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53-487: AvoDerm is a line of natural dog and cat food manufactured by Breeder's Choice Inc. of Irwindale , California . The company was founded by Harold Taylor in 1947. The AvoDerm brand was introduced in 1982 as a specialist diet for dogs with skin and coat concerns. Avocado meal is included in eight of the brand's formulas to capitalize on its high quantities of vitamins A , E and C , as well as folate , potassium , niacin and fatty acids . Cheapism recommends

106-509: A 1985 article in The New York Times , tallow was also used for frying at Burger King , Wendy's , Hardee's , Arby's , Dairy Queen , Popeyes , and Bob's Big Boy . Tallow is, however, making a comeback in certain nutrition circles. Greaves (also graves ) or cracklings is the fibrous matter remaining from rendering, typically pressed into cakes and used for animal feed , especially for dogs and hogs, or as fish bait . In

159-474: A U.S. Air Force C-17 Globemaster III flew using JP-8 conventional jet fuel in three of its engines and a 50/50 blend of JP-8 and HRJ biofuel made from beef tallow in one engine on August 23, followed by a flight with the same 50/50 blend in all four engines on August 24. On August 27, it flew using a blend of 50% JP-8, 25% HRJ, and 25% coal -based fuel made through the Fischer–Tropsch process , becoming

212-429: A natural diet criticize the use of such ingredients, and point out that regulations allow for packaging that might lead a consumer to believe that they are buying natural food, when, in reality, the food might be composed mostly of ingredients such as those listed above. More expensive dog foods may be made of ingredients suitable for organic products or free range meats. Lamb meal is a popular ingredient. According to

265-830: A nutrient profile or by passing a feeding trial. The Dog Food Nutrient Profiles were last updated in 2016 by the AAFCO's Canine Nutrition Expert Subcommittee. Critics argue that due to the limitations of the trial and the gaps in knowledge within animal nutrition science, the term "complete and balanced" is inaccurate and even deceptive. An AAFCO panel expert has stated that "although the AAFCO profiles are better than nothing, they provide false securities." Certain manufacturers label their products with terms such as "premium", "ultra premium", "natural", and "holistic". Such terms currently have no legal definitions and are not regulated. There are also varieties of dog food labeled as "human-grade food." Although no official definition of this term exists,

318-439: A similar dry food on a dry matter basis (a measure which ignores moisture); given the canned food's high moisture content. A larger amount of canned food must be fed in order to meet the dog's required needs. Grain gluten and other protein gels may be used in wet dog food to create artificial meaty chunks, which look like real meat. This food is usually used for old dogs or puppies. After ingredients are combined, they are placed in

371-425: A solid or soft-sided container. Wet food contains roughly 60-78% water, which is significantly higher in moisture than dry or semi-moist food. Canned food is commercially sterile (cooked during canning); other wet foods may not be sterile. Sterilizing is done through the process of retorting, which involves steam sterilization at 121 degrees Celsius. A given wet food will often be higher in protein or fat compared to

424-504: A strip of burning cloth in a saucer of tallow grease—was an accessible substitute. Such a candle was often simply called a "dip" or, because of its low cost, a "farthing dip" or "penny dip". Early in the development of steam-driven piston engines, the hot vapors and liquids washed away most lubricants very quickly. It was soon found that tallow was quite resistant to this washing. Tallow and compounds including tallow were widely used to lubricate locomotive and steamship engines at least until

477-410: A tank at the end of a canning machine. From there, the mixture is forced through an opening and onto a metal sheet, forming a thickness of 8 to 12mm. Next, the mixture is heated to thoroughly cook the ingredients. Heating can be done through the means of ovens, microwaves or steam heating. The sheet containing a layer of feed is passed through the heat source that displays heat to the top and bottom of

530-495: A vacuum package. This type of dog food is extremely vulnerable to spoiling if not kept at a cool temperature and has a shelf life of 2–4 months, unopened. Dehydrated or freeze-dried meals come in raw and cooked forms. Products are usually air-dried or frozen, then dehydrated (freeze-dried) to reduce moisture to the level where bacterial growths are inhibited. The appearance is very similar to dry dog pellets. The typical feeding methods include adding warm water before serving. There

583-414: A variable mixture of sodium salts of fatty acids , such as oleic and palmitic . Tallow is 100% fat , mainly of monounsaturated fats (52%) and saturated fats (42%), and contains no water, protein or carbohydrates (table). The fatty acid content of tallow is: Tallow is used mainly in producing soap and animal feed. A significant use of tallow is for the production of shortening . It

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636-483: Is also one of the main ingredients of the Native American food pemmican . With a smoke point of 480 °F (249 °C), tallow is traditionally used in deep frying and was preferred for this use until the rise in popularity of plant oils for frying. Before switching to pure vegetable oil in 1990, McDonald's cooked its French fries in a mixture of 93% beef tallow and 7% cottonseed oil . According to

689-564: Is appropriate for their dog's nutritional needs. In the United States alone, the dog food market was expected to reach $ 23.3 billion by 2022. Prior to being domesticated, dogs, being canines , fended for themselves and survived on a carnivorous diet. After adapting them for protection, work, and companionship, people began to care at least in part for their nutritional needs. The historic record of this changing approach dates back at least 2,000 years. In 37 BCE, Virgil talks about

742-484: Is as a lubricant for certain types of light engineering work, such as cutting threads on electrical conduit. Specialist cutting compounds are available, but tallow is a traditional lubricant that is easily available for cheap and infrequent use. The use of tallow or lard to lubricate rifles was the spark that started the Indian Mutiny of 1857 . To load the new Pattern 1853 Enfield Rifle , the sepoys had to bite

795-414: Is called cracklings , greaves, or graves. It has been used mostly for animal food , such as dog food . In the soap industry and among soap-making hobbyists , the name tallowate is used informally to refer to soaps made from tallow. Sodium tallowate , for example, is obtained by reacting tallow with sodium hydroxide (lye, caustic soda) or sodium carbonate (washing soda). It consists chiefly of

848-419: Is cost effective. To make dog kibble, a process known as extrusion is done. A simple extruder consists of a barrel, helical screws, and a die (tool to cut and shape food). Feed ingredients are solid at room temperature; therefore, the extrusion process of these ingredients requires a temperature above 150 degrees Celsius, achieved by the use of steam, hot water, or other heat sources in order to soften or melt

901-569: Is made with ingredients that are inspected, approved, and certified by the USDA for human consumption, but formulated for pets. Part of this growing trend is the commercialization of home-made dog food for pet owners who want the same quality, but do not have the time or expertise to make it themselves. The advantage is forgoing the processing stage that traditional dog food undergoes. This causes less destruction of its nutritional integrity. The practice of feeding raw diets has raised some concerns due to

954-404: Is plentiful in most whole meats, whether raw or cooked, but is reduced in extruded diets. Taurine deficiency could also be due to the use of rendered, highly processed meat sources that are low in taurine. Regardless of the cause, taurine is now artificially supplemented back into the diet after processing in the production of most commercial pet food. Wet or canned dog food usually is packaged in

1007-679: Is some concern of nutrients, such as vitamins, being lost during the dehydration process. Specialty small batches sold through specialty or online stores generally consist of some form of cooked meat, ground bone, pureed vegetables, taurine supplements, and other multivitamin supplements. Some pet owners use human vitamin supplements, and others use vitamin supplements specifically engineered for dogs. Many commercial dog foods are made from materials considered by some authorities and dog owners to be unusable or undesirable. These may include: Less expensive dog foods generally include less meat and more animal by-products and grain fillers . Proponents of

1060-423: Is still used as a patch or projectile lubricant in present-day black powder arms. Tallow is used to make a biodegradable motor oil. Tallow is also used in traditional bell foundry , as a separation for the false bell when casting . Tallow can be used as flux for soldering . Mutton tallow is widely used as starch, lubricant and softener in textile manufacturing. Pretreatment processes in textiles include

1113-418: Is the right food for the dog. By Medieval times, dogs were more seen as pets rather than just companions and workers which affected their quality of the diet to include "Besides being fed bran bread, the dogs would also get some of the meat from the hunt. If a dog was sick, he would get better food, such as goat's milk, bean broth, chopped meat, or buttered eggs." In France, the word pâtée began to appear in

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1166-595: Is therefore his proper food, but of the former he requires a greater portion, and this portion should be always determined by his bodily exertions. It was not until the mid-1800s that the world saw its first food made specifically for dogs. An American electrician, James Spratt , concocted the first dog treat. Living in London at the time, he witnessed dogs around a shipyard eating scraps of discarded biscuits. Shortly thereafter he introduced his dog food, made up of wheat meals, vegetables and meat. By 1890 production had begun in

1219-518: The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), animal by-products in pet food may include parts obtained from any animals that have died from sickness or disease, provided they are rendered in accordance to law. Cow brains and spinal cords not allowed for human consumption under federal regulation 21CFR589.2000 due to the possibility of transmission of BSE are allowed to be included in pet food intended for non-ruminant animals. In 2003,

1272-519: The carnivorous diets fed to many pets (especially cats and dogs), involving the consumption of an estimated fifth of the world's meat and fish, the impact of pet-food production on climate change , land-use and other environmental impacts becomes an issue. Pet food production is responsible for 20-30% of the environmental impacts from animal production . It has been estimated that global greenhouse gas emissions from dog and cat dry food represents around 1.1%−2.9% of global emissions, an amount close to

1325-441: The energy density provided in the diet. Diets containing proteins that are high in quality, composition, and digestibility require less of that protein to be present. The same can be said in regards to the energy density. In contrast, high-protein diets will provide excess protein content after meeting maintenance demands; this can therefore lead to the protein being utilized in fat and energy storage . This ultimately increases

1378-518: The tallow pot) to dogs, though the English favored them (see below), and suggested a meat-flavored soup: By a misguided economy dogs are given meat scraps and tallow graves; one must avoid this, because these foods make them heavy and sick; give them twice a day a soup of coarse bread made with water, fat and the bottom of the stew pot; put a half-kilogram of bread at least in each soup. In England, care to give dogs particular food dates at least from

1431-527: The 18th century and referred to a paste originally given to poultry. In 1756, a dictionary indicates it was made of a mixture of bread crumbs and little pieces of meat given to pets. In 1781, an encyclopedia mentioned an earlier practice of removing the liver, heart, and blood of a downed stag and mixing it with milk, cheese, and bread, and then giving it to dogs. In 1844, the French writer, Nicolas Boyard, warned against even giving tallow graves (the dregs of

1484-514: The 1950s. (During World War II, the vast fleets of steam-powered ships exhausted the supply, leading to the large-scale planting of rapeseed because rapeseed oil also resisted the washing effect.) Tallow is still used in the steel rolling industry to provide the required lubrication as the sheet steel is compressed through the steel rollers . There is a trend toward replacing tallow-based lubrication with synthetic oils in rolling applications for surface cleanliness reasons. Another industrial use

1537-464: The AVMA speculated changes might be made to animal feed regulations to ban materials from "4-D" animals – those who enter the food chain as dead, dying, diseased or disabled. There are a few key components to consider when evaluating dietary needs. These factors include the quality and digestibility of the protein provided in the diet, as well as the composition of the amino acids included, and finally

1590-491: The Brazilian market have found that they are basically made of maize and poultry by-products. Dry dog food usually consists of bagged pellets that contain 3-11% water. It makes up the vast majority of pet foods. Dry food processing is popular in the pet food industry, as it is an efficient way to supply continuous production of feed in many varieties. It is energy efficient, allows for large amounts of feed to be used, and

1643-528: The United Kingdom were found to be affected, leading to objections from vegans and members of some religious communities. Tallow once was widely used to make molded candles before more convenient wax varieties became available—and for some time after since they continued to be a cheaper alternative. For those too poor even to avail themselves of homemade, molded tallow candles, the "tallow dip"—a reed that had been dipped in melted tallow or sometimes

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1696-521: The United States and became known as "Spratt's Patent Limited". In later years, dog biscuit was sometimes treated as synonymous with dog food: The first three prize winners at the late coursing meeting at Great Bend were trained on Spratt's Patent Dog Biscuit. This same dog food won no less than three awards, including a gold medal, at the Exposition in Paris which has just closed. It would seem that

1749-533: The assumption is that other brands use foods that would not pass US Food and Drug Administration inspection according to the Pure Food and Drug Act or the Meat Inspection Act . The ingredients on the label must be listed in descending order by weight before cooking. This means before all of the moisture is removed from the meat, fruits, vegetables and other ingredients used. Raw feeding is

1802-504: The cartridge open. It was believed that the paper cartridges that were standard issue with the rifle were greased with lard (pork fat), which was regarded as unclean by Muslims , or tallow (cow fat), which is incompatible with Hindu dietary laws . Tallow, along with beeswax , was also used in the lubricant for American Civil War ammunition used in the Springfield rifled musket . A combination of mutton tallow, paraffin wax and beeswax

1855-615: The change in human food trends for more natural and organic products . Aging dogs require specialized catering. Commercially available senior dog diets address their physiological changes through various ingredients and nutrients. Graves (food) In industry, tallow is not strictly defined as beef or mutton suet. In this context, tallow is animal fat that conforms to certain technical criteria, including its melting point . Commercial tallow commonly contains fat derived from other animals, such as lard from pigs , or even from plant sources. The solid material remaining after rendering

1908-519: The consumption of meat than of vegetable substances, yet also have ten genes that are responsible for starch and glucose digestion, as well as the ability to produce amylase , an enzyme that functions to break down carbohydrates into simple sugars – something that obligate carnivores like cats lack. Dogs evolved the ability living alongside humans in agricultural societies, as they managed on scrap leftovers and excrement from humans. Dogs have managed to adapt over thousands of years to survive on

1961-475: The decision of the judges is more than backed up by the result in the kennel. Another good dog food is that manufactured by Austin & Graves, of Boston. They, too, seem to be meeting with great success in their line. Canned horse meat was introduced in the United States under the Ken-L Ration brand after World War I as a means to dispose of excess horses no longer needed for the war. The 1930s saw

2014-405: The dross of wheatflour, or both mixed together, with broth or skim'd milk, is very proper food. For change, a small quantity of greaves from which the tallow is pressed by the chandlers , mixed with their flour; or sheep's feet well baked or boiled, are a very good diet, and when you indulge them with flesh it should always be boiled. In the season of hunting your dogs, it is proper to feed them in

2067-469: The evening before, and give them nothing in the morning you take them out, except a little milk. If you stop for your own refreshment in the day, you should also refresh your dogs with a little milk and bread. In 1833, The Complete Farrier gave similar but far more extensive advice on feeding dogs: The dog is neither wholly carnivorous nor wholly herbivorous, but of a mixed kind, and can receive nourishment from either flesh or vegetables. A mixture of both

2120-730: The feeding of dogs in his Bucolics : Nec tibi cura canum fuerit postrema; sed una Veloces Spartae catulos, acremque Molossum, Pasce sero pingui: "Do not let the care of dogs be last; but the swift Spartan hounds, and fierce Mastiff, Feed the whey" Around 70 CE, Columella wrote his book On Agriculture in which he addresses the feeding of dogs: Cibaria fere eadem sunt utrique generi praebenda. Nam si tam laxa rura sunt, ut sustineant pecorum greges, omnis sine discrimine hordeacea farina cum sero commode pascit. Sin autem surculo consitus ager sine pascuo est, farreo vel triticeo pane satiandi sunt, admixto tamen liquore coctae fabae, sed tepido, nam fervens rabiem creat. "Provisions of victuals are almost

2173-547: The first United States Department of Defense aircraft to fly on such a blend and the first aircraft to operate from Edwards using a fuel derived from beef tallow. Tallow also has a use in printmaking, where it is combined with bitumen and applied to metal print plates to resist acid etching. The use of trace amounts of tallow as an additive to the substrate used in polymer banknotes came to light in November 2016. Notes issued in 24 countries including Canada, Australia, and

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2226-465: The food brand as "it features prime ingredients". Dog Food Advisor rates the product 4.5 stars out of 5. It was recalled in 2012 for possible salmonella contamination. Dog food Dog food is specifically formulated food intended for consumption by dogs and other related canines. Dogs are considered to be omnivores with a carnivorous bias. They have the sharp, pointed teeth and shorter gastrointestinal tracts of carnivores, better suited for

2279-525: The introduction of canned cat food and dry meat-meal dog food by the Gaines Food Co. By the time World War II ended, pet food sales had reached $ 200 million. In the 1950s Spratt's became part of General Mills. For companies such as Nabisco, Quaker Oats, and General Foods, pet food represented an opportunity to market by-products as a profitable source of income. As of 2018, there are around 470 million pet dogs and around 370 million pet cats . Given

2332-433: The late eighteenth century, when The Sportsman's dictionary (1785) described the best diet for a dog's health in its article "Dog": A dog is of a very hot nature: he should therefore never be without clean water by him, that he may drink when he is thirsty. In regard to their food, carrion is by no means proper for them. It must hurt their sense of smelling, on which the excellence of these dogs greatly depends. Barley meal,

2385-415: The meat and non-meat scraps and leftovers of human existence and thrive on a variety of foods, with studies suggesting dogs' ability to digest carbohydrates easily may be a key difference between dogs and wolves. The dog food recommendation should be based on nutrient suitability instead of dog's preferences. Pet owners should consider their dog's breed, size, age, and health condition and choose food that

2438-520: The mixture and allow for fluidity through the barrel. During the extrusion process, the high amounts of pressure applied to the mixture forces it to enter through the die before exiting the extruder completely, where it is cut to its desired size by a rotating fly knife. Unfortunately, the extrusion process actually denatures some of nutritional elements of the food. Taurine deficiency has been found in dogs and cats fed extruded commercial diets. Not usually considered an essential nutrient for dogs, taurine

2491-400: The past, it has been both favored and shunned in dog food . Tallow can be used for the production of biodiesel in much the same way as oils from plants are currently used. The United States Air Force has experimented successfully with the use of beef tallow in aviation biofuels . During five days of flight testing from August 23 to 27, 2010, at Edwards Air Force Base , California ,

2544-421: The practice of feeding domestic  dogs ,  cats  and other animals a  diet consisting primarily of uncooked meat , edible bones, and organs. The ingredients used to formulate raw diets can vary. Some pet owners choose to make homemade raw diets to feed their animals but commercial raw food diets are also available. Frozen, or fresh-prepared, meals come in raw or cooked form, some of which

2597-464: The risk for developing obesity and other health related issues. Higher protein in the diet helps reduce lean body mass loss, but will not lead to an increase in size of muscle unless paired with resistance exercises or anabolic steroids under maintenance conditions. In the United States, dog foods labelled as "complete and balanced" must meet standards established by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), either by meeting

2650-450: The risk of foodborne illnesses , zoonosis and nutritional imbalances. People who feed their dogs raw food do so for a multitude of reasons, including but not limited to: culture , beliefs surrounding health , nutrition and what is perceived to be more natural for their pets . Feeding raw food can be perceived as allowing the pet to stay in touch with their wild, carnivorous ancestry. The raw food movement has occurred in parallel to

2703-458: The same for both [types of dog]. If the fields are so large as to sustain herds of animals, barley meal mixed with whey is a convenient food. But if it is an orchard without grain, spelt or wheat bread is fed mixed with the liquid from cooked beans, but warm, for boiling creates rabies." In the Avesta , written from 224 to 651 CE, Ahura Mazda advises: Bring ye unto him milk and fat with meat; this

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2756-632: The total emissions of countries such as Mozambique or the Philippines . Like humans, dogs are omnivores . There is research on alternative protein sources for pet food including insects and algae . Most commercially produced dog food is made with animal feed grade ingredients and comes dry in bags (also known in the US as kibble ) or wet in cans. Dry food contains 6–10% moisture by volume, as compared to 60–90% in canned food. Semi-moist products typically run 25–35%. Isotopic analysis of dog food in

2809-507: The tray, allowing the internal temperature to reach 77 degrees Celsius at a minimum. Once cooked, this mixture can be directly placed into cans to form a loaf or it can be cut into "meaty" pieces for chunks and gravy formulas. Semi-moist dog food is packaged in vacuum-sealed pouches or packets. It contains about 20-45% water by weight, making it more expensive per energy calorie than dry food. Most semi-moist food does not require refrigeration. They are lightly cooked and then quickly sealed in

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