The Department of National Defence ( DND ; French : Ministère de la Défense nationale ) is the department of the Government of Canada which supports the Canadian Armed Forces in its role of defending Canadian national interests domestically and internationally. The department is a civilian organization, part of the public service , and supports the armed forces; however, as a civilian organization is separate and not part of the military itself. National Defence is the largest department of the Government of Canada in terms of budget, and it is the department with the largest number of buildings (6,806 in 2015).
58-720: ArriveCAN is a mobile app provided by the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). Introduced in April 2020, it allows travellers entering Canada to electronically submit travel documents and customs declarations . The app was initially developed as a joint effort between the CBSA and the Public Health Agency of Canada , as part of the federal government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic . It
116-554: A hackathon where they both developed duplicates of the ArriveCAN app in under two days, for an estimated cost of $ 250,000. On November 2, 2022, a motion was passed calling on the Auditor General of Canada to "conduct a performance audit, including the payments, contracts and sub-contracts for all aspects of the ArriveCAN app, and to prioritize this investigation." This was the second such motion to pass. In January 2024,
174-669: A browser, which can be noticeably slower than the equivalent native app. It also may not have the same level of features as the native app. The concept of the hybrid app is a mix of native and web-based apps. Apps developed using Apache Cordova , Flutter , Xamarin , React Native , Sencha Touch , and other frameworks fall into this category. These are made to support web and native technologies across multiple platforms. Moreover, these apps are easier and faster to develop. It involves use of single codebase which works in multiple mobile operating systems. Despite such advantages, hybrid apps exhibit lower performance. Often, apps fail to bear
232-504: A browser. Hybrid apps are built using web technologies such as JavaScript , CSS, and HTML5 and function like web apps disguised in a native container. Most mobile devices are sold with several apps bundled as pre-installed software, such as a web browser , email client , calendar , mapping program, and an app for buying music , other media, or more apps. Some pre-installed apps can be removed by an ordinary uninstall process, thus leaving more storage space for desired ones. Where
290-480: A claim he denied. On February 12, 2024, the Auditor General of Canada released the report, finding that those involved in the contracting, development and implementation of the app showed a "glaring disregard for basic management and contracting practices" and Canadians "paid too much" for ArriveCAN. The report estimated the project to cost around $ 59.5 million dollars , but it was impossible to know
348-552: A growing number of mobile applications available at app stores and the improved capabilities of smartphones, people are downloading more applications to their devices. Usage of mobile apps has become increasingly prevalent across mobile phone users. A May 2012 comScore study reported that during the previous quarter, more mobile subscribers used apps than browsed the web on their devices: 51.1% vs. 49.8% respectively. Researchers found that usage of mobile apps strongly correlates with user context and depends on user's location and time of
406-541: A mobile device's screen size for a user's hand. Mobile UI contexts signal cues from user activity, such as location and scheduling that can be shown from user interactions within a mobile application. Overall, mobile UI design's goal is primarily for an understandable, user-friendly interface. Mobile UIs, or front-ends, rely on mobile back-ends to support access to enterprise systems. The mobile back-end facilitates data routing, security, authentication, authorization, working off-line, and service orchestration. This functionality
464-485: A result, most businesses develop apps for multiple platforms. While developing native apps, professionals incorporate best-in-class user interface modules. This accounts for better performance, consistency and good user experience. Users also benefit from wider access to application programming interfaces and make limitless use of all apps from the particular device. Further, they also switch over from one app to another effortlessly. The main purpose for creating such apps
522-652: A type of digital distribution platforms. The term "app", short for " application ", has since become very popular; in 2010, it was listed as " Word of the Year " by the American Dialect Society . Apps are broadly classified into three types: native apps, hybrid and web apps. Native applications are designed specifically for a mobile operating system, typically iOS or Android. Web apps are written in HTML5 or CSS and typically run through
580-505: A variety of offices and support organizations which report to both the chief of defence staff and the deputy minister. The legal military chain of command within the Canadian Forces originates from the king , represented by the governor general , who is commander-in-chief . The appointment of the minister, deputy minister, chief of the defence staff and the granting of all commissions in the Canadian Forces are made on behalf of
638-438: Is app wrapping . But there also are some disadvantages like copyright infringement or the loss of warranty rights. Functionality, productivity and user experience are particularly limited under app wrapping. The policies of a wrapped app can not be changed. If required, it must be recreated from scratch, adding cost. An app wrapper is a mobile app made wholly from an existing website or platform , with few or no changes made to
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#1732783883324696-709: Is a completely separate and distinct organization from, and is not part of, the Department of National Defence. The Department of National Defence was established by the National Defence Act , which merged the Department of Militia and Defence (which was created in 1906 when the British Army withdrew its forces stationed in Canada), the Department of Naval Services (the department responsible for
754-472: Is also essential. Mobile UI considers constraints and contexts, screen, input and mobility as outlines for design. The user is often the focus of interaction with their device, and the interface entails components of both hardware and software. User input allows for the users to manipulate a system, and device's output allows the system to indicate the effects of the users' manipulation. Mobile UI design constraints include limited attention and form factors, such as
812-414: Is an alternate approach to security. Rather than controlling an employee/s entire device, containerization apps create isolated pockets separate from personal data. Company control of the device only extends to that separate container. Especially when employees " bring your own device " (BYOD), mobile apps can be a significant security risk for businesses, because they transfer unprotected sensitive data to
870-468: Is currently held by Taylor Paxton , who reports directly to the Deputy Minister. The Assistant Deputy Minister (Defence Research and Development Canada), referred to as ADM(DRDC), oversees the department's scientific and technological advancements and provides sound technological advice on Canada's defence systems. No name is currently assigned to this position. The ADM(DRDC) reports directly to
928-426: Is meant to off-set the security risk of a Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) work strategy. When an employee brings a personal device into an enterprise setting, mobile application management enables the corporate IT staff to transfer required applications, control access to business data, and remove locally cached business data from the device if it is lost, or when its owner no longer works with the company. Containerization
986-597: Is not responsible for all of these organizations itself but rather exists to support the minister in carrying out the minister's duties within the Defence Portfolio. The post of associate minister of national defence , who is also a member of the Cabinet, also exists and takes on files as assigned by the minister of national defence. Since forming government in 2015, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has assigned
1044-437: Is possible to offer native apps securely through enterprise mobility management . This enables more flexible IT management as apps can be easily implemented and policies adjusted at any time. Department of National Defence (Canada) The department is responsible to Parliament through the minister of national defence – Bill Blair as of February 2024. The deputy minister of National Defence,
1102-453: Is primarily used to distribute "Windows Store apps"—which are primarily built for use on tablets and other touch-based devices (but can still be used with a keyboard and mouse , and on desktop computers and laptops ). Mobile application management (MAM) describes software and services responsible for provisioning and controlling access to internally developed and commercially available mobile apps used in business settings. The strategy
1160-753: Is supported by a mix of middleware components including mobile app servers , Mobile Backend as a service (MBaaS), and SOA infrastructure. Conversational interfaces display the computer interface and present interactions through text instead of graphic elements. They emulate conversations with real humans. There are two main types of conversational interfaces: voice assistants (like the Amazon Echo ) and chatbots . Conversational interfaces are growing particularly practical as users are starting to feel overwhelmed with mobile apps (a term known as "app fatigue"). David Limp, Amazon's senior vice president of devices, says in an interview with Bloomberg, "We believe
1218-425: Is to ensure best performance for a specific mobile operating system. A web-based app is implemented with the standard web technologies of HTML , CSS , and JavaScript . Internet access is typically required for proper behavior or being able to use all features compared to offline usage. Most, if not all, user data is stored in the cloud . The performance of these apps is similar to a web application running in
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#17327838833241276-500: The Quarantine Act . In November 2020, use of the app or the CBSA website became mandatory. The purpose of the ArriveCAN app evolved with changes to federal public health orders. In July 2021, the app was repurposed for enforcing a COVID-19 vaccine mandate; all travellers were required to submit proof of vaccination for COVID-19 via ArriveCAN, or be required to self-isolate on arrival. This proof of vaccination functionality
1334-531: The Amazon Appstore and F-Droid . Usually, they are downloaded from the platform to a target device, but sometimes they can be downloaded to laptops or desktop computers . Apps can also be installed manually, for example by running an Android application package on Android devices. Some apps are freeware , while others have a price, which can be upfront or a subscription . Some apps also include microtransactions and/or advertising . In any case,
1392-803: The App Store has 650,000 available apps to download as well as 30 billion apps downloaded from the app store until that date. From an alternative perspective, figures seen in July 2013 by the BBC from tracking service Adeven indicate over two-thirds of apps in the store are "zombies", barely ever installed by consumers. Microsoft Store (formerly known as the Windows Store) was introduced by Microsoft in 2012 for its Windows 8 and Windows RT platforms. While it can also carry listings for traditional desktop programs certified for compatibility with Windows 8, it
1450-479: The ArriveCAN app cost to develop and who was subcontracted for its development. Contracts show that the federal government will spend close to $ 54 million with 23 separate subcontractors. A Parliamentary committee ordered federal departments to submit contracting documents related to the app but have been told that the names of subcontractors cannot be released citing issues of confidentiality. In October 2022, two developers at two separate IT companies took part in
1508-480: The ArriveCAN app. Following this disclosure, the government suspended all contracts with Dalian Enterprise and initiated an internal investigation to address the potential conflict of interest. Conservative Party leader Pierre Poilievre requested that the RCMP expand the investigation, stating that the situation "reeks of corruption at the highest levels". Former NDP leader Tom Mulcair said it "could be worse than
1566-502: The Chief of Defence intelligence. The associate Deputy Minister has no set role description. They are to take over the files and tasks the Deputy Minister gives them. The position is currently held by Natasha Kim , who reports directly to the Deputy Minister. The Assistant Deputy Minister (Public affairs), referred to as ADM(PA), oversee communications related tasks such as advice and guidance in relation to Canada's defences. The position
1624-433: The Deputy Minister. The Assistant Deputy Minister (Review Services), referred to as ADM(RS), oversees changes and reviews requested policies and promote improvements to Canadian operations at home and abroad. The position is currently held by Julie Charron , who reports directly to the Deputy Minister. The Assistant Deputy Minister (Data, Innovation, and Analytics), referred to as ADM(DIA), oversees data decision taken by
1682-443: The Deputy Minister. The Assistant Deputy Minister (Information Management) recently changed their name to Chief Information Officer, referred to as CIO. The CIO group oversees the management of key information and intelligence for Canada's defence and cyber operations for DND and CAF. The position is currently held by Raj Thuppal , who is also the department's Defence Champion for Persons with Disabilities. The CIO reports directly to
1740-481: The Google Play Store surpassed 50 billion, of the over 1 million apps available. As of September 2016, according to Statista the number of apps available exceeded 2.4 million. Over 80% of apps in the Google Play Store are free to download. The store generated a revenue of 6 billion U.S. dollars in 2015. Apple 's App Store for iOS and iPadOS was not the first app distribution service, but it ignited
1798-459: The Internet without knowledge and consent of the users. Reports of stolen corporate data show how quickly corporate and personal data can fall into the wrong hands. Data theft is not just the loss of confidential information, but makes companies vulnerable to attack and blackmail. Professional mobile application management helps companies protect their data. One option for securing corporate data
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1856-607: The Minister of National Defence. The Assistant Deputy Minister (Finance), referred to as ADM(Fin) or Chief Financial Officer, oversees all financial dealings within the department including but not limited to financial management, budget approvals, financial reallocation, and financial support. The position has been held by Cheri Crosby since 2019 and she reports directly to the Minister of National Defence. The Assistant Deputy Minister (Material), referred to as ADM(Mat), oversees all Material acquisitions and service that are needed by
1914-511: The Minister of National Defence. The Canadian Armed Forces is a separate and distinct military organization which works closely with, but is not a part of, the civilian department. The military comprises a variety of commands including the Royal Canadian Navy , Canadian Army and Royal Canadian Air Force , and is led by the chief of the defence staff , who is under the direction of the minister of national defence. There are also
1972-506: The Procurement Ombudsman Alexander Jeglic released a practice review report on ArriveCAN, finding the government applied criteria that "were overly restrictive and favored" GC Strategies. The contracts were repeatedly won by outsourcing companies listing subcontractors who ultimately did no work. The Chief Technology Officer of the CBSA, Minh Doan, was accused of "manipulating, destroying files at CBSA",
2030-617: The administration of the Royal Canadian Navy ), and the Air Board (which oversaw aviation in Canada). The National Defence Act was passed by the Parliament of Canada on June 28, 1922. Both the Canadian Armed Forces (military) and the Department of National Defence (civilian public servants) are, although two separate organizations, known collectively as the 'Defence Team' as both institutions work closely together in
2088-613: The app economy creates revenues of more than € 10 billion per year within the European Union, while over 529,000 jobs have been created in 28 EU states due to the growth of the app market. Mobile applications may be classified by numerous methods. A common scheme is to distinguish native , web-based, and hybrid apps. All apps targeted toward a particular mobile platform are known as native apps. Therefore, an app intended for Apple device does not run in Android devices. As
2146-679: The cabinet or Prime Minister has changed. The Deputy Minister has a varying amount of Assistant Deputy Ministers (referred to as ADMs), Chiefs, and Associates that oversee various tasks within the department ranging from Material Acquisition to Information Management to Public Affairs. There are 3 other offices that operate under the Deputy Minister: the DND/CF Legal Advisors, the National Security and Intelligence Review and Oversight Coordination Secretariat, and
2204-566: The day. Mobile apps are playing an ever-increasing role within healthcare and when designed and integrated correctly can yield many benefits. Market research firm Gartner predicted that 102 billion apps would be downloaded in 2013 (91% of them free), which would generate $ 26 billion in the US, up 44.4% on 2012's US$ 18 billion. By Q2 2015, the Google Play and Apple stores alone generated $ 5 billion. An analyst report estimates that
2262-638: The defence of Canada. The minister of national defence, as the Cabinet minister responsible to Parliament for National Defence, heads the Defence Team. The Department of National Defence is led by the Deputy Minister of National Defence, currently, Stefanie Beck. The Deputy Minister is chosen by the cabinet through the recommendation of the Prime Minister at that time. The Deputy Minister will stay in their position regardless of whether
2320-449: The department as well as overseeing its integration into the department and analytics. The position is currently held by Stephen Burt, who reports directly to the Deputy Minister. The Assistant Deputy Minister (Policy), referred to as ADM(Pol), oversees defence policy proceedings, developments, and support for the department and the Canadian Armed Forces. The position has been held by Peter Hammerschmidt since 2017 and he reports directly to
2378-404: The department or Canadian Armed Forces. The position has been held by Troy Crosby since 2019 and he reports directly to the Minister of National Defence. The Assistant Deputy Minister (Infrastructure & Environment), referred to as ADM(IE), oversees real estates acquisitions and needs for the Canadian Armed Forces as well as property management, infrastructure and environmental needs related to
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2436-555: The department. The position has been held by Rob Chambers since 2019 and reports directly to the Minister of National Defence. The Assistant Deputy Minister (Human Resources - Civilian), referred to as ADM(HR-Civ), oversees all the human resources needs of the Defence Teams civilian members which includes but is not limited to recruitment, retention strategies, employment offers, and staffing policies. The position has been held by Isabelle Desmartis since 2016 and reports directly to
2494-483: The explosion in number and variety of apps made discovery a challenge, which in turn led to the creation of a wide range of review, recommendation, and curation sources, including blogs, magazines, and dedicated online app-discovery services. In 2014 government regulatory agencies began trying to regulate and curate apps, particularly medical apps. Some companies offer apps as an alternative method to deliver content with certain advantages over an official website . With
2552-610: The final cost due to bad management. On February 21, 2024, the Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Government Operations and Estimates passed a motion to summon the two heads of GC Strategies, Kristian Firth and Darren Anthony. On March 1, 2024, it was revealed that David Yeo, a defence department employee and president of Dalian Enterprise, was involved in the ArriveCAN scandal. CBC News reported that his company had received over $ 200 million in government contracts since 2015, including $ 7.9 million for
2610-497: The king. One of the roles of the Department of National Defence is to support the minister of national defence in the administration of the 'Defence Portfolio', which comprises the Canadian Armed Forces, the Communications Security Establishment , Defence Research and Development Canada , and the Department of National Defence. These organizations are responsible to the minister. The department
2668-462: The mobile device. Apps were originally intended for productivity assistance such as email, calendar, and contact databases, but the public demand for apps caused rapid expansion into other areas such as mobile games , factory automation , GPS and location-based services , order-tracking, and ticket purchases, so that there are now millions of apps available. Many apps require Internet access. Apps are generally downloaded from app stores , which are
2726-425: The mobile revolution and was opened on July 10, 2008, and as of September 2016, reported over 140 billion downloads. The original AppStore was first demonstrated to Steve Jobs in 1993 by Jesse Tayler at NeXTWorld Expo As of June 6, 2011, there were 425,000 apps available, which had been downloaded by 200 million iOS users. During Apple's 2012 Worldwide Developers Conference , CEO Tim Cook announced that
2784-530: The next big platform is voice." The three biggest app stores are Google Play for Android , App Store for iOS , and Microsoft Store for Windows 10 , Windows 10 Mobile , and Xbox One . Google Play (formerly known as the Android Market) is an international online software store developed by Google for Android devices. It opened in October 2008. In July 2013, the number of apps downloaded via
2842-472: The platforms (although these issues can be overcome with mobile device detection). Mobile application development requires the use of specialized integrated development environments . Mobile apps are first tested within the development environment using emulators and later subjected to field testing. Emulators provide an inexpensive way to test applications on mobile phones to which developers may not have physical access. Mobile user interface (UI) Design
2900-537: The revenue is usually split between the application's creator and the app store. The same app can, therefore, cost a different price depending on the mobile platform. Mobile apps were originally offered for general productivity and information retrieval, including email, calendar , contacts, the stock market and weather information. However, public demand and the availability of developer tools drove rapid expansion into other categories, such as those handled by desktop application software packages. As with other software,
2958-510: The same look-and-feel in different mobile operating systems. Developing apps for mobile devices requires considering the constraints and features of these devices. Mobile devices run on battery and have less powerful processors than personal computers and also have more features such as location detection and cameras. Developers also have to consider a wide array of screen sizes, hardware specifications and configurations because of intense competition in mobile software and changes within each of
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#17327838833243016-557: The senior most civil servant within the department, is responsible for the day-to-day leadership and operations of the department and reports directly to the minister. The department exists to aid the minister in carrying out their responsibilities within the Defence Portfolio and provides a civilian support system for the Canadian Armed Forces . Under the National Defence Act , the Canadian Armed Forces
3074-551: The software does not allow this, some devices can be rooted to eliminate the undesired apps. Apps that are not preinstalled are usually available through distribution platforms called app stores . These may operated by the owner of the device's mobile operating system , such as the App Store or Google Play Store ; by the device manufacturers, such as the Galaxy Store and Huawei AppGallery ; or by third parties, such as
3132-411: The sponsorship scandal ". Mobile app A mobile application or app is a computer program or software application designed to run on a mobile device such as a phone , tablet , or watch . Mobile applications often stand in contrast to desktop applications which are designed to run on desktop computers , and web applications which run in mobile web browsers rather than directly on
3190-450: The subject of a political scandal in 2024. ArriveCAN was introduced by the federal government on April 20, 2020, as part of its response to the COVID-19 pandemic , and launched on April 29, 2020. The app was developed by a two-person Canadian consulting firm, GC Strategies, through a pre-existing contract with the CBSA. It would be used to submit health screenings, contact information, and declaration of plans for mandatory self-isolation per
3248-473: The underlying application. The "wrapper" is essentially a new management layer that allows developers to set up usage policies appropriate for app use. Examples of these policies include whether or not authentication is required, allowing data to be stored on the device, and enabling/disabling file sharing between users. Because most app wrappers are often websites first, they often do not align with iOS or Android Developer guidelines. Alternatively, it
3306-704: Was built on the SMART Health Card framework, enabling the app to store, recognize and verify credentials from every province, territory and foreign country. In July 2022 a glitch in the app on iOS erroneously instructed more than 10,000 travelers to quarantine, despite having submitted proof of vaccination. The federal government announced that the app would continue to be offered after the conclusion of COVID-19 travel requirements, with plans to add functionality for advance customs declarations. In October 2022, all remaining COVID-19-related travel orders were discontinued. There has been much scrutiny over how much
3364-421: Was used to submit travel documents, health assessments, and declarations of plans for mandatory self-isolation . In July 2021, the app began to be used for submitting proof of COVID-19 vaccination. Use of the app was compulsory between November 2020 and October 2022 while COVID-19 travel restrictions were in effect. ArriveCAN has faced scrutiny over its costs and who was subcontracted for its development—becoming
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