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22-800: The Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve (MABR) extends for 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) parallel to the coast of Brazil along the Serra Mantiqueira , Serra Geral and Serra do Mar from 02°50'S to 33°45'S, and from 34°45'W to 55°15'W. As of 2011 UNESCO reported that the reserve had a total area of 29,473,484 hectares (72,830,570 acres), including core areas of 4,052,544 hectares (10,014,050 acres), buffer zones of 12,646,302 hectares (31,249,690 acres) and transition areas of 12,774,638 hectares (31,566,820 acres). It ranges in altitude from −50 to 2,897 metres (−164 to 9,505 ft) above sea level. The reserve includes remnants of Atlantic Forest in 15 states, including Minas Gerais , Mato Grosso do Sul , and

44-609: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Serra do Mar Ecological Corridor The Serra do Mar Ecological Corridor ( Portuguese : Corredor Ecológico da Serra do Mar or Corredor de Biodiversidade da Serra do Mar ) is a large collection of protected areas in the states of Rio de Janeiro , Minas Gerais , São Paulo and Paraná in southern Brazil that form an ecological corridor connecting areas of Atlantic Forest . The Serra do Mar Ecological Corridor extends from Paraná to Rio de Janeiro and covers about 12,600,000 hectares (31,000,000 acres). It encompasses some of

66-557: Is administered by the Conselho Nacional da Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica and the Forest Institute of São Paulo (Instituto Florestal). The management approach involves partnerships and processes in which a wide variety of stakeholders participate. The national council includes representatives of federal, state and municipal governments, non-government organizations, scientists, business leaders and residents of

88-934: The Piauí Mosaic , created in March 2005. A project to create three new protected area mosaics began in December 2005, coordinated by the National Council of the Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve . These were the Bocaina Mosaic , Central Rio de Janeiro Atlantic Forest Mosaic and Mantiqueira Mosaic . Funding was provided by Conservation International , the Fund for the Global Environment Facility (GEF),

110-600: The Serra do Mar system which runs along Brazil's southeastern coast. The Serra Geral runs parallel to the Atlantic coast in Santa Catarina and northern Rio Grande do Sul states, separating a narrow coastal plain from an interior plateau . The coastal plain is characterized by short rivers and frequent lagoons and bays , and lies within the humid tropical Serra do Mar coastal forests ecoregion . The plateau to

132-630: The Serra do Mar Ecological Corridor began in December 2005, coordinated by the National Council of the Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve. These were the Bocaina Mosaic , Central Rio de Janeiro Atlantic Forest Mosaic and Mantiqueira Mosaic . Funding was provided by Conservation International , the Fund for the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and

154-597: The World Bank , Inter-American Development Bank and KfW cooperation bank, has managed to have several World Heritage Sites recognized in the Atlantic Forest biome, and has made significant contributions to environmental awareness and education in Brazil. Programs include: Serra Geral The Serra Geral (General Mountains) is a mountain range in southern Brazil , constituting the southern portion of

176-486: The World Bank . The Ministry of the Environment gave the mosaics formal structure in March 2007. Their purpose is to give integrated management of different conservation units in a region, including federal, state, municipal and private units, which may be different form of strictly protected or sustainable use unit. The biosphere reserve has managed to obtain large amounts of funding from international sources such as

198-812: The montane Araucaria moist forests . It is on Santa Catarina's portion of the Serra Geral where Brazil's coldest towns, Urubici , Urupema , São Joaquim and Bom Jardim da Serra , are located. The mountains and plateau are mainly basalt , formed as part of the Paraná large igneous province which erupted in the early Cretaceous , and which has matching segments in Angola and Namibia in Africa. 29°08′03″S 49°59′41″W  /  29.13417°S 49.99466°W  / -29.13417; -49.99466 This geographical article relating to Rio Grande do Sul

220-428: The Atlantic Forest was National Patrimony. The Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve was defined in 1991, covering a few parts of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Paraná. Non-government organizations played an important role in its creation. In 1992 it covered about 2,499,990 hectares (6,177,600 acres), with 356,998 hectares (882,160 acres) of sea. The Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve was the first biosphere reserve in Brazil. It

242-480: The Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank . The Ministry of the Environment gave the mosaics formal structure in March 2007. Their purpose is to give integrated management of different conservation units in a region, including federal, state, municipal and private units, which may be different form of strictly protected or sustainable use unit. Together the three new mosaics included 51 units covering over 900,000 hectares (2,200,000 acres) in

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264-617: The buffer zones, mainly traditional communities of indigenous people, quilombolas , fishermen and so on. The Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve covers tropical humid forests in mountain and highland systems and coastal marine environments. It includes remnants of the Atlantic Forest and relevant secondary forests. The moist, sub-tropical, semi-deciduous forest includes species such as Araucaria angustifolia , Podocarpus lambertii and Drimys brasiliensis . Associated ecosystems include upland meadows with grasses and small heaths, cerrado , mangroves, salt marsh scrublands and sand spits. These lie in

286-496: The chances of reconnecting natural areas within and between the mosaics. The Serra do Mar Ecological Corridor contains several protected area mosaics. The Lagamar Mosaic , covering 2,119,000 hectares (5,240,000 acres), was created in May 2006. It has great importance in conserving Atlantic Forest , and is supported by SOS Mata Atlântica and by the Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve . It was the second mosaic to be created in Brazil, after

308-463: The city of São Paulo . Six phases had been completed by 2008. In 2008 it had an estimated area of 62,319,744 hectares (153,995,440 acres), including 16,149,934 hectares (39,907,360 acres) of sea. This makes it the largest forested biosphere reserve in the world. The core zones, either in fully protected conservation units or in other legally protected areas such as mangroves and riparian forests, covered 7,300,000 hectares (18,000,000 acres). The reserve

330-530: The coastal states of Ceará , Rio Grande do Norte , Paraíba , Pernambuco , Alagoas , Sergipe , Bahia , Espírito Santo , Rio de Janeiro , São Paulo , Paraná , Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul . As of 2016 the reserve covered parts of over 1,000 municipalities. The surrounding areas had 120 million inhabitants and accounted for 70% of the GDP of Brazil. The core zones consisted of more than 700 fully protected conservation units. A few thousand people lived in

352-522: The most densely populated areas of Brazil, within which there are several important fragments of Atlantic Forest. The corridor is one of the areas with the richest biodiversity in the Atlantic Forest . An ecological corridor is an area of great biological importance that consists of a network of protected areas interspersed with varying levels of human occupation and different forms of land use. The corridor provides integrated management to ensure

374-546: The most densely populated parts of Brazil, resulting in threats to their environmental integrity. 93% of the Atlantic Forest has been destroyed. The remnants contain 171 of the 202 threatened species in Brazil, including golden lion tamarins and several near-extinct forest cats. The many protected areas in the biosphere reserve include the Caraça Natural Park , the Itatiaia National Park and

396-452: The privately-owned Caratinga Biological Station , home to a population of the highly endangered woolly spider monkeys , three other primates and more than 200 rare birds. One of the triggers for creating the biosphere reserve was a catastrophic landslide on several slopes of the Serra do Mar in 1985, caused by deforestation that had resulted from pollution from the industrial center of Cubatão . The 1988 constitution of Brazil declared that

418-441: The reserve. There are state-level committees in almost all the states. The objective is to support large-scale conservation and management of the ecosystems. This includes conserving and restoring ecological corridors, and conserving and restoring the rich biological diversity of the Atlantic Forest. Other objectives include development of sustainable usage and social practices. A project to create three new protected area mosaics in

440-418: The survival all species, maintain ecological and evolutionary processes, and develop a strong regional economy based on sustainable use of natural resources. It allows for the flow of plant and animal genes between the protected areas, thus maintaining genetic diversity. Protected area mosaics have the potential to strengthen ecological corridors by expanding the scale of conservation planning and increasing

462-692: The west of the range is drained by tributaries of the Uruguay River , including the Pelotas and Canoas , and by the Jacuí River and its tributaries, which drains south into the Lagoa dos Patos of Rio Grande do Sul. The Serra Geral is home to Aparados da Serra National Park and Serra Geral National Park , which are notable for their enormous canyons. The plateau is the coldest part of Brazil, with frequent frosts and yearly snow , being home to

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484-550: Was recognized by UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme in 1993. From 1992 to 2002 the biosphere reserve was expanded in four phases to include 15 states (including Mato Grosso do Sul ) covering about 35,000,000 hectares (86,000,000 acres) divided into core, buffer and transition zones. The São Paulo City Green Belt Biosphere Reserve was added in 1994. It covers 73 municipalities in São Paulo state including

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