122-422: Autogas or LPG is liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) used as a fuel in internal combustion engines in vehicles as well as in stationary applications such as generators . It is a mixture of propane and butane . Autogas is widely used as a "green" fuel, as its use reduces CO 2 exhaust emissions by around 15% compared to petrol . One litre of petrol produces 2.3 kg of CO 2 when burnt, whereas
244-458: A A$ 1,000 subsidy under the long-running LPG subsidy scheme. The use of autogas (called LPG in both French and Dutch speaking Belgium) was once very popular in Belgium , thanks to the subsidies given by the government to install conversion kits. Since, 2003, when the subsidies disappeared, the number of cars running on LPG has decreased and the number of cars running on diesel has increased. This
366-453: A CA$ 400 grant in 1981 for consumers to convert their vehicles to run on propane in response to national energy security concerns. Some provinces also offered various grants and incentives for propane conversions. Vehicle conversions reached approximately 200,000 in the early 1990s, and auto propane was estimated to be available at over 5,000 locations. The Federal Government grant was discontinued in 1985. Auto propane demand began to decline in
488-459: A boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE). This is typically a concern for large refineries and petrochemical plants that maintain very large containers. In general, tanks are designed so that the product will vent faster than pressure can build to dangerous levels. One remedy that is utilized in industrial settings is to equip such containers with a measure to provide a fire-resistance rating . Large, spherical LPG containers may have up to
610-454: A gas absorption refrigerator . Blended from pure, dry propane (refrigerant designator R-290 ) and isobutane (R-600a) the blend "R-290a" has negligible ozone depletion potential , very low global warming potential and can serve as a functional replacement for R-12 , R-22 , R-134a and other chlorofluorocarbon or hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants in conventional stationary refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Such substitution
732-651: A greenhouse gas . The reaction also produces some carbon monoxide . LPG does, however, release less CO 2 per unit of energy than does coal or oil, but more than natural gas. It emits 81% of the CO 2 per kWh produced by oil, 70% of that of coal, and less than 50% of that emitted by coal-generated electricity distributed via the grid. Being a mix of propane and butane, LPG emits less carbon per joule than butane but more carbon per joule than propane. LPG burns more cleanly than higher molecular weight hydrocarbons because it releases less particulate matter . As it
854-882: A 10-year or 100,000-mile (160,000 km) powertrain warranty (known as the Hyundai Advantage) to its vehicles sold in the United States, it is now known as the America Best Warranty. Hyundai incorporated a new manufacturing facility, Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama , in April 2002. The new plant in Montgomery, Alabama , was completed during 2004, at a cost of $ 1.7 billion. Production started in May 2005. It employed more than 3,000 workers in 2012. By 2004, sales had dramatically increased, and
976-432: A 15 cm steel wall thickness. They are equipped with an approved pressure relief valve . A large fire in the vicinity of the vessel will increase its temperature and pressure . The relief valve on the top is designed to vent off excess pressure in order to prevent the rupture of the container itself. Given a fire of sufficient duration and intensity, the pressure being generated by the boiling and expanding gas can exceed
1098-595: A 50-50 joint venture with Beijing Automotive Group since 2002 to produce cars in China. The joint venture is called Beijing Hyundai, which also manufactures several models which are exclusive to the Chinese market. It began operations in China by producing Sonata in December 2002. The joint venture sold 700,000 passenger cars in 2010, 855,995 car sales in 2012, and 2014 saw the company sell 1,120,000 vehicles. Currently,
1220-540: A commercial vehicle joint venture—Sichuan Hyundai Motor Co. Ltd. Hyundai Motor India Limited (HMIL) was formed on 6 May 1996. During the entry of Hyundai in 1996, fellow South Korean Daewoo had entered the Indian automobile market just three years before, while Ford , Opel and Honda had entered less than a year back. Hyundai's first car in the country, the Hyundai Santro was launched on 23 September 1998 and
1342-513: A deal to build an autonomous Apple car. The vehicle was said to be completely designed by Apple and would be built in Hyundai or Kia plants, and could potentially go into production in 2024. However, Hyundai Motor announced shortly after that it is no longer in talks with Apple. In June 2021, Hyundai Motor Group completed its acquisition of a controlling interest in the robotics firm, Boston Dynamics . Hyundai Motor Group now takes an 80% share of
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#17327837526881464-553: A large portion of the autogas, with over 260,000 autogas motorcycles in Shanghai alone. In Shenyang , the local government is encouraging public transport to convert to autogas, and as of 2009 over 160,000 taxicabs run on the fuel as well as over 2,500 buses. The city of Guangzhou accounted for 46.56% of national autogas consumption in 2009. Only 24% of China's Liquefied Petroleum Gas is produced domestically. As of 2008, approximately 30,000 Croatians drove using autogas, which at
1586-455: A larger high volume dispenser with a 5,000 USWG tank will cost CA$ 55,000 to CA$ 75,000 , not including site costs. Autogas consumption in China has grown rapidly since the 1990s, has slowed down in the early 2000s, but has started to grow again in recent years. In 2009, autogas refuelling stations have spread to 25 cities and has become a major alternative fuel in China. Motorcycles account for
1708-424: A lower energy density per liter than either petrol or fuel-oil, so the equivalent fuel consumption is higher. Many governments impose less tax on LPG than on petrol or fuel-oil, which helps offset the greater consumption of LPG than of petrol or fuel-oil. However, in many European countries, this tax break is often compensated by a much higher annual tax on cars using LPG than on cars using petrol or fuel-oil. Propane
1830-410: A new plant will be built in the United States to produce flying taxis for commuters. They are targeting a test flight as early as December 2024. In 2023, Supernal establishes its policy and commercial headquarters at Washington D.C. , its research and development facility at Fremont, California , and its engineering headquarters at Irvine, California . In 1989, Hyundai Auto Canada Inc. opened
1952-808: A new small bi-fuel car, the HB20 , designed specifically for the Brazilian mass-market. The car was developed under the "Projeto HB" (Hyundai Brazil) project, and is built at a new Hyundai factory in Brazil, located in Piracicaba , São Paulo . The plant is the first wholly owned Hyundai plant in Latin America. With an investment of around R$ 1.2 billion, the plant has the capacity to produce 180,000 cars per year under three shifts. Hyundai vehicles have also been produced in Brazil by local partner, Caoa Group at
2074-523: A number of LPG-only engines in their 1970s M , R , and Y engine families. A number of automobile manufacturers— Citroën , Fiat , Ford , Hyundai , General Motors (including Daewoo , Holden , Opel / Vauxhall , Saab ), Maruti Suzuki , Peugeot , Renault (including Dacia ), Skoda , Tata Motors , Toyota , Volvo , and more recently Volkswagen —have OEM bi-fuel models that will run equally well on both LPG and petrol. Holden Special Vehicles (HSV) also offer bi-fuel models; however,
2196-619: A plant located in Anápolis , Goiás . Production here started with the HR model in 2007, and continued with the Tucson in 2010, the HD78 truck in 2011, and the ix35 in 2013. Hyundai cars, including those made by Hyundai's affiliate, Kia Motors, sold well in China until 2016, when sales fell by half, marking the start of a slump that continued into 2019, when the company announced plans to cut jobs in
2318-562: A politically sensitive matter in India as it potentially affects the middle class voting pattern. LPG was once a standard cooking fuel in Hong Kong ; however, the continued expansion of town gas to newer buildings has reduced LPG usage to less than 24% of residential units. However, other than electric, induction, or infrared stoves, LPG-fueled stoves are the only type available in most suburban villages and many public housing estates. LPG
2440-625: A professor at the University of New South Wales , unintentionally tested the worst-case scenario of a sudden and complete refrigerant expulsion into the passenger compartment followed by subsequent ignition. He and several others in the car sustained minor burns to their face, ears, and hands, and several observers received lacerations from the burst glass of the front passenger window. No one was seriously injured. Global LPG production reached over 292 million metric tons per year (Mt/a) in 2015, while global LPG consumption to over 284 Mt/a. 62% of LPG
2562-443: A profit of $ 1.16 billion from the beginning of 2021 until March. In November 2024, the company announced that its Global Chief Operating Officer , Jose Munoz will hold the new role of global co-CEO beginning 1 January 2025. Munoz will be the first foreigner to hold such a high executive post in a giant South Korean conglomerate. The promotion is said to be credited to Munoz's resilience and strategies in pushing for record sales in
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#17327837526882684-422: A result, there is no customer demand, leaving only around 13 refuelling stations. The stations are run by Shell , YX , OK , Uno-X , Q8 and Statoil . It was estimated that France would have over 62,500 autogas vehicles on the road by the end of 2010. By the end of 2003, there were an estimated 190,000 autogas vehicles in use with almost 1,900 refuelling stations. In 2005, autogas accounted for around 0.4% of
2806-407: A slight increase in the number of autogas-powered vehicles of around 14%. This increase is mainly due to the phasing-out of the tax incentives to buy diesel cars. The number of refuelling stations equipped with LPG has increased and in 2012 there were 727 stations. In Belgium, autogas is totally free of excises, but not of VAT. As of June 2019, the price of a litre of autogas is around a third of
2928-532: A stamping and assembly plant in Bromont, Quebec , employing 800. The plant cost $ 387.7 million, with Quebec and Canadian federal government subsidies of $ 131 million. The plant was designed to manufacture approximately 2000 Hyundai Sonatas per week. Subsequently, Chrysler and Hyundai considered a joint venture that would have Chrysler rebranding the Sonata manufactured at Bromont – only to later announce
3050-606: A supplementary fuel. This is where LPG is used as fuel as well as diesel. Systems are now available that integrate with OEM engine management systems. Conversion kits can switch a vehicle dedicated to gasoline to using a dual system, in which both gasoline and LPG are used in the same vehicle. In 2020, BW LPG successfully retrofitted a Very Large Gas Carrier (VLGC) with LPG propulsion technology, pioneering LPG's application in large-scale maritime operations. LPG’s lowers emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter align with stricter standards set by
3172-472: A technical leader in ride and handling, producing vehicles that lead their respective segments for driver engagement." On 14 October 2020, Euisun Chung was inaugurated as the new chairman of the Hyundai Motor Group. His father, Chung Mong-koo, has been made Honorary Chairman. In April 2021, the company said that its profits rose by 187%, the highest rise in four years. The company recorded
3294-504: A variety of manners. LPG, as with other fossil fuels , can be combined with renewable power sources to provide greater reliability while still achieving some reduction in CO 2 emissions. However, as opposed to wind and solar renewable energy sources, LPG can be used as a standalone energy source without the prohibitive expense of electrical energy storage . In many climates, renewable sources such as solar and wind power would still require
3416-477: A vehicle to propane is approximately half the cost of converting a vehicle to natural gas in Canada. In just about every case, a propane dispensing facility will cost significantly less money than any other fuel, including gasoline or diesel. Installing a propane fuelling station will typically cost up to 95% less than a natural gas fuelling station. A typical 2,000 USWG dispenser will cost approximately CA$ 30,000 and
3538-884: Is a South Korean multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Seoul , South Korea, which was founded in 1967. Currently, the company owns 33.88 percent of Kia Corporation , and fully owns two marques including its luxury cars subsidiary, Genesis , and their electric vehicle brand Ioniq . The three brands altogether make up the Hyundai Motor Group . Hyundai operates the second largest automobile manufacturing facility in Ulsan , South Korea which has an annual production capacity of 1.6 million units. The company employs approximately 75,000 people worldwide. Hyundai vehicles are sold in 193 countries through 5,000 dealerships and showrooms . As of November 2024, Hyundai
3660-486: Is a gas, it does not pose ground or water pollution hazards, but it can cause air pollution . LPG has a typical specific calorific value of 46.1 MJ/kg compared with 42.5 MJ/kg for fuel oil and 43.5 MJ/kg for premium grade petrol (gasoline). However, its energy density per volume unit of 26 MJ/L is lower than either that of petrol or fuel oil, as its relative density is lower (about 0.5–0.58 kg/L, compared to 0.71–0.77 kg/L for gasoline ). As
3782-445: Is a possible explosion if the mixture of LPG and air is within the explosive limits and there is an ignition source. The second is suffocation due to LPG displacing air, causing a decrease in oxygen concentration. A full LPG gas cylinder contains 86% liquid; the ullage volume will contain vapour at a pressure that varies with temperature. LPG has a wide variety of uses in many different markets as an efficient fuel container in
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3904-399: Is approximately 220 kilopascals (32 psi) for pure butane at 20 °C (68 °F), and approximately 2,200 kilopascals (320 psi) for pure propane at 55 °C (131 °F). LPG in its gaseous phase is still heavier than air , unlike natural gas , and thus will flow along floors and tend to settle in low spots, such as basements . There are two main dangers to this. The first
4026-552: Is below room temperature , LPG will evaporate quickly at normal temperatures and pressures and is usually supplied in pressurized steel vessels . They are typically filled to 80–85% of their capacity to allow for thermal expansion of the contained liquid. The ratio of the densities of the liquid and vapor varies depending on composition, pressure, and temperature, but is typically around 250:1. The pressure at which LPG becomes liquid, called its vapour pressure , likewise varies depending on composition and temperature; for example, it
4148-478: Is called petrol rather than gasoline , it is common for autogas to be simply referred to as gas . This can be confusing for people from countries where petrol is called gasoline , as they often use gas as an abbreviation of gasoline. In the United States, autogas is more commonly known under the name of its primary constituent, propane . In 2010 the Propane Education and Research Council adopted
4270-699: Is declining, as more motorists purchase hybrid-electric cars. local car manufacturing that offered LPG as a factory option ceased, and a federal government excise on LPG commenced in 2011 making the fuel more expensive. The two major local manufacturers, ( Ford and Holden ), when they used to manufacture cars in Australia (production ceasing in 2016 and 2017 respectively), had offered factory fitted autogas in some models of their locally made large cars and commercial vehicles. Mitsubishi Australia formerly manufactured factory-fitted autogas vehicles locally but ceased manufacturing in 2008. All factory autogas vehicles, with
4392-541: Is derived, stand at 300 trillion cubic meters (10,600 trillion cubic feet). Production continues to grow at an average annual rate of 2.2%. LPG is composed mainly of propane and butane, while natural gas is composed of the lighter methane and ethane . LPG, vaporised and at atmospheric pressure, has a higher calorific value (46 MJ/m equivalent to 12.8 kWh/m ) than natural gas (methane) (38 MJ/m equivalent to 10.6 kWh/m ), which means that LPG cannot simply be substituted for natural gas. In order to allow
4514-404: Is diesel blend where propane is blended into the diesel fuel as it is injected into the combustion chamber. This reduces diesel consumption and improves emissions. The cost to convert a vehicle to propane in Canada is approximately CA$ 4,000 to CA$ 6,000 for the current vapour or liquid fuel injected technology, and fleet users can expect a payback on the conversion cost within a year. Converting
4636-508: Is extracted from natural gas while the rest is produced by petroleum refineries from crude oil . 44% of global consumption is in the domestic sector. The U.S. is the leading producer and exporter of LPG. Because of the natural gas and the oil-refining industry, Europe is almost self-sufficient in LPG. Europe's security of supply is further safeguarded by: According to 2010–12 estimates, proven world reserves of natural gas , from which most LPG
4758-400: Is in place before gas supplies can be connected. Developing markets in India and China (among others) use LPG-SNG systems to build up customer bases prior to expanding existing natural gas systems. LPG-based SNG or natural gas with localized storage and piping distribution network to the households for catering to each cluster of 5000 domestic consumers can be planned under the initial phase of
4880-559: Is located in the Mojave Desert and features a 6.4-mile (10.3 km) oval track, a Vehicle Dynamics Area, a vehicle-handling course inside the oval track, a paved hill road, and several special surface roads. A 30,000-square-foot (2,800 m ) complex featuring offices and indoor testing areas is located on the premises as well. The facility was built at a cost of $ 50 million. In the 2021 review of WIPO 's annual World Intellectual Property Indicators Hyundai ranked as 4th in
5002-532: Is most often used in areas that do not have direct access to piped natural gas . In the UK about 200,000 households use LPG for heating. LPG can be used as a power source for combined heat and power technologies (CHP). CHP is the process of generating both electrical power and useful heat from a single fuel source. This technology has allowed LPG to be used not just as fuel for heating and cooking, but also for decentralized generation of electricity. LPG can be stored in
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5124-405: Is much less polluting than most traditional solid-fuel stoves, replacing cookstoves used in developing countries with LPG is one of the key strategies adopted to reduce household air pollution in the developing world. In a refinery or gas plant, LPG must be stored in pressure vessels . These containers are either cylindrical and horizontal (sometimes referred to as bullet tanks) or spherical (of
5246-515: Is prepared by refining petroleum or "wet" natural gas , and is almost entirely derived from fossil fuel sources, being manufactured during the refining of petroleum (crude oil), or extracted from petroleum or natural gas streams as they emerge from the ground. It was first produced in 1910 by Walter O. Snelling , and the first commercial products appeared in 1912. It currently provides about 3% of all energy consumed, and burns relatively cleanly with no soot and very little sulfur emission. As it
5368-443: Is rapidly increasing. Currently (2012) there are about 404 filling stations. Some companies (e.g., Fiat, Toyota, Subaru, Opel, Chevrolet) offer some models with bi-fuel capability. The price at the end of 2012 was about 55% of the price of petrol. The most common term used for it is ygraerio , meaning "liquid gas". In Hong Kong , all taxicabs bar electric taxis rely on autogas. Many public light buses also rely on autogas. Autogas
5490-744: Is the Blue Bird Corporation Propane-Powered Vision. Others are pending. Aftermarket conversions represent the balance of the market. These conversions are typically performed on gasoline vehicles and may be either mono fuel (propane only) or dual fuel (operate on propane or gasoline). These conversions are performed in accordance to provincial and territorial regulations and the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) B149.5 – Installation code for propane fuel systems and tanks on highway vehicles . Another propane option gaining some popularity
5612-769: Is the No. 1 import car brand in Canada without a local plant. Sales over 100,000 cars-per-year mark in 2012. Hyundai Motor México entered the Mexican market in 2014 with the imported vehicles such as Grand i10 , the Elantra , and the ix35 . Soon afterwards, the Hyundai Sonata joined the lineup. Prior to the introduction of the Hyundai brand for non-commercial vehicles, Hyundai passenger vehicles, light-duty cargo vans, and passenger vans were distributed by Chrysler de México, branded as Dodge . In October 2012, Hyundai launched
5734-500: Is the most common cooking fuel in Brazilian urban areas, being used in virtually all households, with the exception of the cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, which have a natural gas pipeline infrastructure. Since 2001, poor families receive a government grant ("Vale Gás") used exclusively for the acquisition of LPG. Since 2003, this grant is part of the government's main social welfare program (" Bolsa Família "). Also, since 2005,
5856-520: Is the third most widely used motor fuel in the world. 2013 estimates are that over 24.9 million vehicles are fueled by propane gas worldwide. Over 25 million tonnes (over 9 billion US gallons) are used annually as a vehicle fuel. Not all automobile engines are suitable for use with LPG as a fuel. LPG provides less upper cylinder lubrication than petrol or diesel, so LPG-fueled engines are more prone to valve wear if they are not suitably modified. Many modern common rail diesel engines respond well to LPG use as
5978-654: Is the world's third-largest carmaker in terms of production, falling behind competitors Toyota and Volkswagen . Chung Ju-yung (1915–2001) founded the Hyundai Engineering and Construction Company in 1947. Hyundai Motor Company was later established in 1967, and the company's first model, the Cortina , was released in cooperation with Ford Motor Company in 1968. When Hyundai wanted to develop their own car, they hired George Turnbull in February 1974,
6100-549: Is used as a fuel gas in heating appliances , cooking equipment, and vehicles. It is increasingly used as an aerosol propellant and a refrigerant , replacing chlorofluorocarbons in an effort to reduce damage to the ozone layer . When specifically used as a vehicle fuel, it is often referred to as autogas or just as gas . Varieties of LPG that are bought and sold include mixes that are mostly propane ( C 3 H 8 ), mostly butane ( C 4 H 10 ), and, most commonly, mixes including both propane and butane. In
6222-672: Is used as autogas. Damir Stambuk from the Croatian Ministry of Economy , which is also responsible for energy, said that Croatia is not yet ready for a regular autogas market due to a small network of stations, but in the future it will be. At the end of 2003, the roads of the Czech Republic had an estimated 145,000 autogas vehicles with 350 refuelling stations. Autogas has become uncommon in Denmark since taxes have risen, making LPG more expensive than unleaded petrol. As
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#17327837526886344-602: Is used to fuel internal combustion engines , it is often referred to as autogas or auto propane. In some countries, it has been used since the 1940s as a petrol alternative for spark ignition engines. In some countries, there are additives in the liquid that extend engine life and the ratio of butane to propane is kept quite precise in fuel LPG. Two recent studies have examined LPG-fuel-oil fuel mixes and found that smoke emissions and fuel consumption are reduced but hydrocarbon emissions are increased. The studies were split on CO emissions, with one finding significant increases, and
6466-504: Is widely prohibited or discouraged in motor vehicle air conditioning systems, on the grounds that using flammable hydrocarbons in systems originally designed to carry non-flammable refrigerant presents a significant risk of fire or explosion. Vendors and advocates of hydrocarbon refrigerants argue against such bans on the grounds that there have been very few such incidents relative to the number of vehicle air conditioning systems filled with hydrocarbons. One particular test, conducted by
6588-771: The BMW 6 Series (E63) . Hyundai's current design philosophy is known as Fluidic Sculpture , which is heavily inspired by nature. In 2018, the company announced the Sensuous Sportiness next-generation design direction. The design philosophy was unveiled at the 2018 Geneva Motor Show demonstrated by the Le Fil Rouge concept car, and has been rolled out into their recent models, ranging from sedans to SUVs. The Sensuous Sportiness design identity and strategy has won Design Management Institute's (DMI) Design Value Award 2020. Hyundai Motor America began selling cars in
6710-571: The Horton sphere type). Typically, these vessels are designed and manufactured according to some code. In the United States, this code is governed by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). LPG containers have pressure relief valves, such that when subjected to exterior heating sources, they will vent LPGs to the atmosphere or a flare stack . If a tank is subjected to a fire of sufficient duration and intensity, it can undergo
6832-685: The Hyundai Elantra was named the North American Car of the Year at the North American International Auto Show , selling more than 200,000 cars since the model's redesigned debut. The Hyundai Motor Company established an urban air mobility (UAM) subsidiary, namely Supernal , in the United States in 2020. The name means "Best Quality" and "Heavenly". On 8 November 2023, Hyundai announced that
6954-529: The Hyundai Genesis luxury sedan was named 2009 North American Car of the Year , the first for Hyundai. The model has received a number of well-recognized automobile awards worldwide. It also won the 2009 Canadian Car of the Year after winning its category of Best New Luxury Car under $ 50,000. The Hyundai's V8 Tau engine in the Genesis received 2009 Ward's 10 Best Engines award. In January 2012,
7076-719: The Pacific Rim . In 2004, Hyundai Motor Company had $ 57.2 billion in sales in South Korea making it the country's second largest corporation, or chaebol , after Samsung . Worldwide sales in 2005 reached 2,533,695 units, an 11 percent increase over the previous year. In 2011, Hyundai sold 4.05 million cars worldwide and the Hyundai Motor Group was the world's fourth largest automaker behind GM , Volkswagen and Toyota . Hyundai vehicles are sold in 193 countries through some 5,000 dealerships. In February 2021, CNBC reported that Apple and Hyundai-Kia are close to finalizing
7198-894: The Philippines , the term autogas is not commonly recognised as a generic term, and the use of the terms LPG or autoLPG is more widely used by consumers, especially by taxi drivers, many of whom use converted vehicles. The converted vehicles are commonly called LPG vehicles or LPG cars . Despite LPG being widely used as a fuel for cars, motorists in need of autogas can sometimes face difficulties, especially in remote areas and in places where supply and demand are low. Therefore, they may need to plan their journeys around access to stations where LPG can reliably be obtained. Some autogas fuel-systems handle this with parallel autogas and petrol mechanisms in vehicles – allowing either autogas or petrol to be used at any given time. Internal combustion engines fuelled by gases date from at least 1823 with
7320-444: The 2023-24 financial year in the domestic sector, mainly for cooking. In 2016, the number of domestic connections was 215 million (i.e., one connection for every six people) with a circulation of more than 350 million LPG cylinders. Most of the LPG requirement is imported. Piped city gas supply in India is not yet developed on a major scale. LPG is subsidised by the Indian government for domestic users. An increase in LPG prices has been
7442-651: The ACME adapter but DISH can also be found. Special fuel tax rates make autogas rather cheap in Germany (about € 0.52 per litre while 95-octane unleaded is €1.40 per litre). LPG or autogas, despite having existed for about three decades in Greece (initially used only in taxis, in 1999 it was legalized for all vehicles), has become popular in the last three to five years, mostly due to the increase in petrol prices. The number of refuelling points as well as conversion workshops
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#17327837526887564-549: The Canadian market. In 1985, the one millionth Hyundai car was built. Until the 1986 introduction of the larger Hyundai Grandeur , Hyundai offered a locally assembled Ford Granada for the South Korean executive market. The import of these knocked down kits was permitted as long as Hyundai exported five cars for every single Granada brought in (the same demands were placed on Kia ). In 1986, Hyundai began to sell cars in
7686-633: The European Union, Hong Kong, India, the Philippines, Northern Macedonia, South Korea, Serbia, Sri Lanka and Turkey. It is also available at larger petrol stations in several countries. In Armenia , for example, the transport ministry estimates as many as 20 to 30% of vehicles use autogas, because it offers a very cheap alternative to both diesel and petrol, being less than half the price of petrol and some 40% cheaper than diesel. The recent rises in oil-derived fuel prices has significantly increased
7808-493: The International Maritime Organization (IMO), making LPG a viable transition option as the maritime industry transitions towards net zero carbon emissions. LPG can be converted into alkylate which is a premium gasoline blending stock because it has exceptional anti-knock properties and gives clean burning. LPG is instrumental in providing off-the-grid refrigeration, usually by means of
7930-714: The North America region. Hyundai has six research and development centers, located in South Korea (three offices), Germany, Japan and India. Additionally, a center in California develops designs for the United States. Hyundai established the Hyundai Design Center in Fountain Valley, California in 1990. The center moved to a new $ 30 million facility in Irvine, California in 2003, and
8052-645: The United States on 20 February 1986, with a single model, the Hyundai Excel . That year, Hyundai set a record of selling the most automobiles in its first year of business in the United States compared to any other car brand; total sales in 1986 were 168,882. Initially well received, the Excel's faults soon became apparent; cost-cutting measures caused reliability to suffer. With an increasingly poor reputation for quality, Hyundai sales plummeted, and many dealerships either earned their profits on repairs or abandoned
8174-473: The United States, and the Excel was nominated as "Best Product #10" by Fortune magazine, largely because of its affordability. The company began to produce models with its own technology in 1988, beginning with the midsize Sonata . In the spring of 1990, aggregate production of Hyundai automobiles reached the four million mark. In 1991, the company succeeded in developing its first proprietary gasoline engine,
8296-493: The ability of the valve to vent the excess. Alternatively, if, due to continued venting, the liquid level drops below the area being heated, the tank structure can be overheated and subsequently weakened in that area. If either occurs, the container may rupture violently, launching pieces of the vessel at high velocity, while the released products can ignite as well, potentially causing catastrophic damage to anything nearby, including other containers. People can be exposed to LPG in
8418-440: The actual fuel composition. Autogas is the fourth most popular automotive fuel in the world, with approximately 27.8 million of 1.47 billion passenger cars powered using the fuel, representing less than 2% of the total market share. Approximately half of all autogas-fueled passenger vehicles are in the five largest markets (in descending order): Turkey, Russia, South Korea, Poland, and Ukraine. In countries where petroleum spirits
8540-440: The agricultural, recreation, hospitality, industrial, construction, sailing and fishing sectors. It can serve as fuel for cooking, central heating and water heating and is a particularly cost-effective and efficient way to heat off-grid homes. LPG is used for cooking in many countries for economic reasons, for convenience or because it is the preferred fuel source. In India, nearly 28.5 million metric tons of LPG were consumed in
8662-401: The amount of propylene that can be placed in LPG to 5% and is utilized as an autogas specification. A powerful odorant , ethanethiol , is added so that leaks can be detected easily. The internationally recognized European Standard is EN 589. In the United States, tetrahydrothiophene (thiophane) or amyl mercaptan are also approved odorants, although neither is currently being utilized. LPG
8784-478: The city gas network system. This would eliminate the last mile LPG cylinders road transport which is a cause of traffic and safety hurdles in Indian cities. These localized natural gas networks are successfully operating in Japan with feasibility to get connected to wider networks in both villages and cities. Commercially available LPG is currently derived mainly from fossil fuels. Burning LPG releases carbon dioxide ,
8906-768: The company established a strategic alliance with DaimlerChrysler and severed its partnership with the Hyundai Group . In 2001, the Daimler-Hyundai Truck Corporation was formed. In 2004, however, DaimlerChrysler divested its interest in the company by selling its 10.5% stake for $ 900 million. Hyundai has invested in manufacturing plants in North America, India, the Czech Republic, Russia, China and Turkey as well as research and development centers in Europe, Asia, North America and
9028-921: The company operates five plants, three which is located in Beijing, one in Hubei, and another in Chongqing. Between 2002 and 2010, Hawtai Motor had produced Chinese-market versions of the Hyundai Matrix , the Hyundai Santa Fe and the Hyundai Terracan . The Santa Fe was the fifth most-purchased SUV in China in 2010, and some of Hawtai's versions may greatly differ from those sold in other markets. Hyundai ended its partnership with Hawtai in 2010. In October 2010, Hyundai signed an agreement with Sichuan Nanjun Automobile on setting up
9150-461: The company. In Oct 2024. Hyundai Motor said it had signed a 610-gigawatt-hour (GWh) power purchase agreement (PPA) with SK E&S and other partners, the latest in its renewable energy transition efforts. In 2006, Hyundai hired Thomas Bürkle as head of the company's design center in Rüsselsheim , Germany. Bürkle had previously worked for BMW , having designed the BMW 3 Series (E46) , and
9272-525: The company. On 30 September 2011, Yang Seung-suk announced his retirement as CEO of Hyundai Motor Co. In the interim replacement period, Chung Mong-koo and Kim Eok-jo divided the duties of the CEO position. In 2014, Hyundai started an initiative to focus on improving vehicle dynamics in its vehicles and hired Albert Biermann, former Vice President of Engineering at BMW M , to direct chassis development for Hyundai vehicles, stating: "The company intends to become
9394-424: The construction, installation and maintenance of reliable baseload power sources such as LPG fueled generation to provide electrical power during the entire year. 100% wind/solar is possible, the caveat being that the expense of the additional generation capacity necessary to charge batteries plus the cost of battery electrical storage makes this option economically feasible in only a minority of situations. When LPG
9516-405: The deal had failed. The Bromont plant was operational for four years before it closed – with Hyundai's sales unable to support the plant. With boost in sales in 2009, Hyundai Auto Canada Inc. is currently planning to build a new plant in Canada and resume production in Canada. Hyundai subsequently sold the plant, which was eventually purchased by Olymbec inc, a Quebec real estate developer. Hyundai
9638-462: The density and vapor pressure of LPG (or its components) change significantly with temperature, this fact must be considered every time when the application is connected with safety or custody transfer operations, e.g. typical cuttoff level option for LPG reservoir is 85%. Besides its use as an energy carrier, LPG is also a promising feedstock in the chemical industry for the synthesis of olefins such as ethylene and propylene. As its boiling point
9760-559: The difference. Since the 1980s, the Algerian government has pursued a policy to promote the use of autogas in Algeria. The two main incentives for the government to put this policy into action were to take advantage of the large LPG production and to reduce urban pollution. At the end of 2019, there were approximately 500,000 autogas-powered vehicles on the roads, supported by over 1000 refuelling stations. The Algerian government fixes
9882-437: The early 1990s due to changes in technology and relatively low cost of gasoline and diesel fuel. An increase in demand has occurred since 2010, as a result of lower prices relative to gasoline and diesel fuel and improved technology. In 2014, it is estimated that the number of auto propane vehicles on the road in Canada is between 25,000 – 50,000 and the number of fuelling stations is 2,000. In 2014, auto propane amounted to 7% of
10004-459: The equivalent amount of autogas (1.33 litres due to the lower density of autogas) produces only 2 kg of CO 2 when burnt. CO emissions are 30% lower, compared to petrol and NO x by 50%. It has an octane rating (MON/RON) that is between 90 and 110 and an energy content ( higher heating value —HHV) that is between 25.5 megajoules per litre (for pure propane) and 28.7 megajoules per litre (for pure butane) depending upon
10126-510: The exception of the E-Gas Ford Falcon model, were bi-fuel vehicles, meaning they have the capability to run on either petrol, autogas, or a combination. Holden Special Vehicles offered a different autogas system from its parent, Holden , that injects the autogas into the engine as a liquid, allowing for higher efficiency. All Ford LPG vehicles that were locally made used liquid injected LPG and developed 3 kW more than
10248-611: The following year to Ecuador and soon thereafter to the Benelux countries . Hyundai entered the British market in 1982, selling 2993 cars in their first year there. In 1984, Hyundai began exporting the Pony to Canada, but not to the United States, as the Pony would not pass emissions standards there. Canadian sales greatly exceeded expectations, and it was at one point the top-selling car on
10370-566: The former managing director of Austin Morris at British Leyland . He in turn hired five other top British car engineers. They were body designer Kenneth Barnett, engineers John Simpson and Edward Chapman, John Crosthwaite , formerly of BRM , as chassis engineer and Peter Slater as chief development engineer. In 1975, the Pony , the first South Korean car, was released, with styling by Giorgio Giugiaro of Italdesign and powertrain technology provided by Japan's Mitsubishi Motors . Exports began in
10492-567: The four-cylinder Alpha , and also its own transmission, thus paving the way for technological independence. In 1996, Hyundai Motor India Limited was established with a production plant in Irungattukottai near Chennai , India. In 1998, Hyundai began to overhaul its image in an attempt to establish itself as a world-class brand. Chung Ju-yung transferred leadership of Hyundai Motor to his son, Chung Mong-koo , in 1999. Hyundai's parent company, Hyundai Motor Group , invested heavily in
10614-761: The island of Ireland with 45 in Northern Ireland and 41 in the Republic of Ireland . Autogas is very popular in Italy . With over 1,000,000 autogas vehicles on the road, it is the second largest autogas market in the European Union , after Poland . Italy was one of the first countries in the world to introduce autogas, which happened in the 1950s. In the first half of 2010 alone, more than 170,000 new autogas cars were registered. General Motors has been especially successful in Italy , with two-thirds of
10736-514: The levels of use that it once had in the 1990s. Belgium does not provide with subsidies for LPG or CNG car installations. The current subsidies provided to CNG car installations since 2014 are provided by the natural gas private industry. Since 2013, OPEL is the only distributor that still sells brand-new factory-installed LPG cars in Belgium. Autogas consumption in Bulgaria accounted for 14%
10858-675: The lower explosive limit, LPG is considered immediately dangerous to life and health (due solely to safety considerations pertaining to risk of explosion). "Calorific value of Different Fuels" . Centre for Ecological Sciences . IISc. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Hyundai Motor Company Hyundai Motor Company , often referred to as Hyundai Motors , ( Korean : 현대자동차 ; RR : Hyeondae Jadongcha listen ) and commonly known as Hyundai , (Korean: 현대 ; Hanja: 現代 ; RR : Hyeondae , IPA: [ˈhjəːndɛ] ; lit. ' modernity ' )
10980-571: The manufacturers can usually accept third party systems to enable them to use either LPG or petrol. ROUSH CleanTech manufactures designs, engineers, manufactures and installs propane autogas fuel systems for medium-duty Ford commercial vehicles and Type A and Type C Blue Bird school buses. Vialle manufacture OEM LPG powered scooters and LPG powered mopeds that run equally well on LPG. Ford Australia have offered an LPG-only variant of their Falcon model since 2000. Autogas enjoys great popularity in numerous countries and territories, including: Australia,
11102-582: The national oil company Petrobras differentiates between LPG destined for cooking and LPG destined for other uses, establishing a lower price for the former. This is a result of a directive from the Brazilian federal government, but its discontinuation is currently being debated. LPG is commonly used in North America for domestic cooking and outdoor grilling . Predominantly in Europe and rural parts of many countries, LPG can provide an alternative to electric heating , heating oil , or kerosene . LPG
11224-775: The northern hemisphere winter, the mixes contain more propane, while in summer, they contain more butane. In the United States , mainly two grades of LPG are sold: commercial propane and HD-5. These specifications are published by the Gas Processors Association (GPA) and the American Society of Testing and Materials. Propane/butane blends are also listed in these specifications. Propylene , butylenes and various other hydrocarbons are usually also present in small concentrations such as C 2 H 6 , CH 4 , and C 3 H 8 . HD-5 limits
11346-409: The other finding slight increases at low engine load but a considerable decrease at high engine load. Its advantage is that it is non-toxic, non-corrosive and free of tetraethyllead or any additives, and has a high octane rating (102–108 RON depending on local specifications). It burns more cleanly than petrol or fuel-oil and is especially free of the particulates present in the latter. LPG has
11468-483: The petrol equivalent. There are approximately 310,000 autogas-powered cars on Australia's roads. The number of LPG/Dual fuel vehicles continues to decrease, falling by 34.2% (161,191) between 2013 and 2018. Over the same period, the number of registered electric vehicles increased by 159.2% to 8,334. There has been a corresponding reduction in the number of LPG refuelling locations – less than 2,900 in 2018, down from 3,500 several years prior. Whilst historically autogas
11590-429: The price of a litre of diesel, making it the cheapest car fuel available in Belgium. This is a strong incentive for cross-border LPG refuelling traffic with neighbouring countries, especially with France, where LPG is much more expensive. To compensate for the loss of tax revenue, Belgian cars equipped with LPG pay a higher road tax than petrol or compressed natural gas (CNG) cars. In a Government's effort to incentivate
11712-624: The price of traditional Diesel and petrol fuels skyrocket to record highs. This has seen a small revival of autogas in Ireland in 2012 with new conversion outlets and refueling points opening again. It has been re-introduced to Ireland by the new Polish diaspora living in the country drawing upon their knowledge and expertise from Europe's biggest autogas market. There is a much larger market for Autogas in Northern Ireland, due to UK Government supports. There are currently 86 LPG outlets on
11834-495: The prices of all automotive fuels. Autogas is priced in Algeria at 61% of the price of diesel , making it an affordable option. LPG was popular in Australia , because it was less than half the price of petrol in urban areas (approx A$ 0.59 -0.75 per litre, as opposed to A$ 1.10 -1.35 per litre for unleaded fuel and A$ 1.15 -1.30 per litre for diesel, in February 2010), and it is locally produced. The popularity of automotive LPG
11956-425: The product. At one point, Hyundai became the butt of many jokes (i.e. Hyundai stands for "Hope you understand nothing's driveable and inexpensive"). In response, Hyundai began investing heavily in the quality, design, manufacturing, and long-term research of its vehicles. The company added free maintenance for the first 2 years or 24,000 miles for all its new cars sold, starting with the 1992 model year. It also added
12078-477: The quality, design, manufacturing, and long-term research of its vehicles. It added a 10-year or 100,000-mile (160,000 km) warranty to cars sold in the United States and launched an aggressive marketing campaign. In 2004, Hyundai was ranked second in "initial quality" in a survey/study by J.D. Power and Associates in North America. Hyundai is now one of the top 100 most valuable brands worldwide according to Interbrand. Since 2002, Hyundai has also been one of
12200-549: The region. Hyundai is currently working with its Chinese partner Beijing Automobile Industry Holding Co. to develop an electric car for sale only in China. In September 2011, it was announced that Korean actor Lee Min-ho , who has enjoyed popularity in China, would promote Hyundai's new 'Veloster' in China. Hyundai and its sister company, Kia, were reported to have lost market share from 2017 because of their over-reliance on sedans, poor brand images and local Chinese automakers compete with price-competitive SUVs. Hyundai formed
12322-443: The reputation of Hyundai cars improved. In 2004, Hyundai tied with Honda for initial brand quality in a survey/study from J.D. Power and Associates , for having 102 problems per 1000 vehicles. This made Hyundai second in the industry, only behind Toyota , for initial vehicle quality. The company continued this tradition by placing third overall in J.D. Power 's 2006 Initial Quality Survey, behind only Porsche and Lexus . In 2009,
12444-423: The same Wobbe index are held to be interchangeable. LPG-based SNG is used in emergency backup systems for many public, industrial and military installations, and many utilities use LPG peak shaving plants in times of high demand to make up shortages in natural gas supplied to their distributions systems. LPG-SNG installations are also used during initial gas system introductions when the distribution infrastructure
12566-546: The term "Propane Autogas" to refer to LPG used in on-road motor vehicles. In the UK the terms LPG and autogas are used interchangeably. In Australia and the Netherlands, the common term is LPG . In Italy and France, GPL (an acronym for Italian : gas di petrolio liquefatto or French : gaz de pétrole liquéfié ) is used. In Spain the term GLP ( gas licuado del petróleo ) is used. In Asian countries, particularly those with historical American influences, such as
12688-585: The time was available from 90 stations throughout the nation. In 2009, it was estimated that there were 60,000 autogas-powered cars on Croatia 's roads, and in 2010, it is estimated that 150,000 drivers in Croatia were using autogas. This recent increase in popularity has largely been attributed to the lower price of autogas compared to petrol or diesel. In 2009, Croatia exported 51% of domestically produced liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), leaving only 49% for consumption. Out of that 49%, 45% of domestically sold LPG
12810-495: The total automotive fuel use. In Germany , the fuel is called Autogas as well (CNG is known as Erdgas ). There were 6,700 fuel stations selling autogas in 2014, supplying about 500,000 registered gas-fuelled cars (1.1 per cent of all cars in Germany). mylpg.eu lists 7.240 stations in 2016. In addition to filling stations, numerous suppliers of industrial gas run dedicated autogas stations on their premises. Most filling pumps use
12932-495: The total domestic propane consumption in Canada. Auto propane is desirable for fleets due to the fact that in many cities in Canada it costs about 40% less than gasoline and diesel. Auto propane also enjoys favourable fuel tax status and is exempt from the federal excise tax and is taxed at a lower rate than gasoline and diesel in every province and territory. Average auto propane prices are reported by Natural Resources Canada . The only OEM vehicle available for purchase in Canada
13054-489: The total fuel consumption in 2003, an amount which has tripled since 1999. By the end of 2003, there were an estimated 195,000 autogas-powered vehicles on the road, with around 1,500 refuelling stations. Autogas is also very popular with commercial users in Bulgaria , as 90% of minibuses and taxicabs were able to run on the fuel. Vehicles originally manufactured to operate on autogas are virtually non-existent in Bulgaria, so
13176-467: The use of LPG cars, the registration tax paid by LPG cars is lower than the registration tax of CNG, petrol and diesel cars because. Thus since 2013, brand-new LPG cars (and LPG cars with less than one year of age) benefit from an important reduction in registration duty. Despite the fact that autogas is excise free in Belgium, it is the cheapest car fuel in Belgium and that it enjoys an important reduction in registration duty, autogas has never reached again
13298-452: The use of the same burner controls and to provide for similar combustion characteristics, LPG can be mixed with air to produce a synthetic natural gas (SNG) that can be easily substituted. LPG/air mixing ratios average 60/40, though this is widely variable based on the gases making up the LPG. The method for determining the mixing ratios is by calculating the Wobbe index of the mix. Gases having
13420-540: The vast majority of the vehicles are third-party conversions. Autogas, or auto propane as it is more commonly referred to in Canada , is the most popular alternative fuel in the country. It is primarily used by high consumption public and private fleets (taxis, couriers, school buses and transit vehicles). Canadian auto propane demand began to increase dramatically in the 1980s after the Government of Canada introduced
13542-477: The vehicles sold in 2008 being autogas-capable. Self fill is not permitted in Italy. Liquefied petroleum gas Liquefied petroleum gas , also referred to as liquid petroleum gas ( LPG or LP gas ), is a fuel gas which contains a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases, specifically propane , n -butane and isobutane . It can sometimes contain some propylene , butylene , and isobutene . LPG
13664-496: The vehicles use a different system from that of their donor vehicles from Holden , with HSV using technology from Orbital Autogas Systems , which injects the autogas into the engine as a liquid instead of a gas for increased efficiency. Since 2011, Holden's Commodore range (sedan, wagon and ute) has been offered as a dedicated LPG vehicle, with an aluminium fuel tank in place of the petrol tank. Petrol engined cars, trucks and buses which have not been fitted with LPG/autogas systems by
13786-514: The work of Samuel Brown in London. By 1935 Hanover had an autogas station, and a trial run took place with trucks travelling between Moscow and Leningrad in the same year. Initial use depended largely on the types of different/alternative fuels available and on their cost. More widespread application of autogas in transport systems came in the 1970s, especially for taxis (notably in the Netherlands, Italy, Bangkok and Istanbul) and buses. Toyota made
13908-463: The workplace by breathing it in, skin contact, and eye contact. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit ( Permissible exposure limit ) for LPG exposure in the workplace as 1000 ppm (1800 mg/m ) over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 1000 ppm (1800 mg/m ) over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 2000 ppm, 10% of
14030-533: The world for its 141 industrial design registrations being published under the Hague System during 2020. This position is up on their previous 7th-place ranking for 57 industrial design registrations being published in 2019. In 1998, after a shake-up in the South Korean auto industry caused by overambitious expansion and the Asian financial crisis , Hyundai acquired the majority of rival Kia Motors. In 2000,
14152-483: The worldwide official sponsors of the FIFA World Cup . In 2006, the South Korean government initiated an investigation of Chung Mong-koo 's practices as head of Hyundai, suspecting him of corruption . On 28 April 2006, Chung was arrested, and charged for embezzlement of 100 billion South Korean won (US$ 106 million). As a result, Hyundai vice chairman and CEO, Kim Dong-jin, replaced him as head of
14274-423: Was considered a success. It became the second best-selling car in the country from 2000. Hyundai Motor India Limited is currently the second largest auto exporter from India. It is making India the global manufacturing base for small cars. Hyundai has two manufacturing plants in India located at Sriperumbudur in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Both plants have a combined annual capacity of 600,000 units. In
14396-406: Was excise-free, it began being imposed on all vehicle fuels that were not previously subject to excise in 2011 and was added incrementally up to 2015. The excise on autogas started at 2.5 cents per litre in 2011 and reached 12.5 cents per litre in 2015. By comparison, the excise on petrol remained at its existing 38 cents per litre. The additional excise on autogas is offset somewhat by a subsidy that
14518-566: Was implemented in 2006 for private motorists, paying either A$ 2,000 to convert their existing vehicle to autogas, or A$ 1,000 for purchasing a new vehicle that was manufactured to operate on autogas. The subsidy does not apply to business vehicles or vehicles with a gross vehicle mass of over 3,500 kilograms. In addition to the subsidy provided by the Australian federal government, the Western Australian government also provides
14640-416: Was partly due to the tax incentives to purchase diesel cars. In recent years, the use of autogas as a vehicle fuel has accounted for less than 2% of vehicle fuel use in Belgium. At the end of 2003, there was an estimate of 93,000 autogas-powered vehicles on Belgium, supported by 600 refuelling stations. In 2010 there were 33,482 cars equipped with LPG and in 2012 it went down to 22,265. Since 2012 there has been
14762-772: Was renamed the Hyundai Kia Motors Design and Technical Center. The facility also housed Hyundai America Technical Center, Inc, a subsidiary responsible for all engineering activities in the U.S. for Hyundai. Hyundai America Technical Center moved to its new 200,000-square-foot (19,000 m ), $ 117 million headquarters in Superior Township, Michigan (near Ann Arbor ) in 2005. In 2004, Hyundai America Technical Center completed construction of its Hyundai/Kia proving ground in California City, California . The 4,300-acre (17 km ) facility
14884-634: Was very popular in Ireland during the early 1980s, and the country had a large and extensive network of refuelling points. It proved popular at the time particularly as Ireland was in a deep recession for much of the 1980s. However autogas fell out of favor in the late 1990s and 2000s due to unreliable early autogas systems and as the country experienced massive economic growth and unprecedented wealth demand for conversions and autogas subsequently dwindled. However, as Ireland once again entered economic recession , austerity measures and increased fuel taxation saw
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