40-812: The Autozam Scrum , later known as Mazda Scrum , is a cabover microvan and kei truck sold exclusively in Japan by Japanese automaker Mazda . Originally part of the company's Autozam marque , it was first introduced in June 1989 ( DG41 , DH41 for 4WD versions). Mazda still sells the Scrum under its own name. The Scrum is a rebadged version of the Suzuki Carry/Every and used Suzuki engines. The first model year had 550-cc (cm) Suzuki F5B engines producing 34 PS or 25 kW, or 52 PS or 38 kW with an intercooled turbo; after only nine months, this
80-523: A 2-10-0 cab-forward, triple expansion, modern steam locomotive for fast-freight work for the ACE 3000 project. Experimental Prussian T 16 (see in German ) 2'C2' ( 4-6-4 T ) had control cabs at both ends. Oliver Bulleid 's ill-fated Leader is sometimes referred to as a cab-forward locomotive, but since it had a cab at each end like a typical modern diesel or electric locomotive, this designation
120-540: A conventional cabin). Better visibility and maneuverability in tight quarters, such as for city delivery, are benefits of locating the truck's cab up front. Large trucks of this type are most often described as cab over engine (COE) or cab over models. Milan-Venice railway The Milan–Venice railway line is one of the most important railway lines in Italy. It connects the major city of Milan , in Lombardy , with
160-536: A number of crews nearly asphyxiated, they began running conventional locomotives in reverse to keep the fumes behind the crew. This meant that the tender was now leading the train, which introduced new problems. The tender blocked the view ahead and put crewmen on the wrong sides of the cab for seeing signals. The tenders were not designed to be pushed at the lead of the train, which limited speeds. Southern Pacific commissioned Baldwin Locomotive Works to build
200-408: A patent on the locomotive design. No. 21 entered service in 1900, but only lasted a few years. Although it reportedly steamed well, though with a sooty exhaust, the crews found it difficult to operate, and with fears of the possible results of a collision they dubbed it "The Freak". A negligent fireman allowed the water level to drop, damaging the boiler, and it was not repaired. L.D. Porta proposed
240-463: A prototype cab-forward locomotive, then ordered more units before the prototype had even arrived. All of the cab-forwards were oil-burning locomotives, which meant there was little trouble involved putting the tender at what would normally be the front of the locomotive. The oil and water tanks were pressurized so that both would flow normally even on uphill grades. Visibility from the cab was superb, such that one crewman could easily survey both sides of
280-489: Is a body style of truck , bus , or van that has a vertical front or "flat face", with the cab sitting above the front axle . This body design allows for a more compact configuration. For example, the Jeep Forward Control model was the first time the payload (or pickup box) had a record-breaking 74 in (1,880 mm) length (with the tailgate up) on an 81 in (2,057 mm) wheelbase as well as
320-437: Is available with either four-wheel drive (4WD) or two-wheel drive (2WD). The 4WD version can also be switched between 4WD and 2WD and has high- and low-gear ranges. The name " scrum " comes from a maneuver from the game of rugby , signifying toughness. Cab forward The term cab forward locomotive refers to various rail and road vehicle designs that place the driver's compartment substantially farther towards
360-408: Is long because engineers established a goal of packing the engine and everything else that is located ahead of the passenger compartment into a much smaller space and then the designers developed the car's outer body to offer more interior roominess than competing models in their size class. In road vehicle design, cab forward , also known as cab-over , COE (Cab Over Engine), or forward control ,
400-520: Is not entirely appropriate. The cab forward design allows the passenger volume to be larger than in other similar sized automobiles. The first modern mass-produced U.S. automobile using the cab forward concept was the Pacer , introduced in 1975 by American Motors Corporation (AMC). The company did not call it "cab forward", but the Pacer's layout placed the passenger compartment farther forward than
440-768: The Adriatic Sea at Venice , in Veneto . The line is state-owned and operated by the state rail infrastructure company, Rete Ferroviaria Italiana that classifies it as a trunk line. The line is electrified at 3,000 volts DC . The line was designed by the Austrian Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia to connect its two joint capitals and built by a company named the Imperiale Regia Privilege Strada ferrata Ferdinandea Lombardo-Veneta dell'Imperatore in honour of Ferdinand I of Austria . It
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#1732797388975480-854: The Milan-Domodossola line ), Como (the Milan–Chiasso line ), Pavia (the beginning of the Milan–Genoa line ), Piacenza (the beginning of the Milan–Bologna line ) and to Mantua and Borgoforte (the beginning of the Verona–Mantua–Modena line ). The Rothschild's rail interests were collectively referred to as the Südbahn . With the transfer of Veneto to Italy as a result of the Third Italian War of Independence in 1866,
520-566: The engineer , and improved dispersal of smoke and steam. Forney's design proved ideal for the small, nimble locomotives for elevated and commuter railroads , and he licensed the patent design to many manufacturers. Large numbers of Forneys served in New York City , Boston , Chicago and elsewhere, but were superseded at the end of the nineteenth century by electrification and the development of subways . Ariel and Puck were 2 ft ( 610 mm ) gauge locomotives built to
560-533: The AMC Pacer and the Lamborghini Portofino , which improved cornering and interior space The passenger cabin was "pushed forward" so that the front wheel well directly abutted the leading edge of the front doors, and the windshield extended forward over the engine, while the rear wheels were shifted towards the back corners of the vehicle. Moving the wheels to the edges allowed designers to enlarge
600-688: The Forney cab-forward design for the Billerica and Bedford Railroad in 1877 by Hinkley Locomotive Works of Boston. The best known example of the cab-forward design in the United States, the Southern Pacific Cab-Forward (also known to a lesser extent as "Cab-in-fronts" and "Cab-aheads") placed the cab at the front by the simple expedient of turning the entire locomotive, minus the tender , by 180 degrees. This arrangement
640-587: The Milan– Treviglio section on 15 February 1846. The First Italian War of Independence slowed construction of other sections: the Vicenza– Verona Porta Vescovo stretch was inaugurated on 3 July 1849; it was extended across the Adige river to Verona Porta Nuova on 14 December 1852. An extension followed to Brescia and Bergamo via Coccaglio on 22 April 1854. The line was completed with
680-676: The Milan–Venice railway became part of the Società per le strade ferrate dell'Alta Italia ( Upper Italian Railways ). In 1885 it became part of the Rete Adriatica ( Adriatic Network ) and in 1905 it was absorbed into Ferrovie dello Stato on its foundation. Electrification at 3000 volts DC was completed in 1956. The railway is 267 kilometres (166 mi) long, double track and fully electrified. The most important cities passed are Brescia, Verona, Vicenza, Padua and Mestre: these are also
720-481: The cab, killing the crew. No other North American railroad ordered cab-forward locomotives, although some, like Western Pacific , did consider the type. Built to deal with difficult terrain, these locomotives became an easily recognizable symbol of the Southern Pacific. In total 256 such Mallet-type articulated locomotives , in three different wheel arrangements, were placed on SP's roster. One example of
760-514: The driver and fireman are in separate places it is difficult for them to communicate, just as in autotrains . In Germany, Borsig in Berlin built a one-off streamlined cab forward DRG Class 05 (serial number 05 003) 4-6-4 in 1937, with further development stopped by World War II. Fueled by pulverized coal and with the firebox at the forward end, this loco was built with huge driving wheels, 2,300 mm (91 in) in diameter. The design speed
800-425: The first time offering a model where a 9-foot (274 cm) box exceeded the wheelbase of a truck. The cab forward truck configuration is currently common among European and Japanese truck manufacturers, because the laws governing overall vehicle lengths are strict and the body style allows longer trailers or a longer cargo area for the same overall length than a standard truck (with an engine compartment ahead of
840-408: The forward cab. This type of design was widely, though not commonly, used throughout Europe in the first half of the 20th century, often in conjunction with an enclosed body design and/or streamlining . Visibility is greatly improved when the cab is in this position, and in tunnels it does not fill with fumes from the chimney. However, the crew's prospects in the event of a collision are worse, and if
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#1732797388975880-417: The front than is common practice. In steam locomotive design, a cab forward design will typically have the driver's compartment or cab placed forward of the boiler at the very front of the engine. On a coal-fired locomotive, the fireman's station remains on the footplate behind the firebox so as to be next to the tender . On an oil-fired locomotive , the fireman's station could be (and normally is) in
920-622: The interior while improving ride and cornering. Numerous models built from 1993 to 2004 on the Chrysler LH platform , the JA and JR platforms ("cloud cars") , and the PL platform (Neon) , were specifically marketed as cab forward cars. Chrysler claimed to be the first to apply these features to a full-size car . Likewise, the Dodge Stratus and Chrysler Cirrus have a hood that is wider than it
960-558: The key interchange points with other public transport services. The line has four tracks between Milan Lambrate and Treviglio and between Padua and Venezia Mestre, including high-speed lines on those sections. The high speed pair of lines is referred to as DD (derived from "direttissima"—literally most direct—an Italian word for high-speed railway) and the other pair is referred to as the Linea Lenta (meaning "slow line", abbreviated LL ). The high-speed line between Treviglio and Brescia
1000-455: The opening of the section between Bergamo to Treviglio on 12 October 1857, following the inauguration of the bridge over the Oglio at Palazzolo . The original route via Treviglio, Bergamo and Brescia was 285 km (177 mi) long. The direct between Rovato and Treviglio, bypassing Bergamo was opened on 5 March 1878, and the line took its current form. In 1852 the original operating company
1040-426: The rather uneven tracks which were common at the time. Instead, he extended the locomotive frame behind the cab, placing a four-wheel truck beneath the water tank and coal bunker. In conventional Whyte notation , this resulted in a 0-4-4 T locomotive, but when run in reverse it was effectively a 4-4-0 T , with the track stability of that popular wheel arrangement, along with unobstructed visibility for
1080-521: The track. There were concerns about what would happen to the crew in the event of a collision, and at least one fatal accident occurred on the Modoc Line in Herlong, California when a moving locomotive struck a flat car. Turning the normal locomotive arrangement around also placed the crew well ahead of the exhaust fumes, insulating them from that hazard. One problematic aspect of the design, however,
1120-811: The type, Southern Pacific 4294 , is kept at the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento, California . It is a 4-8-8-2 locomotive and is the only one of SP's cab-forwards that has not been scrapped. It was also SP's last new steam locomotive, built in 1944. A decade before SP's first cab forward, the North Pacific Coast Railroad , later part of the SP-owned Northwestern Pacific company, rebuilt an 1875 4-4-0 into an oil-fired cab-forward locomotive. This innovative engine
1160-556: The war, it pulled express trains in West Germany until 1958. It was scrapped in 1960. The state-owned Italian Ferrovie dello Stato had several cab forward locomotives, Class 670 and 671 . These 4-6-0 engines had a three-axle tender, and were nicknamed "mucca" (cow). The engines (construction year 1902, top speed 110 km/h) were used to haul passenger trains on the Milan-Venice railway . A single Class 671 cab-forward
1200-674: Was completed in December 2016 and planning for its extension from Brescia to Venice is under way. The line is served by Trenitalia and Trenord regional trains between Milan and Verona and between Verona and Venice. The section from Pioltello to the Milan Cintura (belt) line is also served by trains of the S5 and S6 (starting from Treviglio) lines of the Milan Suburban Railway Network . The Padua–Venice section
1240-563: Was 175 km/h (109 mph), but its conventional layout sister 05 002 set a new world speed record for steam locomotives on 11 May 1936, after reaching 200.4 km/h (124.5 mph) on the Berlin–Hamburg line hauling a 197 t train, a record it lost two years later to the British LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard . In 1944, the streamlining was removed, but the 05 003 had by then already lost its cab forward layout. After
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1280-464: Was built by William (Bill) Thomas, the NPC master mechanic who was nationally known and holder of a number of patents. Thomas used the running gear and frame from NPC locomotive 5, the "Bodega", which had been wrecked in 1897, to build NPC 21. With the addition a new and unusual marine water tube boiler and an all-steel cab, installed in reverse order from standard engines, this unique creation earned Thomas
1320-540: Was built in sections: the first section to be completed was between Padua and Marghera , opened on 13 December 1842, and was the third railway opened in Italy. On 13 January 1846 a 2-mile-long (3.2 km) bridge over the Venetian Lagoon between Mestre and Venice was opened, with 222 arches supported on 80,000 larch piles. It was followed by the opening of the Padua– Vicenza section on 11 January 1846 and
1360-542: Was made possible by burning fuel oil instead of coal . The cab forward design was widely used by the Southern Pacific Railroad . The design was able to deal with the peculiar problems of its routes. The 39 long tunnels and nearly 40 miles (64 km) of snow sheds of the Sierra Nevada could funnel dangerous exhaust fumes back into the crew compartment of a conventional locomotive. After
1400-409: Was on a grade, and as the slow-moving train ascended the tunnel, water on the rails from a leaking cylinder cock caused the wheels to slip and spin. The train slipped backward and a coupler knuckle broke, separating the air line, causing an emergency brake application and stalling the train in a tunnel that was rapidly filling with exhaust fumes and steam. The oil dripping on the ties then ignited beneath
1440-416: Was rebuilt as a Class 672 with a Franco-Crosti boiler in 1939. Matthias N. Forney was issued a patent in the late 1860s for a new locomotive design. He had set out to improve the factor of adhesion by putting as much of the boiler's weight as possible on the driving wheels , omitting the pilot wheels from beneath the front of the boiler. Such a design would not have been stable at high speeds on
1480-459: Was replaced by the larger-engined DG/DH51 (660-cc, 38 PS or 28 kW or 58 PS or 43 kW) as the kei car standards were changed that year. A passenger car version called the Scrum Wagon was added for 2000, while the commercial truck and van were updated. The Mazda Scrum uses a 660-cc, three-cylinder engine in a variety of specifications including turbocharged, and
1520-605: Was taken over by the state, but it was privatised in 1856, being sold to the Rothschild banking family of France for 156.25 million gold francs to form the Societé IR Privilégiée des Chemins de Fer Lombards-Vénitiens et de l'Italie Centrale , with a concession to complete the Milan–Venice line and to extend it to Trieste (the Venice–Trieste line ) and to build branches to Lake Maggiore (the beginning of
1560-418: Was the routing of the oil lines; because the firebox was located ahead of the driving wheels (instead of behind them, the usual practice), an oil leak could land ahead of the wheels and cause them to slip. A nuisance under most conditions, it resulted in at least one fatal accident. This occurred in 1941 when a cab-forward with leaking steam entered the tunnel at Santa Susana Pass , near Los Angeles. The tunnel
1600-415: Was typical to that time. Its A-pillars were moved forward and the windshield was placed over part of the engine compartment. The Pacer's "wide track and cab forward design actually lets it handle pretty well" given its body roll like competing contemporary models. Cab forward was used by Chrysler Corporation starting in 1992 to describe styling and engineering features that were similar to those seen on
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