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92-430: For the success of mission-type tactics, the subordinate leaders must understand the orders' intent and be trained to act independently. The success of the doctrine rests upon the subordinates' understanding of the intent of the issuer of the orders and their willingness to achieve the goal even if their actions violate other guidance or received orders. In armies which don't, as a whole, embody mission-style tactics, taking

184-805: A 20% cut in budget and the discharge of 6,000 IDF members, Yigael Yadin resigned as Chief of the General Staff in November 1952, and was replaced by Mordechai Maklef . In December 1952, Dayan was promoted to Chief of the Operations (G) Branch, the second most senior General Staff post. One of Dayan's actions in this post was to commence work on the canal diverting water from the River Jordan, September 1953. During 1953, Prime Minister and Defence Minister David Ben-Gurion began to make preparations for his retirement. His choice for defence minister

276-543: A continual battle of movement. Throughout his career, at least until the Peninsular War , he demonstrated his ability to defeat any enemy by the greater flexibility of his units and through better deployment. The fact that French troops were mainly composed of conscripts indicates that it was Napoleon's organization of the troops, rather than their professional training, that gave the French an overall advantage. After

368-531: A culture is associated only with elite units, not a whole army. Few armies seem to have mastered the approach. The Wehrmacht are perhaps the premier example, a degree of competence that was achieved only after rigorous training under Hans von Seeckt between 1919 and 1935. Since World War II , only the Israeli Defence Force seems to have come close to matching the Wehrmacht of World War II in

460-407: A few being Freies Verfahren ("free method"), Freie Taktik ("free tactics"), Auftragsverfahren ("mission method"), Individualverfahren ("individual method") and Initiativverfahren ("initiative method"). A discussion of the evolution of the terminology is given by Stephan Leistenschneider. As a crucial characteristic of this method of command and delegation, subordinate leaders must understand

552-518: A form of "flexible command". Most of the Prussian commanders, particularly Frederick Charles of the 1st Prussian Army, had no real understanding of Moltke the Elder 's strategy. Frederick Charles did not much like the parts that he understood, was uncooperative under Moltke's orders, and disobeyed him several times. During the battle and without authorisation, he acted on his own initiative and launched

644-717: A further 100 Sherman tanks, 300 half-tracks, and 300 6x6 trucks were added. By the beginning of November 1956, the Israeli army had 380 tanks. Following the 1955 elections , Ben-Gurion resumed his dual role as prime minister and defence minister. Dayan, who believed in the inevitability of the "Second Round", argued for a preemptive attack on Israel's neighbours, particularly Egypt. The two leaders thought war with Egypt could be achieved by provoking an Egyptian response to retaliation raids, which could then be used to justify an all-out attack. On 23 October 1955, Ben-Gurion instructed Dayan to prepare plans to capture Sharm al Sheikh . On

736-496: A major reorganisation of the Israeli army, which, among others, included: In May 1955, Dayan attended a meeting convened by Ben-Gurion. Ben-Gurion raised the issue of a possible invasion of Iraq into Syria, and how this could be used to bring about change in Lebanon. Dayan proposed that: All that is required is to find an officer, even a captain would do, to win his heart or buy him with money to get him to agree to declare himself

828-425: A minimum of interference by higher commanders". It recognised that "initiative, flexibility and mobility" were the essential aspects of German tactics. A key aspect of mission-type tactics is forward control. To understand what is happening at the point of action and to be able to take decisions quickly, the operational commander must be able to observe results. The decision to deviate from original plans in pursuit of

920-570: A premature attack on the Austrian Army, which nearly ended in disaster. If Crown Prince Frederick William had arrived only an hour later, the battle might have been decisively lost. After the First World War, the monitoring, coaching and training role built a level of trust, competency and understanding across the whole 4,000-strong German post-war officer corps that made a new level of excellence possible. Excellence in this case

1012-603: A quantity of illegal rifles. Haganah HQ ordered the camp evacuated. Leading a group of 43 men through Wadi Bira , early the following morning, 12 to 15 Arab members of the Transjordan Frontier Force arrested them. Questions were asked about how such a large force was arrested by a much smaller one. Moshe Carmel , the group's deputy commander, was also critical of Dayan's willingness to talk to his interrogators in Acre Prison . On 30 October 1939, most of

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1104-406: A series of large weapons contracts with France. On 10 November 1955, an agreement was signed for the delivery of 100 AMX-13 tanks and assorted anti-tank weapons. On 24 June 1956, an $ 80 million deal was agreed involving 72 Dassault Mystère IV jets, 120 AMX-13 tanks, 40 Sherman tanks and 18 105mm artillery . The Mystere were in addition to 53 already on order. At the end of September 1956,

1196-522: A style of command: "tactics focused on accomplishing the task/mission", as opposed to Befehlstaktik ("tactics focused on executing a set of orders"). Direct orders are an exception in the German military, and "tasks" are the standard instrument of leadership from the high command down to the squad level. Many other terms were used to denote concepts of mission-type tactics in Germany between 1891 and 1914,

1288-485: A subordinate is only expected and therefore only trained to follow detailed orders. The classic German Auftragstaktik approach called for every commander to be trained to function effectively at two levels of command above his appointment; a platoon commander—an appointment that was, and is, an NCO one in the German Army—would be expected to control battalion actions, if need be. Some would say that today, such

1380-418: A third came from Unit 101, carried out the operation. They carried 70 kg of explosives, blew up 45 houses, and killed 69 people. The commander who led the attack, Ariel Sharon later said that he had "thought the houses were empty". The international criticism over the killed civilians led to a change of tactics. It was the last large-scale IDF attack on civilian buildings. In the future, targets were to be

1472-509: A village occurred 20 March 1950 when six Arabs were killed at Khirbet Jamrura . On 18 June 1950, Dayan explained his thinking to the Mapai faction in the Knesset : [Retaliation is] the only method that [has] proved effective, not justified or moral but effective, when Arabs plants mines on our side. If we try to search for that Arab, it has no value. But if we harass the nearby village... then

1564-442: Is claimed that almost the only thing that has been changed were unit names and locations. That strongly suggests that long experience of operations allowed senior commanders to be quite abstract in their orders, which were issued without great fear of being misunderstood. It also suggests that sequences of moves on quite a large scale were already familiar to the forces involved, which probably improved their execution. Mission command

1656-519: Is compatible with modern military network-centric concepts, and less-centralised approaches to command and control (C2) in general. "The paradox of war in the Information Age is one of managing massive amounts of information and resisting the temptation to overcontrol it. The competitive advantage is nullified when you try to run decisions up and down the chain of command. All platoons and tank crews have real-time information on what

1748-407: Is derived in part from the tradition of Gerhard von Scharnhorst , Carl von Clausewitz and Helmuth von Moltke and was based upon the premise that hard-and-fast rules had no place in the environment of war, which was the realm of human emotion, friction, chance and uncertainty. Moltke is considered one of the principal advocates of independent thinking and acting among his subordinates: Diverse are

1840-523: Is going on around them, the location of the enemy, and the nature and targeting of the enemy's weapons system. Once the commander's intent is understood, decisions must be devolved to the lowest possible level to allow these front line soldiers to exploit the opportunities that develop". —General Gordon R. Sullivan , quoted in Delivering Results by Dave Ulrich . Analysis by the US Army of

1932-500: Is the conceptual underpinning of how to think and to operate effectively, and teaching leaders what to think is dogma . Doctrine is thus a framework to ensure common understanding and is the basis of training in armies. A few statements underline the general motivation of Auftragstaktik : Thus, Auftragstaktik can be seen as a doctrine within which formal rules can be selectively suspended in order to overcome "friction". Problems will occur with misplaced communications; troops going to

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2024-481: Is used instead. However, the older and shorter but unofficial term is more widespread. When it is translated to English , the German word, which has never been part of the official German military 's lexicon , loses some of its effect. The German word does not describe a set of tactics per se , and it certainly neither is limited to the tactical level of operations nor a method of leadership. However, it encapsulates

2116-584: The Allied invasion of Syria and Lebanon and attached to the Australian 7th Division . Using his home kibbutz of Hanita as a forward base, the unit frequently infiltrated Vichy French Lebanon , wearing traditional Arab dress, on covert surveillance missions. On 7 June 1941, the night before the invasion of the Syria–Lebanon Campaign , Dayan's unit crossed the border and secured two bridges over

2208-736: The Arab Legion , the Frontier Police, and the Egyptian or Syrian Armies. Dayan merged Unit 101 with the Paratroopers Brigade and assigned its command to Sharon. Dayan had a difficult relationship with MoD Lavon. There were issues over spending priorities and over Lavon's dealings with senior IDF members behind Dayan's back. This ended with Lavon's resignation over who ordered the sabotage operation in Egypt, which led to

2300-639: The Arab revolt in Palestine and later lost an eye to a sniper in a raid on Vichy forces in Lebanon during World War II . Dayan was close to David Ben-Gurion and joined him in leaving the Mapai party and setting up the Rafi party in 1965 with Shimon Peres . Dayan became Defence Minister just before the 1967 Six-Day War. After the Yom Kippur War of 1973, during which Dayan served as Defense Minister, he

2392-512: The Golani and Kiryati Brigades, provoked complaints from their commanders. On 20 June 1948, two men from one of his companies were killed in a confrontation with Irgun members trying to bring weapons ashore from the Altalena at Kfar Vitkin . During Operation Danny , he led his battalion in a brief raid through Lod in which nine of his men were killed. His battalion was then transferred to

2484-554: The Husan police station and nearby Arab Legion positions close to the armistice lines. Thirty-seven Legionnaires and National Guardsmen were killed as well as two civilians. Nine or ten paratroopers were killed, several in a road accident after the attack. Following the killing of two workers near Even-Yehuda , Dayan ordered a similar attack, Operation Samaria/ Mivtza Shomron, on the Qalqilya police station. The attack took place on

2576-648: The Israeli Air Force to strafe shepherds and their herds in the Beit Govrin area. There were also strafing attacks on bedouin camps in the Gaza area. In early 1950, 700 bedouin, ' Azame , were expelled from the South Hebron area. In September 1950, several thousand more were driven from the demilitarized zone at Al-Ajua During 1950, the remaining population of al-Majdal were transferred to

2668-764: The Jerusalem front in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War , Chief of the General Staff of the Israel Defense Forces (1953–1958) during the 1956 Sinai War , and as Defense Minister during the Six-Day War in 1967, he became a worldwide fighting symbol of the new state of Israel. In the 1930s, Dayan joined the Haganah , the pre-state Jewish defense force of Mandatory Palestine . He served in the Special Night Squads under Orde Wingate during

2760-500: The Litani River . During the time, Dayan served under the command of British Lieutenant General Sir Henry Maitland Wilson . When they were not relieved as expected, at 04:00 on 8 June, the unit perceived that it was exposed to possible attack and—on its own initiative—assaulted a nearby Vichy police station, capturing it. A few hours later, as Dayan was on the roof of the building using binoculars to scan Vichy French positions on

2852-700: The Ramatkal (Chief of the General Staff) without an eye, we can have a Battalion Commander with a prosthetic hand ". At the end of 1951, Dayan attended a course at the British Army's Senior Officers' School in Devizes , England. In May 1952, he was appointed operational commander of the Northern Command. The year 1952 was a time of economic crisis for the new state. Faced with demands of

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2944-655: The Sea of Galilee in Palestine , in what was then Ottoman Syria within the Ottoman Empire , one of three children born to Shmuel and Devorah Dayan, Ukrainian Jewish immigrants from Zhashkiv . Kibbutz Degania Alef, with 11 members, was the first kibbutz, and would become part of the State of Israel. Dayan was the second child born at Degania, after Gideon Baratz (1913–1988). He was named Moshe after Moshe Barsky ,

3036-539: The chain of command in the US , Canadian , Dutch and British armies. The term Auftragstaktik was coined by the tactic's opponents, who preferred Normaltaktiker . Strictly speaking, the term Auftragstaktik grammatically appears to refer to a type of tactics, rather than a method of leadership and delegation. Therefore, in the modern German Army, the Bundeswehr , the term Führen mit Auftrag ("leading by mission")

3128-422: The intent of their orders, are given proper guidance and are trained to act independently. Conversely, superior commanders must give their subordinates no more orders than are essential (every order given is regarded as an additional constraint upon its recipient) and to be rigorous, clear and succinct in the expression of their commands. The success of the doctrine rests upon the recipient of orders understanding

3220-404: The 1930s starting with small operations and in later years involving very large formations and major movements to ensure doctrinal coherence and the opportunity to revise and learn. The General Staff played a vital role in assuring the quality of these exercises and in ensuring that lessons were learnt and much of the philosophy was incorporated in its 1933 Field Manual Truppenführung . Doctrine

3312-531: The 1939 German invasion of Poland found, "The emphasis which the Germans placed on the development of leadership and initiative in commanders during years of preparatory training brought its rewards in the Polish campaign. With confidence that these principles had been properly inculcated, all commanders, from the highest to the lowest echelons, felt free to carry out their missions or meet changes in situations with

3404-590: The 22nd of October. In the autumn of 1948, he was involved in negotiations with Abdullah el Tell , the Jordanian military commander of East Jerusalem, over a lasting cease-fire for the Jerusalem area. In 1949, he had at least five face-to-face meetings with King Abdullah of Jordan over the Armistice Agreement and the search for a long-term peace agreement. Following a February 1949 incident, he

3496-539: The Arabs, the Arab armies, for the Arab states to pay it. Prime Minister Sharett was an advocate of restraint and was not as confident in the attacks' effectiveness. When seeking approval for operations, Dayan downplayed the scale of the raids to get approval. There were fewer large-scale cross-border raids in 1954. Between December 1953 and September 1954, at least 48 Arabs were killed in over 18 cross-border raids. Fifteen of

3588-535: The British-organised irregular Supernumerary Police and led a small motorized patrol ("MAN"). One of his military heroes was the British pro- Zionist intelligence officer Orde Wingate , under whom he served in several Special Night Squads operations. On 3 October 1939, he was the commanding instructor for Haganah Leader's courses held at Yavniel when two British Palestine Police officers discovered

3680-528: The Gaza Strip In a notorious incident on 31 May 1950, the army forced 120 Arabs across the Jordanian border at 'Arava . "Two or three dozen" died of thirst before reaching safety. During 1950, Dayan also developed a policy of punitive cross-border reprisal raids in response to fedayeen attacks on Israelis. IDF squads were sent into the Gaza Strip to lay mines. The first retaliation raid on

3772-459: The Gaza Strip, Sinai, and the Hebron hills. Dayan was an advocate of a "harsh" policy along the border. In Jerusalem, he had given instructions that infiltrators killed in no-man's-land or the Arab side of the border should be moved to the Israeli side before UN inspections. Allon had already introduced a 7 kilometre "free-fire" zone along the southern borders. In the spring of 1950, Dayan authorized

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3864-640: The General staff, Dayan was party to the setting up of Unit 101 , which was to specialise in night-time cross-border retaliation raids. He was initially opposed to setting up such a group because he argued it would undermine his attempts to prepare the IDF for an offensive war. Unit 101's first official operation was to attack, on 28 August 1953, the Bureij Refugee Camp , during which they killed 20 refugees and suffered 2 wounded. By October 1953, Dayan

3956-543: The Israeli army in 1950 to destroy the Shrine of Husayn's Head , more than a year after hostilities ended. It is thought that the demolition was related to Dayan's efforts to expel the remaining Palestinian Arabs from the region. On 8 March 1951, 18 were killed at Idna . On 20 October 1951, two Battalion 79 (7th Brigade) companies destroyed several houses and an ice factory in eastern Gaza City; dozens were killed and injured. On 6 January 1952, an armoured infantry company from

4048-1073: The Prussian Army also sought to inculcate in General Staff Officers the ability to ensure that each military unit understood and executed its mission. One of the earliest alleged uses of Auftragstaktik was at the Battle of Königgrätz in the Austro-Prussian War . Auftragstaktik is one of the tools often claimed to have given the Prussians their decisive victory. That claim is difficult to accept since no appreciation of Auftragstaktik had been accepted officially. The Bohemian Campaign could have been an example of its use only if having subordinate commanders that ignore directives from superiors, who march southward when ordered to march east and treat their senior commanders with barely concealed contempt can truly be described as

4140-492: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.133 via cp1102 cp1102, Varnish XID 555517383 Upstream caches: cp1102 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 05:55:33 GMT Moshe Dayan Moshe Dayan ( Hebrew : משה דיין ‎; May 20, 1915 – October 16, 1981) was an Israeli military leader and politician. As commander of

4232-557: The army be stored in Haganah warehouses and the rest be distributed amongst Jewish agricultural settlements. On 18 May, Dayan was given command of the Jordan Valley sector. In a nine-hour battle, his troops stopped the Syrian advance south of the Sea of Galilee . In June, he became the first commander of the 89th Battalion , part of Sadeh 's Armoured Brigade. His methods of recruiting volunteers from other army units, such as

4324-534: The army should be used to open the road to Jerusalem and gain access to the Western Wall and Mount Scopus . On 25 October 1949, he was promoted to major general and appointed commander of the Southern Command. Most of the staff officers resigned in protest of his replacement of Yigal Allon . The major problem in the south of the country was Palestinians crossing the border, "infiltrating", from

4416-402: The border with the Gaza Strip in which four Israeli soldiers were killed, the IDF shelled the centre of Gaza City with 120 mm mortars. Fifty-eight civilians were killed, including 10 children. 4 Egyptian soldiers were also killed. It is not clear whether Dayan had Ben-Gurion's approval to shell the city. Egypt responded by resuming fedayeen attacks across the border, killing 14 Israelis during

4508-462: The bounds of international law, penal law and human dignity). As for higher but absent leaders, it is ultimately in the responsibility of the leader on site to determine whether the situation has changed, but, of course, if he deviates from an order he will have to explain his actions afterward. There are cases cited during combat in which the operational orders were a copy of orders that had been issued for an earlier operation or training exercise. It

4600-423: The changed situation (according to his own judgment). Only the intent of the higher commander must be maintained. That demands, of course, junior officers and NCOs, which are rarely private ranks, to have the skill and also the self-confidence to treat the order accordingly. A sub-leader whose first fear is to be lectured by his superior cannot bring himself to do anything else with orders than to execute them to

4692-475: The dead were civilians: farmers, shepherds, and a doctor; two were women. With Ben-Gurion's return, this changed. On the night of 28 February 1955, Operation Black Arrow ( Mivtza Hetz Shahor ) was launched against an Egyptian Army camp south of Gaza City. The IDF force consisted of 120 paratroops and suffered 14 dead; 36 Egyptian soldiers were killed as well as two Palestinian civilians. Ben-Gurion and Dayan had told Sharett that their estimate of Egyptian casualties

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4784-461: The dead). Heinz Guderian ensured that all German tanks had radio receivers to make his command effective. The domination of the battlefield, combined with the difficulty of discerning the pattern of the attacker's assault, which used integrated command of combined arms teams, meant that conventional force strategies were rendered ineffective as the "Front seemed to disappear". Intent (military) Too Many Requests If you report this error to

4876-458: The disability caused him some psychological pain. Dayan wrote in his autobiography: "I reflected with considerable misgivings on my future as a cripple without a skill, trade, or profession to provide for my family." He added that he was "ready to make any effort and stand any suffering, if only I could get rid of my black eyepatch. The attention it drew was intolerable to me. I preferred to shut myself up at home, doing anything, rather than encounter

4968-608: The eventual peace agreement between Israel and Egypt . Dayan's contention was denied by Muky Tsur, a longtime leader of the United Kibbutz Movement who said "For sure there were discussions about going up the Golan Heights or not going up the Golan Heights, but the discussions were about security for the kibbutzim in Galilee," he said. "I think that Dayan himself didn't want to go to the Golan Heights. This

5060-460: The exercise of command in this style, partly because of a conscious decision on the part of Moshe Dayan . He fought under British command in World War II and attended a British Army Staff training course that his memoirs state greatly disappointed him. This style of command originates in a state ( Prussia ) that saw itself as small, surrounded by enemies and in imminent danger of destruction;

5152-491: The first member of Degania to be killed in an Arab attack, who died getting medication for Dayan's father. Soon afterward, Dayan's parents moved to Nahalal , the first moshav , or farming cooperative, to be established. Dayan attended the agricultural school there. Dayan was a Jewish atheist . He spoke Hebrew , Arabic , and English . At the age of 14, Dayan joined the Jewish defence force Haganah . In 1938, he joined

5244-518: The group of Ben-Gurion loyalists who defected from Mapai to form Rafi . Prime Minister Levi Eshkol disliked Dayan. When tensions began to rise in early 1967, however, Eshkol appointed the charismatic and popular Dayan defence minister to raise public morale and bring Rafi into a unity government. Despite his military background, Dayan advocated for the integration of the Palestinian Arabs in an eventual One-state solution . Moshe Dayan

5336-514: The group were sentenced to 10 years in prison. Seven months later, Dayan was replaced as the prisoners' representative after it was discovered that moves were being made to get him an individual pardon. On 16 February 1941, after Chaim Weizmann 's intervention in London, they were all released. Dayan was assigned to a small Australian-led reconnaissance task force, which also included fellow Palmach members and Arab guides, formed in preparation for

5428-429: The intent of whoever issues the orders and acting to achieve the goal, even if their actions violate other guidance or orders they have received. Mission-type tactics assume the possibility of violating other previously expressed limitations in order to achieve a mission. They are a concept most easily sustained in a decentralised command culture. This stands in contrast to organizational structures in which, at every level,

5520-487: The kibbutz, in 1956. Dayan's words became famous quickly and has served as one of the most influential speeches in Israeli history since. In forceful terms, Dayan condemned the killing and said, Defunct Defunct In 1959, a year after he retired from the IDF, Dayan joined Mapai , the Israeli centre-left party, then led by David Ben-Gurion . Until 1964, he was the Minister of Agriculture . In 1965, Dayan joined with

5612-417: The letter; he is not capable of Auftragstaktik . Also, it means that the so-called leader on site (German: "Führer vor Ort"; it has to be determined who that is if, say, soldiers from different units without uniting command structure fight together in one place) becomes rather more important than the vertical chain of command . That is because the leader on site must be obeyed unconditionally (that is, within

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5704-410: The mission must be made for 'friction' to be overcome and momentum to be sustained. The impact of the application of personal influence was thought to be critical and to be possible only because of the bench-strength provided by general staff officers managing in the formations' rear. That aspect is also responsible for the high casualty rate amongst commanders even in successful operations (5% of all of

5796-807: The new task-oriented formation is created. The creation of combined-arms forces poses particular challenges to command, especially if they are attached during a battle. To that end during and before the Second World War , the German General Staff cross posted officers and non-commissioned officers (NCOs) between the different branches of the army. It was therefore not unusual to find an armour commander with experience of artillery and infantry command. Similarly, NCOs with cross-branch tactical experience ensured that these combined-arms teams did operate in an integrated fashion. The German High Command ( OKH ) ran multiple exercises, or war games , in

5888-400: The night of 10 October 1956 and involved several thousand IDF soldiers. During the fighting, Jordanian troops surrounded a paratroop company. The Israeli survivors only escaped under close air-cover from four IAF aircraft. The Israelis suffered 18 killed and 68 wounded; 70–90 Jordanians were killed. In the aftermath, paratroop officers severely criticized Dayan for alleged tactical mistakes. It

5980-545: The night of 27 October 1955, an IDF battalion attacked an Egyptian army post at Kuntilla ( Operation Egged ), killing 12 Egyptian soldiers. On 2 November, al Sabha , close to the DMZ , was attacked, in Operation Volcano ( Mivtza Ha Ga'ash ), killing 81 Egyptian soldiers. On 11 December, hoping an attack on Syria would provoke an Egyptian response, Operation Olive Leaves /Sea of Galilee ( Mivtza 'Alei Zayit/Kinneret )

6072-400: The other side of the river, the binoculars were struck by a French rifle bullet fired by a sniper from several hundred yards away, propelling metal and glass fragments into his left eye and causing severe damage. Six hours passed before he could be evacuated. Dayan lost the eye. In addition, the damage to the extraocular muscles was such that Dayan could not be fitted with a glass eye , and he

6164-426: The period 11–17 April. During September–October 1956, as plans began to mature for the invasion of the Sinai Peninsula , Dayan ordered a series of large-scale cross-border raids. On the night of 25 September, following a number of incidents including the machine-gunning of large gathering at Ramat Rachel in which four Israelis were killed, and the murder of a girl southwest of Jerusalem, the 890th Battalion attacked

6256-410: The population there comes out against the [infiltrators]... and the Egyptian Government and the Transjordanian government are [driven] to prevent such incidents, because their prestige is [at stake], as the Jews have opened fire, and they are unready to begin a war... The method of collective punishment so far has proved effective... There are no other effective methods. In 1950, Moshe Dayan also ordered

6348-470: The reactions of people wherever I went." In 1947, Dayan was appointed to the Haganah General Staff working on Arab affairs, in particular recruiting agents to gain information about irregular Arab forces in Palestine. On 14 April 1948, his brother, Zorik, was killed in fighting. On 22 April, Dayan was put in charge of abandoned Arab property in newly conquered Haifa . To put a stop to the out-of-control looting, he ordered that anything that could be used by

6440-430: The risk of disobeying some orders or questioning limitations in the normal course of achieving a mission is sometimes associated with elite units , which sometimes foster a particular type of innovative culture which enables and rewards this behaviour. Mission-type tactics were a central component of German armed forces' military tactics since the 19th century. Mission-type tactics are advocated but not always used by

6532-412: The same battalion attacked a Bedouin camp, Nabahim, near Bureij refugee camp killing 15. Glubb Pasha wrote that the objective of this new strategy seemed to "be merely to kill Arabs indiscriminately". Dayan saw it as an "eye for an eye". He was a close friend of Amos Yarkoni , an Arab officer in the Israel Defense Forces , At the time, the Military Commander commented that " if Moshe Dayan could be

6624-706: The same may be said of Israel . That may offer a clue to the failure of other equally developed armies to adopt this way of exercising command. For example, the British Army in 1987 announced an intention to adopt 'Mission Command', but an internal 2004 British Army review of command and control in the Iraq War in 2003 clearly shows that it had achieved the reverse: British orders were substantially more detailed, and subordinates more constrained than twenty years prior. This may indicate that simply adding "process" does not result in Auftragstaktik . Napoleon had fought

6716-565: The savior of the Maronite population. Then the Israeli army will enter Lebanon, occupy the necessary territory, and create a Christian regime that will ally itself with Israel. The territory from the Litani southward will be totally annexed to Israel, and everything will fall into place. Prime Minister Moshe Sharett, shocked by the officers' indifference to neighbouring Lebanon, turned down the plan as divorced from reality. In July 1953, while on

6808-571: The severe defeat of the Prussians by Napoleon in 1806 in the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt , the Prussian military rethought their military approach and aimed to build a college of military capability, the General Staff , as a systemic counter to the individual genius that had so soundly beaten them. The Prussian Army thus aimed to institutionalize excellence, to build in its structure a flexibility akin to Napoleon's. To enable this flexibility,

6900-402: The situations under which an officer has to act on the basis of his own view of the situation. It would be wrong if he had to wait for orders at times when no orders can be given. But most productive are his actions when he acts within the framework of his senior commander's intent . Under the Auftragstaktik system, the selection of combat formations, as well as their route and rate of advance,

6992-636: The south, where they captured Karatiya , close to Faluja on 15 July. His withdrawal of his troops after only two hours, leaving a company from the Givati Brigade to face an Egyptian counterattack led to Givati Commander Shimon Avidan demanding that Dayan be disciplined. Chief of the General Staff Yigael Yadin instructed the military attorney general to proceed, but the case was dismissed. On 23 July 1948, on David Ben-Gurion 's insistence over General Staff opposition, Dayan

7084-417: The trial of a number of Egyptian Jews, two of whom were executed. Dayan believed in the value of punitive cross-border retaliation raids: We cannot save each water pipe from explosion or each tree from being uprooted. We cannot prevent the murder of workers in orange groves or of families in their beds. But we can put a very high price on their blood, a price so high that it will no longer be worthwhile for

7176-499: The wrong location; delays caused by weather etc.; and, in during battle, successes of the enemy. It is the duty of the commander to do his best to overcome them. Auftragstaktik encourages commanders to exhibit initiative, flexibility and improvisation while in command. Auftragstaktik does not allow a commander to actually disobey orders, but it allows, which may be seen as surprising by some, and even demands for him to consider an order no longer binding if it would not have been given in

7268-405: Was Pinhas Lavon , who became acting MoD in the autumn of 1953. Lavon and Maklef were unable to work together and Maklef resigned. Dayan was immediately appointed CoS on 7 December 1953. This appointment was Ben-Gurion's last act as prime minister before his replacement by acting Prime Minister Moshe Sharett . On taking command, based on Ben-Gurion's three-year defence programme, Dayan carried out

7360-533: Was 10. On 31 August 1955, despite Sharett's opposition, three paratroop companies attacked the British-built Tegart fort in Khan Yunis . Operation Elkayam directives called for "killing as many enemy soldiers as possible". The police station and a number of other buildings were blown-up and 72 Egyptian and Palestinians were killed. Between 1955 and 1956, Dayan and Shimon Peres negotiated

7452-429: Was appointed military commander of Jewish-controlled areas of Jerusalem. In this post, he launched two military offensives. Both were night-time operations and both failed. On 17 August, he sent two companies to attempt to occupy the hillsides around Government House , but they retreated suffering casualties. On the night of 20 October 1948, to coincide with the end of Operation Yoav further south, Operation Wine Press

7544-441: Was based upon a unit's mission, the terrain and the enemy's disposition, something Napoleon was renowned for doing. Building a high level of trust, competency and understanding is crucial for the success of such a doctrine. The freedoms that might imply have challenged many armies' views of military discipline, including that of the Prussian Army. The force flexibility that underlies this command style poses particular challenges once

7636-606: Was blamed for the lack of preparedness; after some time he resigned. In 1977, following the election of Menachem Begin as Prime Minister, Dayan was expelled from the Israeli Labor Party because he joined the Likud -led government as Foreign Minister, playing an important part in negotiating the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel . Moshe Dayan was born on 20 May 1915 in Kibbutz Degania Alef , near

7728-610: Was closely involved with 101. He was one of the main architects of the Qibya massacre , on the night of 14/15 October 1953, in response to the killing of 3 Israeli civilians in the Yehud attack on 12 October. The General Staff order stated "temporarily to conquer the village of Qibya – with the aim of blowing up houses and hitting the inhabitants". The Central Command Operation Instructions were more specific: "carry out destruction and maximum killings." One hundred and thirty IDF soldiers, of whom

7820-456: Was compelled to adopt the black eye patch that became his trademark. Letters from this time revealed that despite losing his left eye and suffering serious injuries to the area where the eye was located, Dayan still pleaded with Wilson to be reenlisted in combat. He also underwent eye surgery in 1947 at a hospital in Paris, which proved to be unsuccessful. In the years immediately following,

7912-571: Was courtmartialed for disobeying an order from his superior, Major-General Zvi Ayalon OC Central Command. A military court found him guilty and briefly demoted him from lieutenant colonel to major. This did not prevent him from attending the armistice negotiations on Rhodes . On 29 June 1949, he was appointed head of all Israeli delegations to the Mixed Armistice Commission meetings. In September 1949, despite being involved in these negotiations, Dayan recommended to Ben-Gurion that

8004-615: Was covering the Vietnam War to observe modern warfare up close after he left political life. Moreover, he was on patrol as an observer with members of the US Marine Corps . Although Dayan did not take part in most of the planning before the Six-Day War of June 1967, he personally oversaw the capture of East Jerusalem during the 5–7 June fighting. During the years following the war, Dayan enjoyed enormous popularity in Israel and

8096-467: Was launched in which a number of Syrian positions on the eastern shore of the Sea of Galilee were destroyed. Forty-eight Syrian soldiers were killed as well as six civilians. The Egyptians did not react. A Cabinet meeting on 15 December 1955 voted against further provocations and ruled that any retaliation attacks must have full Cabinet approval. The raids ceased for six months. There was one exception: On 5 April 1956, following two earlier incidents along

8188-461: Was launched. Its objective was to capture Bethlehem via Beit Jala . Six companies set out but were pinned down by machine-gun fire in the wadi below Beit Jala and were forced to withdraw. Following the 17 September 1948 assassination of Count Folke Bernadotte , it was over 20 hours before he imposed a curfew over Jewish Jerusalem and began arresting members of Lehi , the underground organisation believed to be responsible. One reason for this delay

8280-481: Was the last time the IDF launched a reprisal raid at night. As Israel Defense Forces Chief of the General Staff , Moshe Dayan personally commanded the Israeli forces fighting in the Sinai during the 1956 Suez Crisis . It was during his tenure as Chief of the General Staff that Dayan delivered his famous eulogy of Ro'i Rutenberg , a young Israeli resident of Kibbutz Nahal Oz , killed by Egyptian soldiers who ambushed

8372-605: Was the need to bring loyal troops from Tel Aviv into the city. On 20 October 1948, Dayan commanded the 800-strong Etzioni Brigade during the ill-fated Operation Yeqev , in which the objectives were to join the Harel Brigade in the capture of the mountain range overlooking Beit Jala . The mission was called-off because of misguided navigation, and Ben Gurion 's fear of upsetting the Christian world at Israel's capture of Christian sites. A ceasefire went into effect on

8464-729: Was widely viewed as a potential Prime Minister. At this time, Dayan was the leader of the hawkish camp within the Labor government, opposing a return to anything like Israel's pre-1967 borders. He once said that he preferred Sharm-al-Sheikh (an Egyptian town on the southern edge of the Sinai Peninsula overlooking Israel's shipping lane to the Red Sea via the Gulf of Aqaba ) without peace, to peace without Sharm-al-Sheikh. He modified these views later in his career and played an important role in

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