left and right, as those were interested in "settling scores" which led to about 165 people killed from the start of the year until then, of which the Perón regime was powerless to stop. Shortly before 01:00 am, President Perón

2052-546: The Argentine judicial system was the target of much pressure from the executive power. In 1989, Menem expanded Argentina's highest court from five to nine members, and chose the four new justices. The Senate approved Menem's choice on April 19, 1990, during a secret parliamentary session which lasted 7 minutes, and to which the opposition was not invited. The resignation of judge Bacqué insured an "absolute majority" for Menemism. The 1994 constitutional reform slightly changed

2128-544: The Autonomous City of Buenos Aires , who serves as the capital for the country. Each province has the right and duty to dictate its own constitution, respecting the same principles as the national one. The Constitution mandates a strict separation of government powers, into three branches (Executive, Legislative, and Judicial) and the Public Ministry. The Executive Branch is formed by the President , who

2204-546: The CELS NGO, Chief Justice Petracchi agreed to publish the Court's decisions. At times, most recently near the end of 2006, several justices complained that the President's delay in appointing the two vacancies in the Court was problematic, because a nominally nine-member Court needs a majority of five to sign consensual decisions, and demanded that either replacements be appointed for former justices Augusto Belluscio and Antonio Boggiano (as required by law), or that Congress pass

2280-553: The Constitution is the following: The Preamble of the Argentine Constitution states or implies, in short terms, a number of starting points for the conception of the nation, such as a representative government. It acknowledges previous agreements to create a constitution (in order to legitimize the gathering of the Assembly). Finally, it lays the foundations for the policy of support of immigration , by asking "for

2356-744: The Constitutional Congress that, in Santa Fe, on May 1, 1853, swore to make effective the federal Constitution. Consequently, the Province of Buenos Aires left the Argentine Confederation until 1859. The first constitutional amendment to the original 1853 text occurred in 1860 after Buenos Aires rejoined the Argentine Confederation. It consisted of changes to many of the original articles. One of

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2432-670: The Lower House) and Cámara de Senadores ( Senate , the Upper House). The vice-president belongs in the Legislative Branch since he (or she) is also the President of the Senate Chamber. The General Auditing Office of the Nation is a technical advisory body of Congress with functional autonomy. The Ombudsman is an independent body which works without receiving instructions from any authority. The mission of

2508-563: The Military government, media coverage was also restricted, with the Junta exercising control over the media. The difference between the two regimes was in the message, however. When the foreign media representatives met with the interim Junta press secretary, Jorge Luis Argiotti, in which he requested "collaboration when reporting matters other than material contained in the communique", which some foreign media outlets took as implicit control over

2584-544: The Ombudsman is the defense and protection of human rights, civil rights and guarantees, and the control of the Administration. The Judicial Branch is formed by the Supreme Court, and lower courts that Congress establishes in the territory of the Nation. The Supreme Justices and all judges hold their offices as long as they are not deposed for misbehavior and enjoy intangibility of remuneration. The Public Ministry

2660-488: The Perón government learned of the preparations two months before its execution. Henry Kissinger met several times with Argentine Armed Forces leaders after the coup, urging them to destroy their opponents quickly before outcry over human rights abuses grew in the United States. Given the systematic persecution of a social minority, the period has been claimed by some as a ‘genocidal process’. They point to

2736-506: The Senate and Chamber of Deputies and they can remove him or her via censure. The creation of the post was intended to reduce the presidentialist character of the country's presidential form of government. The Legislative Branch is composed of the vice-president, a bicameral Congress, the General Auditing Office of the Nation and the Ombudsman. Congress is divided in two Houses: Cámara de Diputados ( Chamber of Deputies ,

2812-546: The Supreme Court approved decrees which had not been voted by the Congress . In 1947, after the conservative phase of the military rule, General Juan Perón initiated a trial against three of the Supreme Court judges, and the fourth one resigned. Thus, only one of the preceding judges remained in place. From 1946 to 1955, the judicial system in general was in agreement with the Justicialist official policies. Following

2888-526: The Supreme Court is as follows: The renewal of the Supreme Court in the first years of the Kirchner administration was advertised and is usually acknowledged as a positive step, bringing more independence to the Judicial Branch and addressing issues of ideological bias. Until mid-2004, all of the justices were male. They were considered conservative , as most were devout Catholics . In contrast,

2964-595: The Treaty of San Nicolás. The next reform occurred in 1866 and established that exportation and importation taxes would be destined to the National Treasury indefinitely, no longer until 1866 as the 1860 reform had established. In 1898, another minor constitutional amendment was approved. It allowed a more flexible ratio for proportional apportionment in the Chamber of Deputies and set the number of ministries to eight. During Juan Domingo Perón 's government,

3040-578: The adoption of a much faster legislative procedure for creating laws. In addition, the requirement that the President or Vice President of the Republic belong to the Roman Catholic faith was also abolished. The Argentine Constitution has four major division types; Parts, Titles, Divisions and Chapters, though these need not be present all the time. For example, the First Part is divided into Chapters but not into Titles nor Sections. The scheme of

3116-504: The basis that hold the nation's politics and define it as an independent entity, for example, Article 1 states that the government is representative, republican and federal and Article 35 lists the Country's official names. They are institutional methods to protect the exercise of fundamental rights. They are so important that it is possible to say that a right can be held as long as it has a guarantee to protect it. Most of Guarantees are in

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3192-476: The country was divided into five military zones, with each commander given full autonomy to unleash a carefully planned wave of repression. On 18 December, a number of warplanes took off from Morón Air Base and strafed the Casa Rosada in an attempt to overthrow Isabel Perón. The rebellion was brought to a halt four days later through arbitration by a chaplain. However, the military did succeed in removing

3268-408: The following democratic government, of Arturo Illia ( UCRP ), also attempted to increase the numerical composition of the Supreme Court. However, the military coup of Juan Carlos Onganía (known as Revolución Argentina ) deposed Illia before implementation of the reform. As soon as the military came to power, they pressured the Supreme Court judges to resign. The latter renounced their offices only

3344-619: The government, replacing Isabel Perón. The paper's front page also declared the military’s reason to replace Perón in order to not create a power vacuum. In the coming days, Clarín continued to publish parallel to new developments, but by 28 March the paper was beginning to shift away from coverage of the coup. Additionally, Clarín also released the names of the new cabinet members under Jorge Videla , those being Albano Harguindeguy , Ricardo Franke, Julio Gómez, Osvaldo Cacciatore , Jose A. Martínez de Hoz, Ricardo Bruera, Horacio Liendo, and Julio J. Bardi, all high ranking military officers. On

3420-498: The indefinite reelection of the president. During the military regime known as the Revolución Libertadora that had deposed Perón's government in 1955, in 1957 and before the elections that was to be held in 1958, a Constitutional Convention was elected to reform the constitution. This reform does not include 1949's, implicitly annulling it so the text was based on the 1898 one. The only changes done were to include

3496-400: The killings often spared pregnant women for a time, keeping them in custody until they gave birth, before killing them and giving their infants to childless military families. Kissinger privately assured the military regime that they would have the full support of the United States government in their war and associated actions, a promise that was opposed by the U.S. Ambassador to Argentina at

3572-436: The law does not forbid is permitted. Individuals have complete freedom to do or refuse to do anything in private, except if that interferes with public order or morality, or causes damage to third parties. The 1994 reform introduces several new legal figures: amparo judicial (an injunction ), habeas corpus and habeas data . Injunctions are destined to protect citizens from actual or imminent damage; habeas corpus (known for

3648-401: The left and right, with powerful political actors shifting their support away from democratic political institutions. There was political violence: right-wing and left-wing bombings, kidnappings, assassinations, and factory seizures. At the same time, the governments of Juan Perón and Isabel Perón failed to resolve prominent economic problems. Peron's loss of power, besides the public ridicule,

3724-416: The major changes was the renaming of the state: according to the reform, the country would be officially named República Argentina ("Argentine Republic") and, for legal purposes, Nación Argentina ("Argentine Nation"), replacing the older "Argentine Confederation" in all articles of the constitution. Another important inclusion was the constitutional recognition of Buenos Aires' exclusive rights guaranteed by

3800-410: The media. All the same, radio and television in Argentina strictly broadcast Junta communiques, but foreign news reporters still had access to international news as of March 1976. The Junta assumed the executive power until 29 March when Videla was designated president. Congress was disbanded with senators, deputies and staff members being arrested, brutally beaten and thrown out of doors and windows of

3876-412: The mode of nomination of the justices: although they were still proposed by the executive power and approved by the Senate, an absolute majority was no longer needed, 2/3 of the votes of the present members of parliament being sufficient for approval. It also introduced amparo , hábeas corpus and hábeas data . In the 2000s, since the interim presidency of Eduardo Duhalde and especially during

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3952-493: The modifications from the 1972 "amendment" as the growth of the Senate size (three per Province), one-term consecutive presidential reelection and reduction of its term to four years. It also made Buenos Aires City an autonomous entity with its own authorities. Other changes were done to ensure a softer presidentialist regime, the inclusion of a new chapter into the Bill of Rights related to politics, health and environment, and also

4028-469: The nominee to the Argentine Senate , which must decide on the nomination, needing at least a two-thirds majority for a positive vote. Furthermore, on 2 July 2003, the Senate approved a reform which forced its Commission to publicize its choices regarding confirmation of the nominations of magistrates of the judicial system and of the public ministry. Finally, following a colloquium organized by

4104-653: The objectives of the so-called " National Reorganization Process ", which culminated in state illegal repression and in the disappearances of 30,000 people . Following the democratic transition, the highest responsible military members of the dictatorship were put on trial in the Trial of the Juntas (1985). However, this trial was not supervised by the Supreme Court, but by the Federal Criminal Appeal Court. After Carlos Menem 's election as president,

4180-548: The only officer remaining loyal to the government, Air Force commander Héctor Fautario . Fautario drew harsh criticism from the Army and Navy owing to his vehement opposition to their repressive plans, and for his refusal to mobilize the Air Force against the guerrillas' strongholds in the north. Fautario was Videla's final obstacle in his pursuit of power. By January 1976, the guerrilla presence in Tucumán had been reduced to

4256-650: The primary source of existing law in Argentina . Its first version was written in 1853 by a constitutional assembly which gathered in Santa Fe ; the doctrinal basis was taken in part from the United States Constitution . It was then reformed in 1860, 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957 (which mainly repealed the 1949 reform), and the current version is the reformed text of 1994 . It's the seventh oldest national constitution currently in effect being ratified on May 1, 1853. The Argentine Constitution consists of

4332-509: The protection of God , source of all reason and justice" for all people who desire to inhabit Argentina. The Constitution establishes a Bill of Rights and Guarantees for all individuals, Argentine or foreign; the inviolability of the right of life, liberty, equality, security and property. The second chapter, added in 1994, deals with public ethics, political rights, environmental protection and consumer rights. Civil rights are recognized to all inhabitants with no distinction of nationality. This

4408-466: The provisions and directives emanating from the military, security or police authorities, and to be extremely careful to avoid individual or group actions and attitudes that may require drastic intervention from the operating personnel. Signed: General Jorge Rafael Videla , Admiral Emilio Eduardo Massera and Brigadier Orlando Ramón Agosti . A state of siege and martial law were implemented, as military patrolling spread to every major city. The morning

4484-513: The public nomination method) is viewed as a politically center-left-wing guarantist Justice, and also a scholar of critical criminology . 34°36′08″S 58°23′10″W  /  34.60222°S 58.38611°W  / -34.60222; -58.38611 Constitution of Argentina The Constitution of the Argentine Nation ( Spanish : Constitución de la Nación Argentina ) is the basic governing document of Argentina , and

4560-414: The release of the 28 March publication, the newspaper also explained that the Junta had been recognized by thirty two countries already as the government of Argentina. Under Isabel Perón's presidency, media coverage had been severely restricted, applying to both local press as well as foreign press coverage of Argentina . Under Perón, several decrees had been released, one being a news agency registry, and

4636-522: The requirement that all local as well as foreign news outlets follow all the guidelines, the main one being that "domestic and foreign news media are forbidden to carry news about Argentina supplied by foreign news agencies" through decree 1273. Several newspapers, such as La Prensa and La Opinión immediately spoke out against the restrictions, condemning them, and explaining how they are "ambiguous, arbitrary, and absurd". These same newspapers were punished by having their government funding suspended. Under

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4712-408: The right wing Alianza Anticomunista Argentina group (AAA). A clear example was the 25 political murders between 20 and 21 March 1975, which had victims on both the left and right wing. Only in late May 1975 did her Social Welfare minister, López Rega , announce an investigation of the AAA group, though the group had been active for 550 days without a single arrest. As the government finally addressed

4788-415: The sections 18 and 43, between these are: habeas corpus, the abolition of death penalty and torture. The Argentine Constitution's rights are divided in four groups: Civil, patrimonial, politic and social. In Argentina , Freedom is one of the most important rights. Section 19 says that private actions of men that don't harm the public order or another man can not be judged by authorities. Moreover, it holds

4864-399: The sentences of the trials of the perpetrators for crimes against humanity . When president Juan Perón died of natural causes on 1 July 1974, he was succeeded by his wife (then vice-president) Isabel Perón , also known as "Isabelita." Despite her claim as the country's rightful ruler, she rapidly lost political gravitas and power. A group of military officials, tasked by Perón to aide

4940-411: The term of Néstor Kirchner which started in 2003, all members of Menem's "majority" have either been removed or resigned. Dr. Antonio Boggiano, the last of these, was removed on 29 September 2005. Not all justices were replaced, so there were still two vacancies. The amicus curiae process, allowing third parties to a case to depose a written text before the Court in order to defend general interest,

5016-470: The time, Robert Hill . The dictatorship counted on the complicity of civil and ecclesiastical sectors, therefore it is usually characterized as a civic-military-ecclesiastical-business dictatorship. The Junta remained in power until Raúl Alfonsín , democratically elected, took office as President of Argentina, in December 1983. The 24 March anniversary of the coup is now designated in Argentina as

5092-658: The two most recently appointed justices ( Elena Highton and Carmen Argibay ) are female; Argibay, former ad litem judge on the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and former president of the International Association of Women Judges , is a self-professed feminist and atheist , who supports the legalization of abortion in Argentina . Eugenio Zaffaroni (the first to be designated through

5168-462: The vice-president, took control in an effort to revitalize Argentina's deteriorating political and social climate . This shift in governance paved the way for the ensuing coup. On 5 February 1975 Operativo Independencia was launched. This Vietnam -style intervention aimed to eliminate the guerrillas in the Tucumán jungle, who had maintained strongholds in the area as early as May 1974. In October

5244-512: Was an important phase in the 2005 ruling which stated that crimes of forced disappearances were crimes against humanity ( Caso Simon ). Two years earlier, the Congress had declared the amnesty laws (1986 Ley de Punto Final and 1987 Ley de Obediencia Debida ) unconstitutional, thus opening up the way for the trials of suspects of human rights violations during the dictatorship. Another important reform took place in 2003. Effectively, since 19 June 2003, by presidential decree, candidates for

5320-639: Was detained and taken by helicopter to the El Messidor residence. At 03:10 all television and radio stations were interrupted. Regular transmissions were cut and replaced by a military march, after which the first communiqué was broadcast: [...] People are advised that as of today, the country is under the operational control of the General Commanders Junta of the Armed Forces . We recommend to all inhabitants strict compliance with

5396-428: Was installed to replace her; this was headed by Lieutenant General Jorge Rafael Videla , Admiral Emilio Eduardo Massera and Brigadier-General Orlando Ramón Agosti . The political process initiated on 24 March 1976 took the official name of " National Reorganization Process ", and the junta, although not with its original members, remained in power until the return to the democratic process on 10 December 1983. The coup

5472-524: Was magnified by the loss of her congressional majority. In addition, her popular support was reduced to a right wing section of Peronism . By February 1976, three service commanders had requested that she resign from the presidency. Another issue with Perón's presidency was the ongoing guerrilla warfare. Throughout her presidency, Perón struggled against both the Montoneros and People's Revolutionary Army (ERP) left wing guerrilla organizations as well as

5548-461: Was not fully applied by the democratic government of Perón in his third term nor by his wife Isabel Perón acting as president after his death. Some changes were related to the size of Senate and one-term reelection of president and vice-president. It also reduced presidential, senatorial and deputies' terms all to four years. The last (and current) version of the Argentine Constitution was carried out by Carlos Saúl Menem in 1994. It included many of

5624-561: Was planned and executed within the framework of Operation Condor , a clandestine system of coordination between Latin American countries promoted by the United States, as part of the national security doctrine, which generalized dictatorships in Latin America in order to maintain stability in those countries during the Cold War and avoid something worse, according to U.S. justifications. The military coup had been planned since October 1975;

5700-472: Was seemingly uneventful, but as the day progressed, the detentions multiplied. Hundreds of workers, unionists, students, and political activists were abducted from their homes, their workplaces, or in the streets. At the end of the day on 24 March, the Clarin newspaper had released a second publication detailing the new government takeover, confirming that between 3:10 and 3:15, that the military had taken over

5776-434: Was then formalized. The process was used in 2001, when Spanish justice sent an international arrest warrant for responsibles of human rights violations in Argentina. An NGO then deposed a text, as third party, before the Argentine court, setting forth the judicial arguments needed to either extradite or judge suspects of human rights violations (an alternative known as subsidiary universal jurisdiction ). This change

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