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80-656: Arkengarthdale is a dale, or valley , on the east side of the Pennines in North Yorkshire , England . Running roughly north-west to south-east, it is the valley of the Arkle Beck , and is the northernmost of the Yorkshire Dales . It is a subsidiary dale to Swaledale , which it joins at Reeth . The history of the dale, its people, and farming, lead mining, and local crafts is displayed and documented in

160-545: A 36-foot (11 m) diameter water wheel to drive the bellows. It had four flues and a timber roof. In 1824, the octagonal mill was replaced by the New Mill a few hundred yards away on the other side of the Tan Hill road. The New Mill was built by Easterby Hall & Co. for Ark & Darwent Mining Company. It had improved fire chamber design and a 33 feet (10 m) water wheel, but used the existing chimney which ran half

240-414: A broader floodplain may result. Deposition dominates over erosion. A typical river basin or drainage basin will incorporate each of these different types of valleys. Some sections of a stream or river valleys may have vertically incised their course to such an extent that the valley they occupy is best described as a gorge , ravine , or canyon . Rapid down-cutting may result from localized uplift of

320-567: A centre of commerce for the City of London . The site was provided by the City of London Corporation and the Worshipful Company of Mercers , who still jointly own the freehold. The original foundation was ceremonially opened by Queen Elizabeth I who granted it its "royal" title. The current neoclassical building has a trapezoidal floor plan and is flanked by Cornhill and Threadneedle Street , which converge at Bank junction in

400-533: A cirque glacier. During glacial periods, for example, the Pleistocene ice ages, it is in these locations that glaciers initially form and then, as the ice age proceeds, extend downhill through valleys that have previously been shaped by water rather than ice. Abrasion by rock material embedded within the moving glacial ice causes the widening and deepening of the valley to produce the characteristic U or trough shape with relatively steep, even vertical sides and

480-532: A four-sided structure surrounding a central courtyard where merchants and tradesmen could do business. The internal works, designed by Edward I'Anson in 1837, made use of concrete —an early example of this modern construction method. It features pediment sculptures by Richard Westmacott (the younger) , and ornamental cast ironwork by Henry Grissell 's Regent's Canal Ironworks. It was opened by Queen Victoria on 28 October 1844, though trading did not commence until 1 January 1845. Paul Julius Reuter established

560-516: A group of miners working underground near Boldershaw blasted into an underground lake. Twenty-four miners and two pit ponies were drowned in the flood that followed. Modern research of parish records has failed to find evidence of this disaster, except for the deaths of three miners drowned after an underground lake was breached. In 1820, miners in Little Punchard Gill created a canal level along which ore and spoil could be floated to

640-572: A hunting "forest" which was policed by forest rangers. In the 14th century there were eight gamekeepers employed preventing game being hunted in the dale. Towards the end of the 13th century there were 30 cottages in the Parish, but there followed a period lasting over a century of depression and de-population, with plague and war with France . By the end of the 16th century the Earls of Richmond had died out and Arkengarthdale and New Forest reverted to

720-419: A mile up to the top of the moor. This kind of flue was large enough to allow men to climb up the inside and scrape off the condensed lead. It also vented the toxic residues away from livestock and vegetation. The Octagonal Mill continued life as a saw mill until in 1941 one of the roof timbers gave way and the roof was taken down. Today only the clearing on which it stood can be made out. Some parts of walls from

800-724: A minor road running along the northern side of the dale to Whaw. Beyond Whaw is the most sparsely populated upper part of Arkengarthdale, which here runs roughly west–east. This area is one of the most northerly parts of the Yorkshire Dales National Park . Eventually the dale ends and the road reaches the Tan Hill Inn , the highest in England, just outside the Park, near the Pennine watershed . Beyond Tan Hill,

880-539: A narrow valley with steep sides. Gill is used to describe a ravine containing a mountain stream in Cumbria and the Pennines . The term combe (also encountered as coombe ) is widespread in southern England and describes a short valley set into a hillside. Other terms for small valleys such as hope, dean, slade, slack and bottom are commonly encountered in place-names in various parts of England but are no longer in general use as synonyms for valley . The term vale

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960-432: A relatively flat bottom. Interlocking spurs associated with the development of river valleys are preferentially eroded to produce truncated spurs , typical of glaciated mountain landscapes. The upper end of the trough below the ice-contributing cirques may be a trough-end . Valley steps (or 'rock steps') can result from differing erosion rates due to both the nature of the bedrock (hardness and jointing for example) and

1040-465: A slower rate than that of the main valley floor; thus the difference in the two valleys' depth increases over time. The tributary valley, composed of more resistant rock, then hangs over the main valley. Trough-shaped valleys also form in regions of heavy topographic denudation . By contrast with glacial U-shaped valleys, there is less downward and sideways erosion. The severe downslope denudation results in gently sloping valley sides; their transition to

1120-427: A valley between its sides is referred to as the valley floor. The valley floor is typically formed by river sediments and may have fluvial terraces . The development of a river valley is affected by the character of the bedrock over which the river or stream flows, the elevational difference between its top and bottom, and indeed the climate. Typically the flow will increase downstream and the gradient will decrease. In

1200-510: A variety of transitional forms between V-, U- and plain valleys can form. The floor or bottom of these valleys can be broad or narrow, but all valleys have a shoulder. The broader a mountain valley, the lower its shoulders are located in most cases. An important exception is canyons where the shoulder almost is near the top of the valley's slope. In the Alps – e.g. the Tyrolean Inn valley –

1280-670: A watercourse only rarely. In areas of limestone bedrock , dry valleys may also result from drainage now taking place underground rather than at the surface. Rift valleys arise principally from earth movements , rather than erosion. Many different types of valleys are described by geographers, using terms that may be global in use or else applied only locally. Valleys may arise through several different processes. Most commonly, they arise from erosion over long periods by moving water and are known as river valleys. Typically small valleys containing streams feed into larger valleys which in turn feed into larger valleys again, eventually reaching

1360-405: Is a tributary valley that is higher than the main valley. They are most commonly associated with U-shaped valleys, where a tributary glacier flows into a glacier of larger volume. The main glacier erodes a deep U-shaped valley with nearly vertical sides, while the tributary glacier, with a smaller volume of ice, makes a shallower U-shaped valley. Since the surfaces of the glaciers were originally at

1440-644: Is also the hour bell, and bears the following inscription Cast for the Royal Exchange in the year of grace 1844; Richard Lambert Jones, Chairman of the Gresham College Committee; Daniel Watney, Master of the Mercers' Company; Ebenezer Trottman, Assistant; William Tite, Architect; Charles and George Mears, founders. The others only bear the words Royal Exchange, 1844 .” From 1892, twenty-four scenes from London's history were painted on

1520-501: Is only 50 meters (160 ft) deep while the main fjord is around 1,300 meters (4,300 ft) at the same point. Glaciated terrain is not the only site of hanging streams and valleys. Hanging valleys are also simply the product of varying rates of erosion of the main valley and the tributary valleys. The varying rates of erosion are associated with the composition of the adjacent rocks in the different valley locations. The tributary valleys are eroded and deepened by glaciers or erosion at

1600-461: Is the Lord's, and the fulness thereof". The Latin inscription on the frieze states: Anno XIII. Elizabethae R. Conditvm; Anno VIII. Victoriae R. Restavratvm. or "founded in the thirteenth year of Queen Elizabeth, and restored in the eighth of Queen Victoria". Two statues stand in niches in the central courtyard. Charles II (a copy of 1792 by John Spiller after Grinling Gibbons ' statue in

1680-424: Is the word cwm borrowed from Welsh . The word dale occurs widely in place names in the north of England and, to a lesser extent, in southern Scotland. As a generic name for a type of valley, the term typically refers to a wide valley, though there are many much smaller stream valleys within the Yorkshire Dales which are named "(specific name) Dale". Clough is a word in common use in northern England for

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1760-574: Is used in England and Wales to describe a wide river valley, usually with a particularly wide flood plain or flat valley bottom. In Southern England, vales commonly occur between the outcrops of different relatively erosion-resistant rock formations, where less resistant rock, often claystone has been eroded. An example is the Vale of White Horse in Oxfordshire. Some of the first human complex societies originated in river valleys, such as that of

1840-417: The 2011 census was 231. The lowest part of the dale, below Arkle Town and including the hamlet of Raw, is in the civil parish of Reeth, Fremington and Healaugh . Valley At lower latitudes and altitudes, these glacially formed valleys may have been created or enlarged during ice ages but now are ice-free and occupied by streams or rivers. In desert areas, valleys may be entirely dry or carry

1920-502: The City of London . In 1656 the valley was bought by Charles Bathurst, who was Oliver Cromwell's doctor. The estate remained in the Bathurst family for four generations, John, Theodore & Charles, until in 1740 it was inherited by Charles' three great-granddaughters. At that time married women were not allowed to own property so the estate belonged to their husbands. In 1770 the turnpike road from Reeth to Brough via Tan Hill

2000-627: The Faneuil Hall in Boston , Massachusetts was made by Shem Drowne in 1742 and was inspired by the London example. The tower contains a chime of 15 bells all cast by Charles and George Mears of Whitechapel in 1844, with a mechanism that can play God Save the King , The Roast Beef of Old England , Rule Britannia! and Psalm 104 . The combined weight of them is 131 cwt. I qr. The original plan

2080-505: The Latin terms for 'valley, 'gorge' and 'ditch' respectively. The German term ' rille ' or Latin term 'rima' (signifying 'cleft') is used for certain other elongate depressions on the Moon. See also: Royal Exchange, London The Royal Exchange in London was founded in the 16th century by the merchant Sir Thomas Gresham on the suggestion of his factor Richard Clough to act as

2160-504: The Nile , Tigris-Euphrates , Indus , Ganges , Yangtze , Yellow River , Mississippi , and arguably the Amazon . In prehistory , the rivers were used as a source of fresh water and food (fish and game), as well as a place to wash and a sewer. The proximity of water moderated temperature extremes and provided a source for irrigation , stimulating the development of agriculture . Most of

2240-498: The Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536. In 1736 Christopher Hind was transported to the "King's plantations for seven years" possibly for poaching. At the beginning of the 20th century, Mathew Edward Stones was widely known for his skill at water and metal divining using hazel twigs. Arkengarthdale is also a civil parish in North Yorkshire , England , which includes most of the dale. The population of this civil parish taken at

2320-682: The Reuters news agency at No. 1, Royal Exchange Buildings (opposite and to the east of the Royal Exchange) in 1851. It later moved to Fleet Street . The western end of the building consists of a portico of eight Corinthian columns topped by a pediment containing a tympanum with relief sculpture by Richard Westmacott (the younger) of seventeen figures representing London merchants and foreign traders. The central allegorical figure represents Commerce, above an inscription chosen by Albert, Prince Consort from Psalm 24 : "The Earth

2400-589: The Swaledale Museum in Reeth. On its way up the dale from Reeth the unclassified road crosses many other small streams and their catchments, such as Great Punchard Gill, Roe Beck, Annaside Beck, and William Gill. It passes through several small settlements: Raw, Arkle Town , Langthwaite (where a narrow back road leads to Booze ), Eskeleth and Whaw . At Eskeleth Bridge another unclassified road forks north-east (towards Barnard Castle ); this also joins

2480-668: The first civilizations developed from these river valley communities. Siting of settlements within valleys is influenced by many factors, including the need to avoid flooding and the location of river crossing points. Numerous elongate depressions have been identified on the surface of Mars , Venus , the Moon , and other planets and their satellites and are known as valles (singular: 'vallis'). Deeper valleys with steeper sides (akin to canyons) on certain of these bodies are known as chasmata (singular: 'chasma'). Long narrow depressions are referred to as fossae (singular: 'fossa'). These are

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2560-441: The 294 boys under the age 15 and 40 of the 247 girls were at school. Following the 1883 closure of CB Mining, most of the miners moved on in search of work. By 1891, the population of the dale was 761. The dale stretches for 11 miles (18 km) starting at Reeth, and running in a north-westerly direction, until it reaches higher ground on the road to Tan Hill. The valley is an average of 1,000 feet (300 m) above sea level, and

2640-486: The Crown. In 1473, Edward IV had granted the lordship of the area to his brother, Richard, Duke of Gloucester , and when Richard eventually succeeded to the throne in 1483, the manor became a crown property. Attempts by Crown agents to change the leases of the 55 tenants of small-holdings in the area led to protracted disputes. In 1628 the Crown, in an attempt to clear its debts, sold Arkengarthdale as well as other estates to

2720-469: The New Mill can be seen from the Tan Hill road. It closed in 1883, the last lease-holder being Whitewell & Company. The route of the collapsed double flue up the moor is easy to follow. The powder house is still standing. For a time it was used for candle making. The octagon was believed to have special properties for containing explosions. In 1870 there was a strike at the Faggergill Mine over

2800-635: The Octagonal Mill. The lead mining in Arkengarthdale was dominated by the CB (Charles Bathhurst) Company, which was founded in 1656 when a Dr Bathhurst purchased from the Crown the right to mine in the area. His company continued until 1911 when the lead-mining industry in Yorkshire collapsed due to the slump in the price of lead. Water was always a problem in the mines. During the 18th century

2880-524: The Scandinavian ice sheet during the various ice ages advanced slightly uphill against the lie of the land. As a result, its meltwaters flowed parallel to the ice margin to reach the North Sea basin, forming huge, flat valleys known as Urstromtäler . Unlike the other forms of glacial valleys, these were formed by glacial meltwaters. Depending on the topography , the rock types , and the climate ,

2960-660: The Sir Frances Mine in Gunnerside Gill , Swaledale. The hexagonal Old Powder Magazine was built in 1804 and is now a grade II* listed building. In 1750 the Moulds Level, north-west of Langthwaite, was worked out. It was later used as a route for transporting ore from the Old Gang Levels in the next valley to the west. It had its own smelting mill, but this was knocked down after the building of

3040-626: The Virgin's Church was built in Langthwaite. The architectural style is unusual in such a rural setting as the commissioner's churches were normally intended for urban areas. The Anglican church became a grade II listed structure in 1986. A Wesleyan chapel was built in Langthwaite in 1882, being used up until 2014. It is now a private dwelling. 37 men from Arkengarthdale served in the First World War , four of whom were killed. 1921

3120-511: The actual valley bottom is unclear. Trough-shaped valleys occur mainly in periglacial regions and in tropical regions of variable wetness. Both climates are dominated by heavy denudation. Box valleys have wide, relatively level floors and steep sides. They are common in periglacial areas and occur in mid-latitudes, but also occur in tropical and arid regions. Rift valleys, such as the Albertine Rift and Gregory Rift are formed by

3200-464: The centre of the 17th century courtyard) and Queen Elizabeth I by Musgrave Watson , 1844. The Charles II statue survived the fire of 1838 that destroyed the previous Exchange. The Elizabeth I statue was commissioned as she was the monarch who had conferred the status "Royal" on the Exchange. In front of the portico of the Royal Exchange is a statue of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington ,

3280-489: The controlled release of dammed water along the line of a lead-bearing vein to wash away the top soil allowing the vein to be worked. The Roman historian Pliny records this method being used in Britain to extract lead. Some examples of hushes can be found in Arkengarthdale, as well as traces of dams and other water works. The other early method used was the digging of bell pits with lateral tunnels, called drifts, following

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3360-535: The dale. The 1851 census records 1283 people in the dale; for 1073 of them it was their place of birth. There was a male population of 659; 254 of whom were lead miners and a further 42 were involved in smelting, construction and transport. 18 women and children washed the ore. There were 7 coal miners living in William Gill. There were 49 farms employing 64 men and women. Among the over fourteen trades counted were four dressmakers, one knitter and one tailor. 51 of

3440-585: The dale. This find, which has been lost at the British Museum , as well as records of the Romans at Richmond using Brigantian slaves digging for lead, has led to the assumption that the Romans were mining lead in Arkengarthdale in the 2nd century. The large proportion of Viking names, Fagger Gill, Kitley Hill, Langthwaite and Whaw, indicates Viking settlement during the 10th century, probably arriving from

3520-528: The dead of military units associated with the City and County of London during the First World War . Designed by Sir Aston Webb , the monument is flanked by two bronze statues of soldiers and surmounted by a lion, all sculpted by Alfred Drury . It was unveiled on 12 November 1920 in the presence of the Duke of York , later King George VI . The golden Gresham Grasshopper is the Royal Exchange's weathervane and

3600-521: The decline of the price of lead from £33 a ton in 1801 to £13 10s in 1831 a depression followed during which people left the dale in search of work; some to the factories in Derbyshire and Lancashire , others to the mines in County Durham , a significant number also emigrated to America . The average age of death of miners between 1835 and 1841 was 54 years, 5 months. Typhus was common in

3680-586: The exchange in 1562, and its original design was inspired by the Antwerp bourse , the world's first purpose-built bourse , with which Thomas Gresham, the representative of the English crown in Antwerp, was familiar, and on which the designs of the bourses of Amsterdam (1611) and Rotterdam would also be based. It was Britain's first specialist commercial building , and Clough oversaw the importing of some of

3760-612: The expansion of the Earth 's crust due to tectonic activity beneath the Earth's surface. There are many terms used for different sorts of valleys. They include: Similar geographical features such as gullies , chines , and kloofs , are not usually referred to as valleys. The terms corrie , glen , and strath are all Anglicisations of Gaelic terms and are commonly encountered in place-names in Scotland and other areas where Gaelic

3840-618: The first-floor walls by artists including Sir Frederic Leighton , Sir Frank Brangwyn and Stanhope Forbes . The murals run as a sequence: With the outbreak of the Second World War , trading at the Royal Exchange virtually ended. At war's end, the building had survived the Blitz , albeit with some near misses. In 1982 the Royal Exchange was in disrepair – in particular, the glass roof was in danger of collapse. The newly formed London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE)

3920-443: The flow slower and both erosion and deposition may take place. More lateral erosion takes place in the middle section of a river's course, as strong currents on the outside of its curve erode the bank. Conversely, deposition may take place on the inside of curves where the current is much slacker, the process leading to the river assuming a meandering character. In the lower valley, gradients are lowest, meanders may be much broader and

4000-517: The heart of the city. It lies in the Ward of Cornhill . The exchange building has twice been destroyed by fire and subsequently rebuilt. The present building was designed by Sir William Tite in the 1840s. The site was notably occupied by the Lloyd's insurance market for nearly 150 years. Today, the Royal Exchange contains restaurants and luxury shops. Traditionally, the steps of the Royal Exchange are

4080-427: The land surface or rejuvenation of the watercourse as a result for example of a reduction in the base level to which the river is eroded, e.g. lowered global sea level during an ice age . Such rejuvenation may also result in the production of river terraces . There are various forms of valleys associated with glaciation. True glacial valleys are those that have been cut by a glacier which may or may not still occupy

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4160-648: The last work of Sir Francis Leggatt Chantrey . The bronze used to cast it was donated by the government and sourced from French cannons captured during the Napoleonic Wars . It was unveiled on 18 June 1844, the anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo , in the presence of the King of Saxony . Between the Wellington statue and the exchange steps is the London Troops Memorial commemorating

4240-490: The materials from Antwerp: stone, slate, wainscot and glass, for which he paid thousands of pounds himself. The Royal Exchange was officially opened on 23 January 1571 by Queen Elizabeth I , who awarded the building its royal title and a licence to sell alcohol and valuable goods. Only the exchange of goods took place until the 17th century. Stockbrokers were not allowed into the Royal Exchange because of their rude manners, hence they had to operate from other establishments in

4320-402: The moorland tops are on average 2,000 feet (610 m). In the last Ice Age , a glacier broke off from the main stem which was carving Stainmore , and heading south-east to carve Arkengarthdale. Lead is found in veins running through the extensive limestone and chert beds which extend from Swaledale . One of the earliest techniques for extracting the ore is called " hushing ". It involved

4400-729: The multiple existing levels. The total length of the Faggergill levels is calculated to be around fifteen miles. The mine was last recorded as being worked in 1912. Other minerals were extracted from the Dale but on a smaller scale. Coal was mined in Punchard Gill until the 1940s. Chert was taken from the Hungry Hushes and along Fremington Edge, also ceasing after 1940. Anthony Peacock was executed in Richmond for his part in

4480-540: The new management's insistence that the morning shift should start at a fixed time. After an eight-week stoppage the miners were forced to accept the changes. The last lead-mining enterprise in the Dale was Stang and Cleasby Mines, formed in 1908. They dug the Nuthole Mine, connecting to the Faggergill Levels and managed to remain profitable until 1914. They created a mile-long horse level cutting through

4560-463: The ocean or perhaps an internal drainage basin . In polar areas and at high altitudes, valleys may be eroded by glaciers ; these typically have a U-shaped profile in cross-section, in contrast to river valleys, which tend to have a V-shaped profile. Other valleys may arise principally through tectonic processes such as rifting . All three processes can contribute to the development of a valley over geological time. The flat (or relatively flat) portion of

4640-582: The place where certain royal proclamations (such as the dissolution of parliament) are read out by either a herald or a crier . Following the death or abdication of a monarch and the confirmation of the next monarch's accession to the throne by the Accession Council , the Royal Exchange Building is one of the locations where a herald proclaims the new monarch's reign to the public. Richard Clough initially suggested building

4720-436: The power of the moving ice. In places, a rock basin may be excavated which may later be filled with water to form a ribbon lake or else by sediments. Such features are found in coastal areas as fjords . The shape of the valley which results from all of these influences may only become visible upon the recession of the glacier that forms it. A river or stream may remain in the valley; if it is smaller than one would expect given

4800-431: The road divides again, heading westward to Brough , south to Keld and south-west to Kirkby Stephen . The moors on both sides of Arkengarthdale are used for the annual Scott Trial , a cross-country motorcycle endurance event. The Dale cuts through the eastern half of a major lead mining field and lead was extracted from the area for over a thousand years. Most of the mining structures have now disappeared leaving only

4880-495: The roof above the courtyard. In a lane by the eastern entrance to the Royal Exchange, stand two statues: one of Paul Julius Reuter who founded his news agency there, and one of George Peabody who founded the Peabody Trust and a business which became J.P. Morgan & Co. In 2013 a lease of Royal Exchange was sold by Anglo Irish Bank to Oxford Properties , a Canadian property company. It had been announced that

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4960-446: The same elevation , the shallower valley appears to be 'hanging' above the main valley. Often, waterfalls form at or near the outlet of the upper valley. Hanging valleys also occur in fjord systems underwater. The branches of Sognefjord are much shallower than the main fjord. The mouth of Fjærlandsfjord is about 400 meters (1,300 ft) deep while the main fjord nearby is 1,200 meters (3,900 ft) deep. The mouth of Ikjefjord

5040-758: The same religion, and give the name of infidel to none but bankrupts. There the Presbyterian confides in the Anabaptist, and the Churchman depends on the Quaker's word. A second complex was built on the site, designed by Edward Jarman and opened in 1669. It featured a tall wooden tower over the south entrance in Corn Hill; this eventually fell into disrepair and, in 1821, was replaced by a new stone tower and cupola designed by George Smith . The second Exchange

5120-550: The shoulders are quite low (100–200 meters above the bottom). Many villages are located here (esp. on the sunny side) because the climate is very mild: even in winter when the valley's floor is filled with fog, these villages are in sunshine . In some stress-tectonic regions of the Rocky Mountains or the Alps (e.g. Salzburg ), the side valleys are parallel to each other, and are hanging . Smaller streams flow into rivers as deep canyons or waterfalls . A hanging valley

5200-849: The size of its valley, it can be considered an example of a misfit stream . Other interesting glacially carved valleys include: A tunnel valley is a large, long, U-shaped valley originally cut under the glacial ice near the margin of continental ice sheets such as that now covering Antarctica and formerly covering portions of all continents during past glacial ages. Such valleys can be up to 100 km (62 mi) long, 4 km (2.5 mi) wide, and 400 m (1,300 ft) deep (its depth may vary along its length). Tunnel valleys were formed by subglacial water erosion . They once served as subglacial drainage pathways carrying large volumes of meltwater. Their cross-sections exhibit steep-sided flanks similar to fjord walls, and their flat bottoms are typical of subglacial glacial erosion. In northern Central Europe,

5280-400: The spoil heaps and the line of an 3,600-foot (1,100 m) long chimney from the site of the smelting mill. The current economy of the Dale depends on hill farming , grouse shooting and tourism. In 1989 Arkengarthdale (and Swaledale) were designated as a Barns and Walls Conservation Area. In the 19th century a lead ingot with the name Hadrian stamped on it was found, at Hurst , east of

5360-472: The surface. The existence of this water level is disputed by modern researchers. In 1800 the mines of Arkengarthdale were let for 21 years to a Newcastle company for a fixed rent rather than a percentage of the lead mined. The company, under its manager Frederick Hall, invested heavily in new technology. In 1804 they built a new smelting mill, 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Langthwaite. It was octagonal in design, 110 feet (34 m) by 75 feet (23 m), with

5440-407: The upper valley, the stream will most effectively erode its bed through corrasion to produce a steep-sided V-shaped valley. The presence of more resistant rock bands, of geological faults , fractures , and folds may determine the course of the stream and result in a twisting course with interlocking spurs . In the middle valley, as numerous streams have coalesced, the valley is typically wider,

5520-407: The valley at the present day. Such valleys may also be known as glacial troughs. They typically have a U-shaped cross-section and are characteristic landforms of mountain areas where glaciation has occurred or continues to take place. The uppermost part of a glacial valley frequently consists of one or more 'armchair-shaped' hollows, or ' cirques ', excavated by the rotational movement downslope of

5600-470: The vein. The drifts would be extended until they became unsafe and another pit would be dug further along. Lines of these pits can still be seen across the moors. Apart from a locally found Roman lead "pig" stamped with the name Hadrian , the earliest record of lead being taken from the dale dates from 1285. It states that the Lord's mine made a profit of £4, possibly referring to Faggergill. By 1521, there

5680-630: The vicinity, such as Jonathan's Coffee-House . Gresham's original building was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666. Take a view of the Royal Exchange in London, a place more venerable than many courts of justice, where the representatives of all nations meet for the benefit of mankind. There the Jew, the Mahometan [Muslim], and the Christian transact together, as though they all professed

5760-588: The west. Arkil is a Viking name which leads to speculation that he was a local leader. However, despite its history pre-dating the Domesday Book , none of the settlements in the area appear in the Domesday survey. Following the Norman conquest in the 11th century a large part of North Yorkshire was given to Count Alan , a member of William's family. He kept Arkengarthdale and neighbouring New Forest as

5840-428: Was also burned down on 10 January 1838 in a fire caused by an overheated stove; the blaze was visible from Windsor , 24 miles (39 km) away. It had been used by the Lloyd's insurance market , which was forced to move temporarily to South Sea House following the 1838 fire. The third Royal Exchange building, which still stands today, was designed by Sir William Tite and adheres to the original layout–consisting of

5920-489: Was extensive mining in Arkengarthdale, at Moulds, Punchard Gill and Faggergill. Bell pits were common in the 17th and 18th centuries. The lead was sold to lead merchants based in York . Gunpowder was introduced about 1700, and had become common by 1750. This led to the digging of deep-level tunnels into the hillsides. By the end of the 19th century one could enter the Moulds Level in Arkengarthdale and travel six miles underground to

6000-414: Was once widespread. Strath signifies a wide valley between hills, the floor of which is either level or slopes gently. A glen is a river valley which is steeper and narrower than a strath. A corrie is a basin-shaped hollow in a mountain. Each of these terms also occurs in parts of the world formerly colonized by Britain . Corrie is used more widely by geographers as a synonym for (glacial) cirque , as

6080-463: Was opened. This greatly reduced the cost of transporting lead and coal from the mines since carts could be used instead of pack-horse trains. Between 1808 and 1811 a London banker, George Brown of Stockton , bought all three parts of the estate. Before his death in 1814 Brown had rebuilt the school and laid plans for a new church. The estate was inherited by his sister and his second sister's husband Rev John Gilpin, vicar of Stockton. In 1818, St Mary

6160-467: Was the crest of the founder, Sir Thomas Gresham . According to legend, a grasshopper's chirps once led to the discovery of a foundling, who became the first of the house of Gresham and the ancestor of Sir Thomas Gresham. The Grasshopper weathervane was rescued from the 1838 fire and is 11 feet (3.4 m) long. It stands 177 feet (54 m) above street level on a clock tower which has a clock by Edward John Dent . A similar grasshopper weathervane on

6240-472: Was the first year in which anyone in the dale owned a car, it was a Ford . The early 19th century was a time of growth in the dale. In 1801 there was a population of 1,186. In 1811 it had risen to 1,529. In 1798 there were 34 miners and 1 farmer; in 1820 there were 9 farmers, 5 innkeepers, 4 mining agents, 2 flour dealers, a curate, a schoolmaster, a clogger, a shoemaker and a shopkeeper. In 1831 there were 285 males over 25 years old working as miners. But with

6320-428: Was the main tenant, using the courtyard for the trading floor, all done without touching the framework of the original building. Liffe moved to Cannon Bridge in 1991. In 2001 the Royal Exchange (interiors and courtyard) was once again extensively remodelled, this time by architects Aukett Fitzroy Robinson . The works involved the restoration of the fabric of the building, a two floor office extension and replacement of

6400-440: Was to have the same number of bells as before the fire (nine) but was increased to 15 at the suggestion of Edward John Dent , who, having visited Brussels to obtain information as to the arrangement of carillons, was convinced to recommend that the number so that a greater range of tunes could be played. Professor Taylor advised the committee to increase them to fifteen, which would then allow of playing in three octaves. The largest

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