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50-476: Pelotas ( Portuguese pronunciation: [peˈlɔtɐs] ) is a Brazilian city and municipality ( município ), the fourth most populous in the southern state of Rio Grande do Sul , after Porto Alegre , Caxias do Sul and Canoas . It is located 270 km (168 mi) from Porto Alegre , the state's capital city , and 130 km (80.8 mi) from the Uruguayan border . The Lagoa dos Patos lies to

100-545: A leather raft, and the name of the city comes from the boats made of cockspur coral tree covered with animal skins, used to cross rivers in ranching times. In the first years of the 20th century, progress was stimulated by the Banco Pelotense (Bank of Pelotas), founded in 1906 by local investors. Its liquidation, in 1931, was devastating to the local economy. In 1990, the Urban Conurbation of Pelotas

150-498: A white blanket. Snow grains were recorded in Pelotas on 4 September 2006, on 5 September 2008, and on 3 August 2010, and graupel was registered on 12 July 2012, and on 25 September 2012. On 5 July 2019, the downtown area of the city registered, for 40 minutes, snow flurries with liquid drizzle , just before noon (with no accumulation). On 28 July 2021, Pelotas registered snow flurries with sleet. On 19 July 1934 and 27 July 1935,

200-618: Is twinned with: There are five neighborhoods ( bairros ) in Pelotas and nine districts: Municipalities of Brazil Recent elections The municipalities of Brazil ( Portuguese : municípios do Brasil ) are administrative divisions of the Brazilian states . Brazil currently has 5,570 municipalities, which, given the 2019 population estimate of 210,147,125, makes an average municipality population of 37,728 inhabitants. The average state in Brazil has 214 municipalities. Roraima

250-503: Is 27 meters tall, and its stained-glass windows are from New York City . The São Francisco de Paula Metropolitan Cathedral is considered the city's and the region most important religious edifice, due to its size, beauty and the works of art found within its interior. Its construction began in 1813. The cathedral shelters the image of Saint Francis of Paola , by an unknown artist, which was brought from Colônia do Sacramento . The painter Aldo Locatelli, came from Italy especially to make

300-716: Is 55 km (34 mi) from the Atlantic Ocean , and possesses a beach along the Lagoa dos Patos, called Laranjal. In the vicinity of the beach one can find quagmires and sand dunes. Pelotas is part of the watershed of the Camaquã River . The streams Quilombo and Caneleiras drain the city. They meet to form the Arroio de Pelotas, which flows into the São Gonçalo Channel . The Public Library of Pelotas

350-451: Is July, with an average temperature of 12 °C (53.6 °F). The wettest month is February, with 145 mm (5.7 in) of precipitation. The average annual temperature in the city is 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) and the average annual precipitation is 1,379 mm (54.29 in), with rain regularly falling all year long. The relative humidity is very high (with an annual average around 80%). An interesting meteorological occurrence

400-478: Is a fishing vessel rigged for shrimp fishing. The term shrimp , as used by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), covers all shrimp ( Caridea ) and prawns ( Dendrobranchiata , comprising Penaeoidea and Sergestoidea ) – a group formerly known as " Natantia ". This nomenclature often differs from local use, in which the same species may be known by different names, or where different species may be known by

450-471: Is mostly agricultural and commercial. The latter is largely represented by Arabs , mostly Lebanese (erroneously referred to as turcos , or Turks ), and a few other foreigners. The region is the largest producer of peaches for the country's storehouse industry, along with other products such as asparagus , cucumber , fig and strawberries . The city also is a great producer of rice and cattle products. Pelotas produces more milk than anywhere else in

500-468: Is probably very small. Before the arrival of the first European settlers, the area of the southern part of Rio Grande do Sul, including the municipality of Pelotas, was occupied by Amerindian groups. According to archaeological evidence discovered there, the groups were: Minuane , Charrua and Guaraní . In the 2022 census there were 247,257 whites, 38,691 blacks, 39,107 of mixed ethnicities, 363 native Brazilians and 264 Asians. In regards to religion,

550-576: Is situated on a plain near the ocean, the urban area lies on a low elevation, being, on average, 7 meters (23 ft) above sea level. The interior of the municipality is on a plateau called Serras de Sudeste (Southeastern Mountain Ranges). Consequently, the altitude in Pelotas' rural area reaches 429 meters (1,407.4 ft) in the Quilombo district . The city stretches to the Laranjal, a bairro on

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600-678: Is the Museum of the Baroness , which was constructed in the 19th century, occupying an area of approximately 7 hectares, possessing 22 parts and an interior patio. Lining it all were many cultivated and varied gardens. In Pelotas there are still nine sculptures of Antônio Caringi, considered the best gaúcho sculptor. Among them are: Oferenda, 1942, in bronze, located in the Ecumenical Cemetery São Francisco de Paula; Monumento ao Colono, 1958, in bronze and granite, in

650-402: Is the least subdivided state, with 15 municipalities, while Minas Gerais is the most, with 853. Northern states are divided into small numbers of large municipalities (e.g. Amazonas is divided into only 62 municipalities), and therefore they cover large areas incorporating several separated cities or towns that do not necessarily conform to one single conurbation. Southern and eastern states on

700-624: The Catholic University of Pelotas . Together, they account for a population of 22 thousand higher education students. The city has three football clubs: Esporte Clube Pelotas (founded 1908), Grêmio Esportivo Brasil (also known as Brasil de Pelotas ; founded 1911) and Grêmio Atlético Farroupilha (founded 1926). The history of the city begins in June 1758, through a donation that Gomes Freire de Andrade , Count of Bobadela, made to Colonel Thomáz Luiz Osório, giving him land that lay on

750-598: The Public Market was initiated in 1847 and finished in 1853, although between 1911 and 1914 there was a renovation. Its design was fashioned after the Neoclassical style, and was affected by Art Nouveau after 1970 when the building was destroyed by a fire and rebuilt. On it there is a clock tower and an iron lighthouse, imported from Hamburg , Germany, an allusion to the Eiffel Tower . The Great Hotel

800-653: The catch per unit effort (CPUE), rather than the complex models used for cold-water shrimp. Warm-water species (mainly Litopenaeus setiferus , Farfantepenaeus aztecus , and Farfantepenaeus duorarum ) provide more than 85% of the shrimp fishery in the United States, and are caught in the Gulf of Mexico and adjacent parts of the Atlantic Ocean. Bycatch is a serious problem for warm-water shrimp fisheries, with inadvertent catches of sea turtles being among

850-475: The countryside ). Municipalities can be split or merged to form new municipalities within the borders of the state, if the population of the involved municipalities expresses a desire to do so in a plebiscite . However, these must abide by the Brazilian Constitution , and forming exclaves or seceding from the state or union is expressly forbidden. Shrimp fishery A shrimper

900-487: The states , as well as those of the municipalities, thus simultaneously assuming all the obligations arising from them. The 1988 Brazilian Constitution treats the municipalities as parts of the Federation and not simply dependent subdivisions of the states. Each municipality has an autonomous local government, comprising a mayor ( prefeito ) and a legislative body called municipal chamber ( câmara municipal ). Both

950-521: The 1880s, and were soon applied to shrimp fisheries, especially following the research effort of the Norwegian marine biologist Johan Hjort . Over time, the original open skiffs , 5–8 metres (16–26 ft) long, were replaced by decked boats, to which diesel engines were added, allowing the boats to reach an average of 18 m (59 ft). In the United States, shrimp and prawn fisheries are second only to crab fishing in terms of importance. In

1000-537: The Baroness . One major attraction is the Fenadoce , a display of sweets prepared from traditional 18th century Portuguese recipes . More than 300,000 people come to the annual event, which began in 1986. Formerly held in different locations each year, today it is always celebrated in the Centro Internacional de Cultura e Eventos (International Center of Culture and Events). The first immigrants to

1050-537: The Charqueada São João. Pelotas International Airport , which was originally built in 1930, serves 130,000 passengers annually with two runways. It is located in the neighborhood of Três Vendas. The city also has a bus system, a port on the shores of the São Gonçalo Channel , and the junction of two major highways (BR-116 and BR-392) nearby. The city was strongly influence by Portuguese aesthetics, visible in its large houses with Portuguese ceramics on

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1100-741: The Primeiro de Maio Square; Monumento ao Bispo Dom Joaquim Ferreira de Mello, 1942, in bronze and granite, on the Avenue Dom Joaquim; Sentinela Farroupilha, 1935, in bronze, 20 de Setembro Square; As Três Idades do Trabalho, in granite, Coronel Pedro Osório Square; Dr. Luiz Pereira Lima, 1958, in bronze, Piratinino de Almeida Square; Monumento ao Coronel Pedro Osório, 1954, in bronze and granite, Coronel Pedro Osório Square; Monumento à Mãe, 1968, in bronze and granite, Coronel Pedro Osório Square; Monumento ao Dr. José Brusque 1968, in bronze and granite, Coronel Pedro Osório Square. Pelotas

1150-590: The US market, while some of the producing nations protested to the World Trade Organization about duties levied by the US in response to the inferred dumping. Shrimp fisheries produce unusually high levels of bycatch . Before the introduction of bycatch reduction devices in the 1980s, shrimp fishery had a bycatch ratio (ratio of the amount of non-target species caught to the amount of the target species caught) of 4.5–5.3:1. Since BRDs were introduced,

1200-600: The banks of the Lagoa dos Patos . In 1763, fleeing the Spanish invasion, many inhabitants of the village Rio Grande sought refuge in the land belonging to Osório. Later, there also came refugees from Colônia do Sacramento , which had been handed over by the Portuguese to the Spanish in 1777. In 1780, the Portuguese rancher José Pinto Martins established himself in Pelotas,with the prosperity of his establishment stimulating

1250-418: The bycatch ratios may have been reduced by as much as 30%. Shrimp fisheries tend to "capture more sea turtles than any other commercial fishery". Shrimps are from all different types of bodies of water in the world. Fewer than 300 species of shrimp and prawns are of commercial importance, out of a total of 3000 species. The catch is dominated by six "species items", which collectively account for 82% of

1300-417: The capture of sea turtles is rare in cold temperate waters. Bycatch is mostly reduced by the use of Nordmøre grids, which reduce the numbers of cod , haddock , Greenland halibut and redfish caught during shrimp trawls. The Nordmøre grid was invented by the Norwegian fisherman Paul Brattøy, primarily as a means of excluding jellyfish from shrimp catches, and introduced in 1989. This innovation causes

1350-510: The city recorded a temperature of -5 °C (23 °F), the lowest recorded in Pelotas. The highest recorded temperature in Pelotas was 42 °C (107.6 °F), on January 1, 1943. The larger part of rural Pelotas is made up of grasslands , with low and herbaceous vegetation ( pampa ). Small groves of cultivated trees ( Babylon willow , eucalyptus , pine , cypress , acacia , poplar and platanus ) and native trees ( Cockspur coral tree and araucaria angustifolia ) are also found. Pelotas

1400-905: The coast of the Lagoa dos Patos. Beyond the coastal regions Santo Antônio and Valverde, the area also has an even more remote area, the Balneário dos Prazeres (popularly known as Barro Duro, lit. "hard mud"), and Colônia Z-3, a fishing village that primarily explores the art of shrimping . The climate is humid subtropical ( Köppen : Cfa ), a type found in Southeastern Australia (very homogeneous to Sydney , in terms of temperatures, albeit cloudier and wetter), without major temperature deviations as found in Brunswick and Savannah , Georgia ( USA ), and in Shanghai , China (but still considered very high by Brazilian standards), due to

1450-464: The continentality and polar vortex position in those southern cities of the United States and the Chinese city. Summers are warm to hot with regular rainfall. Winters are cool with episodic frosts (about 24 per year) and fog , with no noticeable difference in the amount of monthly rainfall. The hottest month is January, with an average temperature of 23 °C (73.4 °F), and the coldest month

1500-400: The creation of other ranches and growth in the region, creating a population that would define the early city. The Civil Parish of São Francisco de Paula, founded on 7 June 1812, by Father Pedro Pereira de Mesquita, was elevated to the category of town on 7 April 1832. Three years later, in 1835, the town was declared a city, bearing the name Pelotas. In southern Brazil, 'pelota' can refer to

1550-505: The east and the São Gonçalo Channel lies to the south, separating Pelotas from the city of Rio Grande . In the 19th century, Pelotas was Brazil's leading center for the production of dried meat ( charque ), a staple food made by slaves and destined to feed the slaves of sugarcane , coffee and cocoa plantations across the country. Currently Pelotas hosts two major universities, the Federal University of Pelotas , and

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1600-485: The fact that German immigrants built isolated farming communities there, is characterized by the production of fruit, rice, and livestock. In times past the production of charque , or dried beef, was economically important. The work was usually done by slaves. The charqueadas , as the livestock ranches were called, are still popular tourist attractions, the most famous being the Charqueada Santa Rita and

1650-527: The façade. Pelotas is very rich in architectural treasures and monuments. One example of the many monuments in the city is a fountain called, As Três Meninas , which came from France in 1873, and was placed in the center of the city. The largest monument in Pelotas is the iron Caixa d'água , which is located in the Piratinino de Almeida Square, and is the only one of its kind in all of Latin America. It

1700-575: The frescoes on the ceiling and walls of the cathedral, at the invitation of Dom Antônio Záttera, bishop of Pelotas at the time. Although Locatelli would choose to stay in Rio Grande do Sul and make many other important works in Brazil, including paintings and murals, this is considered his greatest work, together with the passion at the Church of São Pelegrino in Caxias do Sul . Also deserving attention

1750-558: The global catch. These are given in the table below: Shrimp and prawn fisheries can be divided into cold-water, warm-water and paste shrimp fisheries, broadly corresponding to the three taxonomic categories Penaeoidea , Caridea and Sergestoidea , respectively. Although the various species of the genus Acetes are not always distinguished by fishermen, collectively they form the world's largest shrimp fishery. There are fisheries for Acetes in Korea , Japan and Southeast Asia , but

1800-488: The local government and the legislative body are directly elected by the population every four years. These elections take place at the same time all over the country; the last municipal elections were held on 15 November 2020. Each municipality has the constitutional power to approve its own laws, as well as collecting taxes and receiving funds from the state and federal governments. However, municipal governments have no judicial power per se , and courts are only organised at

1850-438: The majority of inhabitants (about 50%) are Roman Catholic , followed by Protestant religions (especially among the people of German origin), such as Evangelical Lutheran and Anglican sects. In recent times there has also been a growing number of Jehovah's Witnesses and Latter-day Saints . Other noteworthy religions include Spiritism and Afro-Brazilian ritualism (such as Umbanda and Candomblé ). The economy of Pelotas

1900-517: The most contentious issues. The most important cold-water species is the "northern prawn", Pandalus borealis , which accounts for 12% of the total shrimp and prawn catch. Up to 70% of the catch is landed in Canada and Greenland . The price of cold-water shrimp has been in decline since the 1990s, as a result of increased shrimp farming . Bycatch is typically managed in cold-water shrimp trawling, and rates of bycatch are accordingly low, and

1950-490: The northern parts of the country, cold-water shrimp are targeted, while warm-water species are targeted along the south-eastern Atlantic coast, and in the Gulf of Mexico . Most of the production is of warm-water species, but this is dwarfed by the imports of shrimp, mostly from aquaculture . This has led to international controversies, with some United States fishermen accusing countries such as Brazil , China , Ecuador , India , Thailand and Vietnam of dumping shrimp on

2000-558: The other hand, are divided into many small municipalities (e.g. Minas Gerais ), and therefore large urban areas usually extend over several municipalities which form one single conurbation. The Federal District cannot be divided into municipalities , which is why its territory is composed of several administrative regions . These regions are directly managed by the government of the Federal District, which exercises constitutional and legal powers that are equivalent to those of

2050-830: The region were the Portuguese , coming mostly from the Azores , something which profoundly influenced the culture of the city, especially in its architecture and cuisine. Another important immigration was that of the Germans (the majority from Pomerania — see Pomeranians ), even though they preferred to settle in rural areas, unlike the Portuguese, who settled in the city itself. Also worthy to mention are other ethnicities that settled in Pelotas, such as Africans (descendants of slaves, mainly from Angola ), Italians , Poles , French , Jews , Lebanese Arabs , etc. The number of descendants from indigenous peoples , despite being unknown,

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2100-423: The same name. Small-scale local fishery for shrimp and prawns has existed for centuries and continues to form a large proportion of the world's shrimp fisheries. Trawling increased in scale with the introduction of otter boards , which use the flow of water to hold the trawling net open, and the introduction of steam-powered vessels, replacing the earlier sail-powered boats. Both of these developments took off in

2150-834: The state or federal level. A subdivision of the state judiciary, or comarca , can either correspond to an individual municipality or encompass several municipalities. The seat of the municipal administration is a nominated city ( cidade ), with no specification in the law about the minimum population, area or facilities. The city always has the same name as the municipality, as they are not treated as distinct entities. Municipalities can be subdivided, only for administrative purposes, into districts (normally, new municipalities are formed from these districts). Other populated sites are villages, but with no legal effect or regulation. Almost all municipalities are subdivided into neighbourhoods ( bairros ), although most municipalities do not officially define their neighbourhood limits (usually small cities in

2200-406: The state. Pelotas has industries tied to agriculture , textile , leather tanning and bread-making . Reforestation for the production of paper and cellulose has been a rising economic activity in the whole region. The city is a large commercial center in the region, attracting shoppers to its sidewalk and neighborhood galleries and shops. The rural area, also called the "colony", due to

2250-559: The vast majority of the catch is in China . The total catch is likely to be grossly under-recorded, but was estimated at 664,716 t in 2005. Within the Asia–Pacific region , the Acetes fishery is the fourth largest fishery by weight, after hairtails , anchovies and scads . Warm-water shrimp and prawn fisheries usually target several species, and are typically monitored in terms of

2300-467: Was constructed in 1875, and still holds the daily surplus of water in the city. It sits atop 45 columns, and all of its pieces are made of iron. It has forms that are reminiscent of Asian architecture, though all of the materials used in construction were imported from France. The architecture of the city is distinguished by its churches, the Grand Hotel and the Public Market . The construction of

2350-549: Was created as a result of a state law. In 2001, it became the Urban Conurbation of Pelotas and Rio Grande, and in 2002 the Urban Conurbation of the South. The goal is to integrate the participating towns and is the embryo of a future metropolitan region including the towns os Arroio do Padre , Capão do Leão , Pelotas, Rio Grande and São José do Norte , which have a total population of around 600,000 inhabitants. As it

2400-671: Was founded in 1875, and constructed with materials brought over from Europe. Pelotas has two theatres, the Sete de Abril and the Guarani Theatre . The Sete de Abril, which was constructed in 1831, is one of the most traditional theatres in Brazil. The city boasts four major museums: the Carlos Ritter Museum of Natural History , the Leopoldo Gotuzzo Museum of Art , the "Candy Museum", and the Museum of

2450-672: Was inaugurated in 1928. The building has four floors, presented in the Art Nouveau style. Today the building is closed and belongs to the city government. The Church of the Redeemer , also known as the "Shaggy Church", is the headquarters of the Brazilian Episcopalian Church of the Anglican Communion, and became known for its characteristic vegetal covering. It opened its doors in 1892. Its tower

2500-399: Was the first snowfall , which occurred on 8 July 1994 in Pelotas from 11:00 am to 1:30 pm. Before this date, there had never been any record of snow in the city. The phenomenon was weaker in the urban parts of the city, and did not cover the ground. However, the snowfall was more intense further inland, in districts such as Cascata and Quilombo, and was able to cover the vegetation in

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