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51-583: Auchincloss is a surname of Scottish origin, derived from an area in Ayrshire known as Auchincloich , which is Scottish Gaelic for "field of stones" from achadh ("field") and clach ("stone"). It is also the name of a prominent American family with kinship to the Kennedy family . Notable people with the surname include: Ayrshire Ayrshire ( Scottish Gaelic : Siorrachd Inbhir Àir , pronounced [ˈʃirˠəxk iɲiˈɾʲaːɾʲ] )

102-660: A registration county . There was an Ayrshire constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 until 1868, when the constituency was divided into Ayrshire North and Ayrshire South . During the whole of the 1708 to 1868 period, and until 1950, the burghs of Ayr and Irvine were parliamentary burghs , represented as components of Ayr Burghs . In 1832 Kilmarnock became

153-684: A name still found in Bo'ness at the wall's eastern end – and then linked with Clan Graham . Of note is that Graeme in some parts of Scotland is a nickname for the devil, and Gryme's Dyke would thus be the Devil's Dyke, mirroring the name of the Roman limes in Southern Germany often called 'Teufelsmauer'. Grímr and Grim are bynames for Odin or Wodan , who might be credited with the wish to build earthworks in unreasonably short periods of time. This name

204-545: A parliamentary burgh, to be represented as a component of Kilmarnock Burghs until 1918. Ayr Burghs and Kilmarnock Burghs were districts of burghs , and quite different in character from later Ayr and Kilmarnock constituencies. From 1918 to 1983 Ayrshire and Buteshire were treated as if a single area for purposes of parliamentary representation, with their combined area being divided into different constituencies at different times. Scottish local government counties were abolished in 1975, in favour of regions and districts , but

255-579: A place called in the Pictish language Peanfahel, but in the English tongue, Penneltun [Kinneil], and running westward, ends near the city of Aicluith [Dumbarton]. Bede associated Gildas's turf wall with the Antonine Wall. As for Hadrian's Wall, Bede again follows Gildas: [the departing Romans] thinking that it might be some help to the allies [Britons], whom they were forced to abandon, constructed

306-417: A strong stone wall from sea to sea, in a straight line between the towns that had been there built for fear of the enemy, where Severus also had formerly built a rampart. Bede obviously identified Gildas's stone wall as Hadrian's Wall, but he sets its construction in the 5th century rather than the 120s, and does not mention Hadrian. And he would appear to have believed that the ditch-and-mound barrier known as

357-474: Is Rough Castle Fort . In addition to the forts, there are at least nine smaller fortlets, very likely on Roman mile spacings, which formed part of the original scheme, some of which were later replaced by forts. The most visible fortlet is Kinneil, at the eastern end of the Wall, near Bo'ness. There was once a remarkable Roman structure within sight of the Antonine Wall at Stenhousemuir , which took its name from

408-476: Is a historic county and registration county , in south-west Scotland , located on the shores of the Firth of Clyde . The lieutenancy area of Ayrshire and Arran covers the entirety of the historic county as well as the island of Arran, formerly part of the historic county of Buteshire . Its principal towns include Ayr , Kilmarnock and Irvine and it borders the counties of Renfrewshire and Lanarkshire to

459-635: Is now at the Hunterian Museum in Glasgow and residual paint traces probably remaining from its later reuse have been analysed. The UK government's nomination of the Antonine Wall for World Heritage status to the international conservation body UNESCO was first officially announced in 2003. It has been backed by the Scottish Government since 2005 and by Scotland's then Culture Minister Patricia Ferguson since 2006. It became

510-523: Is one of the most agriculturally fertile regions of Scotland. Potatoes are grown in fields near the coast, using seaweed-based fertiliser, and in addition the region produces pork products, other root vegetables, and cattle (see below); and summer berries such as strawberries are grown abundantly. A number of small islands in the Firth of Clyde are part of Ayrshire, the chief of these being Horse Isle , Lady Isle and Ailsa Craig . The main rivers flowing to

561-665: Is the same one found as Grim's Ditch several times in England in connection with early ramparts: for example, near Wallingford , Oxfordshire or between Berkhamsted (Herts) and Bradenham (Bucks). Other names used by antiquarians include the Wall of Pius and the Antonine Vallum, after Antoninus Pius. Edmund Spenser in Book II of The Faerie Queene (1590) alludes to the Wall, misattributing it to Constantine II. Hector Boece in his 1527 History of Scotland called it

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612-684: The Brythonic tribes of the area, whom they may have fostered as possible buffer states which would later become "The Old North" . After a series of attacks in 197, the emperor Septimius Severus arrived in Scotland in 208, and campaigned against the Maeatae (based in the central Midland Valley on either side of the Firth of Clyde – Firth of Forth line) and the Caledonians to their north. While he carried out substantial work on Hadrian's Wall at

663-535: The Caledonians , and the Antonine Wall suffered many attacks. The Romans called the land north of the wall Caledonia , though in some contexts the term may refer to the whole area north of Hadrian's Wall. The land north of the Antonine Wall became known as Albany after the settlement of the Gaels in the 6th century. The Antonine Wall was shorter than Hadrian's Wall and built of turf on a stone foundation, but it

714-500: The County of Bute . For lieutenancy purposes, the last lord-lieutenant of the county of Ayrshire was made lord-lieutenant for the combined area of the four districts when the reforms came into effect in 1975, with the lieutenancy area being renamed Ayrshire and Arran in 1996. In 1996 the two-tier system of regions and districts was abolished and Ayrshire was divided between the unitary council areas of East Ayrshire (covering

765-467: The Firth of Clyde to Carriden near Bo'ness on the Firth of Forth . The wall was intended to extend Roman territory and dominance by replacing Hadrian's Wall 160 kilometres (100 miles) to the south, as the frontier of Britannia . But while the Romans did establish forts and temporary camps further north of the Antonine Wall in order to protect their routes to northern Britain, they did not conquer

816-774: The Galloway counties some rugged hill country known as the Galloway Hills . These hills lie to the west of the A713 (Ayr to Castle Douglas road) and they run south from the Loch Doon area almost to the Solway Firth . To the east of this route through the hills lie the Carsphairn and Scaur Hills which lie to the south east of Dalmellington and south of New Cumnock . Glen Afton runs deep into these hills. Ayrshire

867-624: The Ulster Scots dialect is largely an offshoot of the version of Lowland Scots spoken in Ayrshire. The Ulster Scots dialect is still widely spoken throughout County Antrim and in parts of County Down and County Londonderry , as well as still being widely spoken in West Tír Eoghain and parts of County Donegal (chiefly East Donegal and Inishowen ). Commissioners of Supply were created in 1667 for each shire, and formed

918-490: The Vallum (just to the south of, and contemporary with, Hadrian's Wall) was the rampart constructed by Severus. Many centuries would pass before just who built what became apparent. In medieval histories, such as the chronicles of John of Fordun , the wall is called Gryme's dyke . Fordun says that the name came from the grandfather of the imaginary king Eugenius son of Farquahar. This evolved over time into Graham's dyke –

969-547: The county town . Ayrshire is roughly crescent-shaped and is a predominantly flat county with areas of low hills; it forms part of the Southern Uplands geographic region of Scotland. The north of the county contains the main towns and bulk of the population. East of Largs can be found the Renfrewshire Heights, which continue south to the hill-country around Blae Loch . Southern Ayrshire shares with

1020-457: The "wall of Abercorn ", repeating the story that it had been destroyed by Graham. Renaissance patrons in the 16th century, including George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal , who were exposed to the world of international scholarship through diplomacy, began to collect antiquities. The Earl Marischal set a stone from the Antonine Wall in the walls of Dunnotar Castle and had it painted and gilded, probably by Andrew Melville of Stonehaven . The stone

1071-787: The British Kingdom of Strathclyde , which was incorporated into the Kingdom of Scotland during the 11th century. In 1263, the Scots successfully drove off the Norwegian leidang -army in a skirmish known as the Battle of Largs . A notable historic building in Ayrshire is Turnberry Castle , which dates from the 13th century or earlier, and which may have been the birthplace of Robert the Bruce . The historic shire or sheriffdom of Ayr

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1122-570: The Clyde coast are, from north to south, the following: The area that today forms Ayrshire was part of the area south of the Antonine Wall which was briefly occupied by the Romans during the reign of Emperor Antoninus Pius (see: Roman Britain#Occupation and retreat from southern Scotland ). It was inhabited by the Damnonii , who are presumed to have been Britons . Later, it formed part of

1173-558: The Forth and the Clyde. Writing in 730, Bede , following Gildas in his De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae , mistakenly ascribes the construction of the Antonine Wall to the Britons in his Historia Ecclesiastica 1.12 : The islanders built the wall which they had been told to raise, not of stone, since they had no workmen capable of such a work, but of sods, which made it of no use. Nevertheless, they carried it for many miles between

1224-571: The Prestwick site. However, unemployment in the region (excluding the more rural South Ayrshire) is above the national average. Throughout the 17th century, huge numbers of people from Ayrshire moved to Ulster , the northern province in Ireland , as part of the Plantation of Ulster , many of them with surnames such as Burns, Hamilton, Morrow, Stewart, Flanagan, Kennedy and Cunningham. Today,

1275-519: The Roman "stone house". This was Arthur's O'on , a circular stone domed monument or rotunda , which might have been a temple, or a tropaeum , a victory monument. It was demolished for its stone in 1743, though a replica exists at Penicuik House . In addition to the line of the Wall itself there are a number of coastal forts both in the East (e.g. Inveresk ) and West (Outerwards and Lurg Moor), which should be considered as outposts and/or supply bases to

1326-641: The UK's official nomination in late January 2007, and MSPs were called to support the bid anew in May 2007. The Antonine Wall was listed as an extension to the World Heritage Site "Frontiers of the Roman Empire" on 7 July 2008. Though the Antonine Wall is mentioned in the text, it does not appear on UNESCO's map of world heritage properties. Several individual sites along the line of the wall are in

1377-550: The Wall itself. In addition a number of forts farther north were brought back into service in the Gask Ridge area, including Ardoch , Strageath , Bertha (Perth) and probably Dalginross and Cargill. Recent research by Glasgow University has shown that the distance stones, stone sculptures unique to the Antonine Wall which were embedded in the wall to mark the lengths built by each legion, were brightly painted unlike their present bare appearance. These stones are preserved in

1428-518: The area controlled by the county council when it was created in 1890, being deemed capable of running their own services. In 1930 the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929 was implemented. This brought Ayr and Kilmarnock under the control of the county council, and re-designated all burghs as either large burghs or small burghs . Ayr and Kilmarnock were both classed as large burghs, allowing them to retain control of many functions, whilst

1479-402: The area of the former Kilmarnock & Loudoun District and Cumnock & Doon Valley District), North Ayrshire (covering the area of the former Cunninghame District Council) and South Ayrshire (covering the area of the former Kyle and Carrick District). The boundaries of the historic county of Ayrshire are still used for some limited official purposes connected with land registration, being

1530-515: The basis for a large-scale (25-inch) folio produced by the Ordnance Survey in 1931. The Ordnance Survey produced a revised folio in 1954–1957, and then carried out a complete re-survey in 1979–80. They also published a smaller scale map of the Wall, at 1:25,000 in 1969. Further mapping activity was carried out to support the nomination of the Wall as a World Heritage Site Modern computer techniques like using GIS and LIDAR can now map

1581-585: The care of Historic Environment Scotland and the UNESCO World Heritage Committee . The Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius ordered the construction of the Antonine Wall around 142. Quintus Lollius Urbicus , governor of Roman Britain at the time, initially supervised the effort, which may have taken as long as twelve years. The wall stretches 63 kilometres (39 miles) from Old Kilpatrick in West Dunbartonshire on

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1632-481: The care of Historic Environment Scotland . These are at: All sites are unmanned and open at all reasonable times. The first capable effort to systematically map the Antonine Wall was undertaken in 1764 by William Roy , the forerunner of the Ordnance Survey . He provided accurate and detailed drawings of its remains, and where the wall has been destroyed by later development, his maps and drawings are now

1683-486: The company was taken over by Compaq in 1998. Some supplier companies grew up to service this site and the more distant IBM plant at Greenock in Renfrewshire . Scotland's aviation industry has long been based in and around Prestwick and its international airport , and although aircraft manufacture ceased at the former British Aerospace plant in 1998, a significant number of aviation companies are still based on

1734-485: The county council was abolished and its functions were transferred to Strathclyde Regional Council . The county area was divided between four new districts within the two-tier Strathclyde region : Cumnock and Doon Valley , Cunninghame , Kilmarnock and Loudoun and Kyle and Carrick . The Cunninghame district included the Isle of Arran , Great Cumbrae and Little Cumbrae , which had until then been administered as part of

1785-584: The county's other burghs were all classed as small burghs, ceding many functions to the county council. The 1929 act also abolished the parish councils. In Ayrshire in excess of 30 parishes were consolidated into ten district councils . The District Councils were Ayr, Cumnock, Dalmellington, Girvan, Irvine, Kilbirnie, Kilmarnock, Maybole, Troon and Saltcoats. Ayrshire County Council was based at County Buildings in Wellington Square in Ayr. In May 1975

1836-613: The creation of any new constituency names. A number of railway lines connect the towns of northern Ayrshire to each other and also to Glasgow, as well as south to Stranraer and south-east to Dumfries . Ferries link Ayrshire to the islands of Arran and Great Cumbrae in Buteshire . Glasgow Prestwick International Airport , serving Glasgow and the west of Scotland more generally, is located 32 miles (51 km) away from Glasgow in Ayrshire; it provides various passenger flights to Spain, Portugal, Italy and Poland. The name Glasgow

1887-433: The main administrative body for the area until county councils were created in 1890 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 . The 1889 act also led to a review of boundaries of many of Scotland's counties; in the case of Ayrshire the two parishes of Beith and Dunlop , which had both straddled Ayrshire and Renfrewshire , were brought entirely within Ayrshire. The burghs of Ayr and Kilmarnock were both excluded from

1938-439: The next reform of constituency boundaries was not until 1983. Constituencies covering Ayrshire may be listed by periods as below, but the story is somewhat more complicated than the lists may imply: until 1918, Ayr Burghs and Kilmarnock Burghs included burghs lying outside both Ayrshire and Buteshire; a particular constituency name may represent different boundaries in different periods; in 1974, there were boundary changes without

1989-404: The north-east, Dumfriesshire to the south-east, and Kirkcudbrightshire and Wigtownshire to the south. Like many other counties of Scotland, it currently has no administrative function, instead being sub-divided into the council areas of East Ayrshire , North Ayrshire and South Ayrshire . It has a population of approximately 366,800. The electoral and valuation area named Ayrshire covers

2040-420: The only reliable record of it. In the 19th century, the Ordnance Survey showed the visible traces of the wall in some detail on its first and second edition maps at 25-inch and 6-inch scales, but no attempt was made at that date to undertake archaeological work. Sir George Macdonald carried out systematic work on the wall that was published in 1911 and in an expanded second edition in 1934. His work provided

2091-417: The order of Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius . Estimates of how long it took to complete vary widely, with six and twelve years most commonly proposed. Antoninus Pius never visited Britain, unlike his predecessor Hadrian . Pressure from the Caledonians probably led Antoninus to send the empire's troops further north. The Antonine Wall was protected by 16 forts with small fortlets between them; troop movement

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2142-403: The original forts on the Antonine Wall demonstrate that the original plan was to build a stone wall similar to Hadrian's Wall, but this was quickly amended. The Romans initially planned to build forts every 10 kilometres (6 miles), but this was soon revised to every 3.3 kilometres (2 miles), resulting in a total of nineteen forts along the wall. The best preserved but also one of the smallest forts

2193-584: The slabs, both digitally and in real physical copies, with their authentic colours. A copy of the Bridgeness Slab has already been made and can be found in Bo'ness . It is also expected that lottery funding will allow replicas of distance markers to be placed along the length of the wall. The wall was abandoned within two decades of completion when the Roman legions withdrew to Hadrian's Wall in 162, and over time may have reached an accommodation with

2244-490: The three council areas of East Ayrshire, North Ayrshire and South Ayrshire, therefore covering the whole historic county of Ayrshire but also including the Isle of Arran , Great Cumbrae and Little Cumbrae from the historic county of Buteshire . The three council areas together also form the Ayrshire and Arran lieutenancy area . The largest settlement in Ayrshire by population is Kilmarnock , closely followed by Ayr ,

2295-461: The time, there is no evidence of any attention being paid to the remains of the Antonine Wall during the campaigns of 208–210. References in Late Roman sources to Severus' wall-building activities led to later scholars like Bede mistaking references to the Antonine Wall for ones to Hadrian's Wall . In the centuries that the Antonine Wall has lain abandoned, it has influenced culture between

2346-437: The two bays or inlets of the sea of which we have spoken; to the end that where the protection of the water was wanting, they might use the rampart to defend their borders from the irruptions of the enemies. Of the work there erected, that is, of a rampart of great breadth and height, there are evident remains to be seen at this day. It begins at about two miles' distance from the monastery of Aebbercurnig [Abercorn], west of it, at

2397-413: The university's museum and are said to be the best-preserved examples of statuary from any Roman frontier. Several of the slabs have been analysed by various techniques including portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF). Tiny remnants of paint have been detected by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Several of the distance slabs have been scanned and 3-D videos produced. There are plans to reproduce

2448-750: Was added in front of Prestwick as per American military airport naming conventions, as the airport was in the past oft-used as a stopover by US military personnel on their way to and from military bases in Germany . Moreover, it is known in rock history as the only place in Britain visited by Elvis Presley , on his way home from army service in Germany in 1960. 55°30′N 4°30′W  /  55.500°N 4.500°W  / 55.500; -4.500 Antonine Wall Construction began in AD ;142 at

2499-478: Was divided into three districts or bailieries which later made up the county of Ayrshire. The three districts were: The area used to be heavily industrialised, with steel making , coal mining and in Kilmarnock numerous examples of production-line manufacturing, most famously Johnnie Walker whisky. In more recent history, Digital Equipment had a large manufacturing plant near Ayr from about 1976 until

2550-543: Was facilitated by a road linking all the sites known as the Military Way . The soldiers who built the wall commemorated the construction and their struggles with the Caledonians with decorative slabs, twenty of which survive. The wall was abandoned only eight years after completion, and the garrisons relocated rearward to Hadrian's Wall. Most of the wall and its associated fortifications have been destroyed over time, but some remains are visible. Many of these have come under

2601-419: Was still an impressive achievement. It was also a simpler fortification than Hadrian's Wall insofar as it did not have a subsidiary ditch system ( Vallum ) behind it to the south. As built, the wall was typically a bank, about three metres (10 feet) high, made of layered turves and occasionally earth with a wide ditch on the north side, and a military way on the south. The stone foundations and wing walls of

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