87-861: The deserts of Australia or the Australian deserts cover about 1,371,000 km (529,000 sq mi), or 18% of the Australian mainland , but about 35% of the Australian continent receives so little rain, it is practically desert . Collectively known as the Great Australian desert , they are primarily distributed throughout the Western Plateau and interior lowlands of the country, covering areas from South West Queensland , Far West region of New South Wales , Sunraysia in Victoria and Spencer Gulf in South Australia to
174-553: A supercontinent known as Gondwana . Antarctica's separation from Australia began roughly 85 million years ago, at a rate of a few millimetres per year. It took over 30 million years (53 million years ago), toward the end of the Palaeocene epoch , for Australia to fully separate from Antarctica and set course for where we see the two continents today. During the last ice-age around 35,000 years ago, sea levels (around Australia) dropped by 120 metres (390 ft), developing
261-588: A Liberal government), a feat that had last been achieved in 2007. This would last until 24 August 2024 Northern Territory general election when Labor lost Northern Territory to the Country Liberal Party (CLP) opposition. Losing its first mainland state/Territory level. The Liberal National opposition have never had this feat (control of the entirety of Mainland Australia at the federal and mainland state levels simultaneously) as of 2024. From 1788 to 1859, Britain established five colonies on
348-507: A continuous stretch of land between what is now Papua New Guinea , Australia and Tasmania . Over the next 6,000 years the ice gradually melted, increasing sea-levels, cutting off Papua New Guinea and Tasmania from mainland Australia. It has been estimated that Australian Aborigines occupied mainland Australia up to 50,000 to 60,000 years ago, well before the last ice-age. Although an exact figure has not been decided on, numerous DNA studies all confirm that Aboriginal Australians are one of
435-472: A high degree of laterite formation. The sandy soil of the lateritic buckshot plains is rich in iron in the Gibson Desert. Several isolated salt-water lakes occur in the centre of the region and to the southwest a system of small lakes follow paleo-drainage features. The desert proper is uninhabitable and the environment remains unmarred, while the greener fringe is used for sheep grazing . Lakes in
522-528: A light frost or two every year, with frost being more prevalent in the Tanami region. Away from the coast winter nights can still be chilly in comparison to the warm days. Minimum winter temperatures dip to 6 °C (43 °F) in most parts of the desert. Tourism is a major industry across the Great Australian desert, and commonwealth and state tourism agencies explicitly target Outback Australia as
609-483: A massive evaporation rate makes up for the higher than normal desert rainfall. Central Australia is arid, with the driest areas averaging 150 mm (5.91 in) of rainfall each year. Thunderstorms are relatively common in the region, with an annual average of 15 to 20 thunderstorms. Summer daytime temperatures range from 32 to 50 °C (90 to 122 °F); winter maximum temperatures average between 18 and 23 °C (64 and 73 °F), though will be more warmer in
696-521: A population of fewer than 100 people. The Royal Flying Doctor Service (RFDS) started service in 1928 and helps people who live in the outback of Australia. In former times, serious injuries or illnesses often meant death due to the lack of proper medical facilities and trained personnel. Young Indigenous adults from the Gibson Desert region work in the Wilurarra Creative programs to maintain and develop their culture. Indigenous Australians in
783-494: A sought after destination for domestic and international travelers. Tourism Australia explicitly markets nature-based and Indigenous-led experiences to tourists. In the 2015–2016 financial year, 815,000 visitors spent $ 988 million while on holidays in the Northern Territory alone. At Katjarra , there are two camping spots, with shed tanks and long-drop toilets , and Indigenous rangers are available to show tourists
870-725: A trend of SSE-NNW and continue parallel for great distances. Areas of the formerly desert outback, deserts such as the Simpson Desert from west to east or mountainous regions such as the Arckaringa Hills are characterized by ocean landscapes of charred rocks, called gibberss . As noted by early Australian explorers such as Ernest Giles large portions of the desert are characterized by gravel-covered terrains covered in thin desert grasses and it also contains extensive areas of undulating red sand plains and dunefields, low rocky/gravelly ridges and substantial upland portions with
957-660: Is among the least modified in the world. The Australian desert has the largest population of feral camels in the world. The area's geology spans a geological time period of over 3.8 billion years, therefore featuring some of the oldest rocks on earth. There are three main cratonic shields of recognised Archaean age within the Australian landmass: The Yilgarn , the Pilbara and the Gawler cratons. Several other Archaean-Proterozoic orogenic belts exist, usually sandwiched around
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#17327804672021044-497: Is concentric and sparse, whereas there is higher intensity rainfall toward the mainland's tropics and coastal areas. Australia lies on the middle of the Indo-Australian tectonic plate and as a result is not influenced by any severe tectonic activity . Over millions of years, the shifting of these tectonic plates has seen the Australian mainland undergo many physical changes. Mountain ranges and seas have come and gone, and
1131-580: Is considerable. Major mines and mining areas in the Outback include opals at Coober Pedy , Lightning Ridge and White Cliffs , metals at Broken Hill , Tennant Creek , Olympic Dam and the remote Challenger Mine . Oil and gas are extracted in the Cooper Basin around Moomba . The Tanami Desert features The Granites gold mine and Coyote Gold Mine . In Western Australia the Argyle diamond mine in
1218-898: Is exposed in the rocks of the Bangemall Basin, Gascoyne Complex granite - gneisses and the Glengarry, Yerrida and Padbury basins. Unknown Proterozoic orogenic belts, possibly similar to the Albany Complex in southern Western Australia and the Musgrave Block , represent the Proterozoic link between the Yilgarn and Gawler cratons, covered by the Proterozoic-Palaeozoic Officer and Amadeus basins . Indigenous Australians have lived in
1305-533: Is formed by the Tanami, Greater Sands, Lesser Sands, Gibson and Greater Victoria Sands in western Australia and a smaller one by the Simpson, Sturt, Strzelecki and Tirari Deserts in the east. Spatially isolated between Great Victoria Sand and Simpson lies the small Pedirka Desert, which spreads out over the geological Pedirka Sedimentary Basin. The Small Sandy Desert connects to the Great Sandy Desert and
1392-487: Is host to some of the world's largest open-cut and underground mines. Across the mainland states (besides the ACT), there are over 350 operating mines, producing 19 useful rocks and minerals . These mines allow Australia to be one of the world's largest producers of iron ore , coal , bauxite (aluminium ore), manganese , nickel , copper , gold , silver , cobalt , lead , copper , uranium , opal and diamond . Some of
1479-466: Is mostly determined by the hot, sinking air of the subtropical high-pressure belt (i.e. Australian High ). Dry conditions are associated with an El Niño–Southern Oscillation in Australia. Vegetation in arid areas is primarily dependent upon soil type. The average annual rainfall in the Australian desert ranges from 81 to 250 mm (3.2 to 9.8 in), which would make it a semi-arid climate . But
1566-532: Is observed through the states and territories of mainland Australia representing 146 of the 151 members in Parliament . The 25 March 2023 New South Wales state election marked the second time in history that the Australian Labor Party gained control of the entirety of Mainland Australia at the federal and mainland state levels simultaneously (leaving Tasmania as the only state with
1653-467: Is relied on for mail delivery in some areas, owing to sparse settlement and wet-season road closures. Most outback mines have an airstrip and many have a fly-in fly-out workforce. Roads in the desert include: Although the desert covers about three-quarters of the continent, it only supports around 800,000 residents – less than 5% of the Australian population. In addition, there are approximately 1,200 small Indigenous communities, of which almost half have
1740-486: Is similar in terms of landscape and vegetation. The Western Desert , which describes a cultural region of Australia's indigenous people, includes the Gibson, Great Victoria, Great Sand and Small Sand deserts in the states of Northern Territory, South Australia and Western Australia. Most of the inhabitants of the area are Indigenous Australians . There are other areas in Australia designated as desert that are not related to
1827-617: The Aru Islands , New Guinea , Tasmania , and other Australian offshore islands . The landmass also constitutes the mainland of the territory governed by the Commonwealth of Australia , and the term, along with continental Australia , can be used in a geographic sense to exclude surrounding continental islands and external territories . Generally, the term is applied to the states of New South Wales , Queensland , South Australia , Victoria , and Western Australia , as well as
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#17327804672021914-642: The Astrebla genus ranges from 150 to 500 mm (6 to 19.5 in). Trees cannot take root on the heavy clay soils, and they are riddled with bushfires. Spinifex or hummock semi-desert grows spiny- headed grasses ( Spinifex ) in clumps, next to free areas as green Triodia pungens and blue-grey Triodia basedowii . Zygochloa dominates on the sand dunes of the Simpson, Strzelecki and Tirari deserts. In large areas of desert, semi-desert grasslands with mulga bushes ( Acacia aneura ) predominate. Semi-desert savannas with low-growing acacia species cover large areas in
2001-601: The Australian Capital Territory , Jervis Bay Territory , and Northern Territory . The term is typically used when referring to the relationship between Tasmania and the other Australian states, in that people not from Tasmania are referred to as mainlanders. Tasmania has been omitted on a number of occasions from maps of Australia, reinforcing the divide between Tasmania and the mainland. The 1982 Commonwealth Games in Brisbane left Tasmania off
2088-722: The Barkly Tableland in Northern Territory and the Kimberley region in Western Australia . By international standards, the Great Australian desert receives relatively high rates of rainfall, around 250 mm (9.84 in) on average, but due to the high evapotranspiration it would be correspondingly arid. No Australian weather stations situated in an arid region record less than 100 mm (3.94 in) of average annual rainfall. The deserts in
2175-709: The Eastern Highlands (including the Great Dividing Range ) cover almost 10% of the mainland. Incorporating several mountain ranges which extend 3,700 km (2,300 mi) the Highlands run parallel to the east coast of the mainland; covering Queensland, New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory and Victoria. The highlands were formed around 80 million years ago, and are some of the oldest and most prominent in
2262-636: The Gibson Desert . Much of the Western Plateau receives minimal rainfall and thus appears red in colour. Conversely, the Northern Plateau experiences heavy rainfall throughout the wet season (November to April), due to its more tropical location compared to the Western Plateau. Australia's separation from the other continents resulted in a long period of uplift , erosion and thick terrigenous deposition in rift valleys . It
2349-590: The Great Sandy Desert was Peter Egerton Warburton . He arrived on the Western Australian coast badly exhausted and blind in one eye. He owed his survival to Charley, an Aboriginal tracker. The British explorer Ernest Giles , who crossed the desert in 1875, gave it the name Great Victoria Desert . It is dedicated to Queen Victoria . From 1858 onwards, the so-called "Afghan" cameleers and their beasts played an instrumental role in opening up
2436-560: The Kimberley is the world's biggest producer of natural diamonds and contributes approximately one-third of the world's natural supply. The Pilbara region's economy is dominated by mining and petroleum industries. Most of Australia's iron ore is also mined in the Pilbara and it also has one of the world's major manganese mines. The outback is reticulated by historic tracks with excellent bitumen surface and well-maintained dirt roads. The Stuart Highway runs from north to south through
2523-654: The Northern Territory and parts of South Australia . Over one-third of the mainland, the Plateaus are made of one stable block of igneous and metamorphic rock which is up to 3.6 billion years old. Despite this, the Plateau is a huge area of tablelands, averaging 500m above sea level in some parts. It is home to Uluru , Kata Tjuta , the Finke River , the Victorian Desert , the Great Sandy Desert and
2610-594: The Northern Territory . The isolated desert areas remained undeveloped for a long time. For example, the Spinifex people first had contact with whites in the 1950s, when they were expelled from their tribal lands because of nuclear weapons testing (1950–1963) by the British and Australian governments. The Pintupi Nine , a group of nine Aboriginal people of the Pintupi tribe, lived a nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle in
2697-607: The Nullarbor Plain . The Dieri tribe lives in a large area of the Simpson, Strzelecki and Tirari deserts. The rock art and archaeological site at Karnatukul was, until recently, estimated to have been inhabited for up to 25,000 years, and known as the site of the oldest continuous recorded occupation in the Western Desert cultural region . Karnakatul shows one of the earliest uses of firewood, and habitation continued through times of extreme climate change , when
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2784-600: The Pama–Nyungan language family. Ethnic groups include the Kartudjara , Warumungu people , Pitjantjatjara , Panyjima people , Kuyani , Yankunytjatjara , Kunapa , Manjiljarra , Ayerrereng , Yuruwinga , Yulparija and the Maduwongga . Popular movies set or filmed in the Australian desert include: Mainland Australia Mainland Australia is the main landmass of the Australian continent , excluding
2871-654: The Simpson Desert . Before that, the great Australian explorers Charles Sturt and David Lindsay had failed. While the early explorers used horses to cross the Outback, the first woman to make the journey riding a horse was Anna Hingley , who rode from Broome to Cairns in 2006. The nuclear weapons trials carried out by the United Kingdom at Maralinga and Emu Field in the 1950s and early 1960s have left areas contaminated with plutonium-239 and other radioactive material. A large contiguous desert area
2958-941: The Western Desert cultural bloc , such as the Wati languages , the Panyjima language , Wangkatha , Noongar language , the Yankunytjatjara dialect and the Pitjantjatjara dialect . There is also the Adnyamathanha language in South Australia. Other (extant) language clusters include the Kalkatungic languages , Ngarna languages Arandic languages , Ngumpin–Yapa languages , Warumungu languages , Ngayarda languages , Kanyara-Mantharta languages and Thura-Yura languages . Most of these languages belong in
3045-409: The black-flanked rock-wallaby , marsupial moles , rufous hare-wallabies , yellow-footed rock wallaby , western grey kangaroos , and red kangaroos . Some of the bird-life found within the desert include the rare Alexandra's parrot , wedge-tailed eagles , Australian bustard , the mulga parrot , the scarlet-chested parrot and the chestnut-breasted whiteface ( Aphelocephala pectoralis ) found on
3132-456: The crest-tailed mulgara (Dasycercus cristicauda) . One way to survive here is to burrow into the sands, as a number of the desert's animals, including the southern marsupial mole (Notoryctes typhlops) , and the water-holding frog do. Reptiles live in large numbers in the deserts, for example the woma python , thorny devil , bearded dragon , monitor lizard , frilled dragon and geckos . Frog species that have adapted to drought, such as
3219-641: The desertification occurred as the polar ice sheets expanded. The oldest examples of rock art, in Western Australia's Pilbara region and the Olary district of South Australia , are estimated to be up to around 40,000 years old. The oldest firmly dated evidence of rock art painting in Australia is a charcoal drawing on a small rock fragment found during the excavation of the Narwala Gabarnmang rock shelter in south-western Arnhem Land in
3306-459: The sand goanna (Varanus gouldii) . Many introduced species have affected the fauna and flora of Australia's desert regions. The Australian feral camel affects native vegetation, partly because Australian desert vegetation evolved without any major herbivores present. Uncontrolled access to more sensitive areas by four-wheel-drive vehicles is also an issue. Feral cats have reduced the populations of bilbies and mulgara . Australia's climate
3393-583: The 17th and 18th century, progressively mapping what we now know to be as (mainland) Australia. The most famous and well documented expedition of Australia occurred 164 years after Janszoon's journey, through British navigator and explorer James Cook . He documented the first interaction of the Eastern Australian coastline, and on 23 April 1770, Cook made the first recorded observation of Indigenous Australians at nowadays Brush Island . This journey, coupled with numerous other reports, ultimately led
3480-423: The Australian coastal regions. The most common creatures in Australia's arid regions are insects, such as termites and ants, which are of great importance to the ecology. Animals in the desert include feral camels , dingoes , goannas (including the large perentie ) and numerous species of lizards and birds. Mammals include bilbies , mulgara , common brushtail possum , rufous hare-wallaby , burrowing bettong ,
3567-691: The Australian deserts mentioned above. On Kangaroo Island off the coast of South Australia is an area of two square kilometres (0.77 sq mi) called the Little Sahara , a formation of several sand dunes on its south coast. In Victoria, about 375 km (235 mi) west of Melbourne, there is still the Little Desert National Park . The Painted Desert is 121 kilometres (75 mi) northwest of Coober Pedy in South Australia. The almost treeless Nullarbor Plain in southern Australia, made of limestone , are also known as
Deserts of Australia - Misplaced Pages Continue
3654-638: The Australian mainland was by Willem Janszoon in 1606, as he sailed around Australia's north coast arriving in present-day Cape York, Queensland . These explorations led way to the term ' Terra Australis ', Latin for South Land, which was hypothesised on the notion there must be land in the Southern Hemisphere to balance the land mass in the Northern Hemisphere . This encounter led several other Dutch , Spanish , Portuguese and British journeyings to Terra Australis throughout
3741-500: The Australian mainland, and one in Tasmania . All six colonies were constitutionally connected to Britain , each with their own parliament and courts , with their respective laws subject to the laws of British Parliament . These colonies formed the six states of Australia; New South Wales , Victoria , Western Australia , South Australia (included the Northern Territory at this time), Queensland and Tasmania . In 1901,
3828-662: The Australian mainland, the Central Lowlands (and Deserts) are low-lying with an average height of under 200 metres (660 ft) above sea level. It is home to the Sturt and Simpson deserts and closer to Central Australia lie some desert mountain ranges ( MacDonnell and Musgrave ). The Central Lowlands incorporates three primary drainage basins : in the North, the Carpentaria Lowlands , Lake Eyre toward
3915-411: The British to establish a penal colony in Australia, firstly at Botany Bay . The Australian mainland's geology and climate is one of its defining features. Despite being surrounded by ocean, approximately 20% of the Australian mainland is classified as desert . This is due to the extremely variable rain patterns across the mainland. Toward the barren centre of the mainland, the rainfall pattern
4002-598: The Desert Trilling Frog ( Neobatrachus centralis ) and the Desert Tree Frog ( Litoria rubella ), can also occur. The most numerous species of lizards in the world can be found in the Australian desert, there are over 40 species of them there. In addition to fish, the few permanent freshwater holes are also home to mussels, crustaceans and insects. 34 species of fish occur in Lake Eyre and others at
4089-488: The Gibson Desert until October 1984, when they first encountered whites as they left the desert. Both discoveries were sensations at the time. Large parts of the Australian desert areas are part of the Desert Cultural Area. Important cultural sites include Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa . Aboriginal Australians of the desert produced many important artists, one of the first and most famous being Albert Namatjira , who
4176-503: The Great Australian Desert is diverse, where it consists of semi-desert grassy or mountainous landscapes, xeric shrubs , salt pans , gibber (stony) deserts, red sand dunes , sandstone mesas , rocky plains, open tree savannahs and bushland with a few rivers and salt lakes , which are mostly seasonally dry and often have no outflow in the east. The 3 million km (1.2 million sq mi) desert
4263-522: The Nullarbor Desert. There are four known types of terrestrial deserts: Australian deserts generally meet the first three criteria, although some coastal desert areas exist in Western Australia. The great ocean circulation in the south of the continent and the cold sea currents in the southern zone play the fourth crucial role, indirectly at the origin of the long periods of continental drought by imposing high atmospheric pressures. As for
4350-452: The Outback and helping to build infrastructure. The Sturt Stony Desert was named by Charles Sturt in 1844, while he was trying to find the inland sea which he believed lay at the centre of Australia. In 1866 Peter Egerton Warburton 's expedition reached the Tirari desert from the west. The Overland Telegraph line was constructed in the 1870s along the route identified by Stuart. In 1865
4437-510: The area is covered by hummock grasslands ( Triodia spp.), with a few eucalypts , acacias , grevilleas , and bloodwoods ( Corymbia chippendalei and Corymbia opaca ) are found on sand hills. The vegetation of the dunefields of the Tirari Desert is dominated by either Sandhill Wattle ( Acacia ligulata ) or Sandhill Cane-grass ( Zygochloa paradoxa ) which occur on the crests and slopes of dunes. Tall, open shrubland also occurs on
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#17327804672024524-563: The artesian springs (e.g. at Dalhousie Springs in South Australia). Over 40 species of frogs have been observed after heavy rains. The Dingo Fence was built to restrict movements of dingoes and wild dogs into agricultural areas towards the south east of the continent. Predators of the desert include the dingo (as the desert is north of the Dingo Fence ) and two large monitor lizards, the perentie (Varanus giganteus) and
4611-532: The centre and the Murray-Darling Basin down South. The lowest point on the mainland is found in this division at Lake Eyre, at 50m below sea level. Approximately 144 to 65 million years ago ( Cretaceous period), there lay a great inland sea, stretching over one quarter of the mainland. The evaporation of this ocean left behind what we now know as the Western Plateau. The Western and Northern Plateaus incorporate nearly all Western Australia and
4698-594: The centre of the continent, roughly paralleled by the Tarcoola-Darwin railway line . There is a proposal to develop some of the roads running from the south-west to the north-east to create an all-weather road named the Outback Highway , crossing the continent diagonally from Laverton, Western Australia (north of Kalgoorlie ), through the Northern Territory to Winton , in Queensland. Air transport
4785-409: The desert areas for thousands of years. They subsisted on the local flora and fauna, now known as bush food , and made sure that their sources of drinking water remained intact. The nomads moved in clearly demarcated tribal areas. For example, important tribes living in the desert areas include the Arrernte , Luritja and Pitjantjatjara . The latter tribe's sphere of influence extended from Uluṟu to
4872-445: The desert for at least 50,000 years and occupied all Outback regions, including the driest deserts, when Europeans first entered central Australia in the 1800s. Many Indigenous Australians retain strong physical and cultural links to their traditional country and are legally recognised as the traditional owners of large parts of the Outback under Commonwealth Native Title legislation. Aboriginal tribes and clans have been nomadic in
4959-411: The desert regions include the Kogara, the Mirning and the Pitjantjatjara . Aboriginal populations have been increasing in this region. Inhabited areas within the Great Australian desert include many towns and as well as some cities, such as: The Aboriginal languages with the most speakers today in the desert include Upper Arrernte , Walmajarri , Warlpiri , and the Western Desert languages within
5046-486: The eastern edge of the Great Victoria Desert and the malleefowl of Mamungari Conservation Park . About 103 species of mammals lived there at the time of European colonization, of which 19 are extinct, such as the desert bandicoot ( Perameles eremiana ), the numbat ( Myrmecobius fasciatus ) and the long-tailed bouncy mouse ( Notomys longicaudatus ). The main survivors are small rodents, insectivorous bats, marsupials , kangaroos and wallabies. A major threat to vegetation are
5133-497: The eastern end of the arid zone is the so-called Witchetty Bush. This area is home to the endemic species of acacia, Acacia kempeana , which feeds the wood borer larva, the witchetty maggot, up to three inches in size. It is high in protein and was an important part of the Aboriginal diet. Eucalyptus woodland thrives along the dry riverbeds. Grasses grow on the soil under the eucalypts. Chenopodiaceae shrubs, which usually do not exceed 1.5 m (5 ft) in height, are found in
5220-441: The edges of these major cratonic shields. The history of the Archaean cratons is extremely complex and protracted. The cratons appear to have been accumulated to form the greater Australian landmass in the late Archaean to meso- Proterozoic , (~2400 Ma to 1,600 Ma). Chiefly the Capricorn Orogeny is partly responsible for the assembly of the West Australian landmass by connecting the Yilgarn and Pilbara cratons. The Capricorn Orogeny
5307-412: The fifth hypothesis of cold or frozen deserts, as absurd as this assertion may appear in present-day Australia, they existed several million years ago. Geomorphologists thus explain a number of spectacular rock formations, from the Mount Olga or Uluru to the over-deepened wave of the wind rocks, by involving a thaw of (peri)glacial formations followed by wind action over a long period. The sand ridges have
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#17327804672025394-399: The forces of weathering and erosion have formed much of the mainlands current topography . These physical changes developed four primary landform divisions spread throughout the mainland states and territories; the Coastal Plains, the Eastern and Southern highlands , the Central Lowlands (and Deserts) and the Western and Northern Plateaus (and Basins). Along the Eastern seaboard of
5481-428: The free-roaming camels in the desert. Over 300 species of birds live in the desert areas, including emus , ratites , parrots, cockatoos, owls and raptors. The desert includes many types of lizards, including the vulnerable great desert skink ( Egernia kintorei ), the Central Ranges taipan (discovered in 2007), and a number of small marsupials, including the endangered sandhill dunnart (Sminthopsis psammophila) and
5568-446: The interior and south lack any significant summer rains. The desert in western Australia is well explained by the little evaporation of the cold sea current of the West Australian Current , of polar origin, which prevents significant rainfall in the interior of the continent . About 40% of Australia is covered by dunes. Australia is the driest inhabited continent, with the least fertile soils . In addition to being mostly uninhabited,
5655-600: The largest mines on the Australian mainland are listed below: Gold Lead Uranium Gold Silver Copper Underground The Australian mainland's various geology and climate, has led to the increased utilisation of renewable energy ( solar , wind and hydro ) over recent decades. In 2021, approximately 28.9% of the mainland's total electricity generation was from renewable energy sources with South Australia at 66.5% renewable energy generation, Victoria at 33.4%, Western Australia at 31.5%, New South Wales at 26.0% and Queensland at 19.6%. The majority of this renewable energy
5742-435: The mainland are the Coastal Plains; a narrow strip of land along the East coast of Australia from Queensland to Victoria . This division is host to some of the mainland's major cities, namely, Brisbane , Sydney and Melbourne , due to its hospitable conditions. Some sources refer to the Coastal Plains as the entire coastline of the mainland, outspreading beyond the East Coast. Approximately 100 km (62 mi) inland,
5829-428: The map of Australia during the opening ceremony, as did the designs of the Australian Swim Team uniform for the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow . The land mass covers 7,591,608 km (2,931,136 sq mi), about 98.7% of the area of the country of Australia and 1.5% of Earth 's surface. It is sometimes described as an island, in which case it would be the largest island by area –more than three times
5916-400: The name on his second expedition to this desert region, which ended in 1900. "Tanami" was the original Aboriginal name for two rock caves with clear drinking water. The Simpson Desert got its name from Allen Simpson , a geographer who ventured into this desert in 1845. The name was suggested by explorer and geologist Cecil Madigan . In 1936, Edmund Colson became the first white man to cross
6003-420: The north. Extensive areas are covered by longitudinal dunes . The northwestern region of the desert is one which gives rise to the heat lows which help drive the NW monsoon . There, almost all rain comes from monsoon thunderstorms or the occasional tropical cyclone rain depression. Frost does not occur in most of the area in the far north. The regions bordering the Gibson Desert in the far southeast may record
6090-560: The official capital of Australia, and Parliament would sit in Melbourne until the city (now Canberra ) was built. In 1909, this compromise was agreed upon and was finally legislated in 1911. On 12 March 1913, Canberra was officially named as the capital of Australia. In 1915, Jervis Bay territory was added to the Australian Capital Territory to ensure the Commonwealth had a seaport . 27°S 133°E / 27°S 133°E / -27; 133 Traditional owners Too Many Requests If you report this error to
6177-466: The oldest living populations in the world outside of Africa . Prior to the arrival of Europeans on the Australian mainland in the late 18th century, over 500 different clan groups (nations) each with unique cultures, beliefs and languages inhabited territories on the mainland. Currently, Indigenous people living on the mainland make up 2.4% of the total Australian population, encompassing over 250 language groups. The first documented encounter of
6264-436: The part of the range that is open to the public. Riversleigh , in Queensland, is one of Australia's most renowned fossil sites and was recorded as a World Heritage site in 1994. The 100 km (39 sq mi) area contains fossil remains of ancient mammals, birds and reptiles of Oligocene and Miocene age. There are several popular tourist attractions in the desert, which include: Other than agriculture and tourism,
6351-535: The primary economic activity in the vast and sparsely settled desert is mining. Owing to the almost complete absence of mountain building and glaciation since the Permian (in many areas since the Cambrian ) ages, the outback is extremely rich in iron, aluminum, manganese and uranium ores, and also contains major deposits of gold, nickel, copper, lead and zinc ores. Because of its size, the value of grazing and mining
6438-495: The regions (most of which are dried up saline lakes ), include: Rivers and creeks, which are sparse and generally ephemeral , in the Australian desert include: Two types of semi-desert, referred to as " grassland " in Australia, occur in the Australian deserts: Tussock – or Mitchell grasslands are found in the desert areas of the Northern Territory, South Australia and western Queensland. The annual precipitation that falls on these marl and alluvial soils covered with grasses of
6525-566: The six states were united as the Commonwealth of Australia , under a new federal constitution . In 1911, the Northern Territory was transferred from South Australia to the Commonwealth and formed a territory . After Federation in 1901, it was always assumed the Australian capital would be on the mainland . However, the location of the capital sparked years of negotiating between politicians in New South Wales and Victoria,
6612-520: The size of Greenland . Its population is about 25.9 million, 98% of Australia's total population. Mainland Australia has a variety of climatic regions, ranging from tropical rainforests and deserts to cool temperature rainforests to snow-covered mountains. It is in these mainland regions that much of Australia's native flora and fauna can be found. Early in the Cretaceous period, 130 million years ago, Australia (and Antarctica ) separated from
6699-638: The slopes. In drier areas, species including Old Man Saltbush ( Atriplex nummularia ), Cottonbush ( Maireana aphylla ) and Queensland Bluebush ( Chenopodium auricomum ) form a sparse, open shrubland, whereas swamps and depressions are frequently associated with Swamp Cane-grass ( Eragrostis australasica ) and Lignum ( Muehlenbeckia florulenta ). The intermittent watercourses and permanent waterholes associated with tributaries of Cooper Creek support woodland dominated by River Red Gum ( Eucalyptus camaldulensis ) and Coolibah ( Eucalyptus coolabah ). Numerous salt lakes form after heavy rainfall and at times fill
6786-565: The south of the arid zone, where 200 to 500 mm of precipitation falls in winter and summer. The acacia species, called mulga, grow on the plains, mountain slopes and hills of the deserts. In connection with the bushfires , which are mainly ignited by the spinifex grasses, the non-resistant mulga bushes burn, which then no longer grow back. There is evidence that Aboriginal people did not start bushfires in mulga landscapes. The desert areas covered by mulga are also threatened by deforestation , extensive livestock farming and fuel wood production. At
6873-516: The southern desert areas. They are salt plants that grow on both dry and saline soils. In the deserts there are permanent or percolating patches of freshwater formed in rocky areas or in sandstone canyons. Bluebush and saltbush species grow in heavier soils. Between the sand ridges, the areas of wooded steppe consist of Eucalyptus gongylocarpa , Eucalyptus youngiana , and Acacia aneura (mulga) shrubs scattered over areas of resilient spinifex grasses, particularly Triodia basedowii . Most of
6960-415: The surveyor George Goyder , using changes in vegetation patterns, mapped a line in South Australia , north of which he considered rainfall to be too unreliable to support agriculture. British explorer Ernest Giles named the Gibson Desert in memory of Alfred Gibson , who went missing during an 1873–74 expedition. The Tanami Desert was named by explorer and prospector Allan Davidson . He only assigned
7047-559: The two most prominent states, who each wanted their capital, Sydney and Melbourne respectively, to become the new country's capital. After years of debate to no avail, the two states decided on a compromise that met the requirements of the Australian Constitution . A separate territory (the Australian Capital Territory ) was to be established on land given by New South Wales, however it must be at least 100 miles (160 km) from Sydney. This territory would contain
7134-401: The underlying salt flats. The salt lakes occupy relatively small areas in the desert areas. For example, a major salt lake is Lake Eyre , which spans areas of the Gibson and Tirari deserts and fills up completely and then dries up about once every 25 years. Seventeen headwaters have formed in the deserts as a result of the subsurface Great Artesian Basin , one of the largest freshwater basins in
7221-425: The world. The water coming out of the springs is rich in minerals. The springs partially form the habitat of endemic fish and the spring area is overgrown with rare plants. Numerous springs have dried up due to extensive agricultural use in the last 100 years. Threats to biodiversity include wildfires , feral animals , weeds, and uncontrolled grazing. Significantly fewer animals live in the Australian deserts than in
7308-529: The world. This area is very rugged and primarily consists of a series of tablelands and plateaus. The highlands are much more prominent toward the south east of the mainland and form the Southern Highlands, which are located across (south) New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory and Victoria. These Southern highlands experience snowfall for more than half the year during the winter due to their higher altitude. Occupying approximately 25% of
7395-540: Was born in Hermannsburg in the Great Sandy Desert . About a third of Australia's deserts are now Aboriginal lands. A very large part of it is managed by them as a nature reserve. A number of tribes have land use rights for almost all other desert regions. Today, numerous Aboriginal peoples live in settlements in the deserts. The Strzelecki Desert was named in 1845 by explorer Charles Sturt after Polish explorer Paul Edmund Strzelecki . The first European to cross
7482-405: Was generated through wind and solar , proportionally contributing 35.9% and 38.3% respectively. Australian political decisions are typically deliberated and enacted within the limits of homeland (mainland Australia) soil. Despite Tasmania being one of Australia's six British establishment colonies , Tasmania has often been looked over due to the state's small size and general isolation. This
7569-433: Was these processes which over millions of years has led to the accumulation of Australia's main known mineral , oil and gas resources. Most of Australia's oil and gas exploration occurs off the mainland. However, on the mainland, the abundance of minerals (and thus metals ) has formed the basis of Australia's dependence on mining ; exporting much of these natural occurring resources overseas. The Australian mainland
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