37-697: [REDACTED] Look up B3 or b3 in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. B3 , B03 , B.III or B-3 may refer to: Military [ edit ] American bombers [ edit ] Keystone B-3 , a biplane bomber of the United States Army Air Corps Next-Generation Bomber (2018 Bomber), next bomber follow-on to the B-2 stealth bomber program Long Range Strike Bomber program , successor program to
74-712: A German Idflieg B-class designation aircraft Kampfgeschwader 54 , from its historic Geschwaderkennung code with the Luftwaffe in World War II Lohner B.III LVG B.III , a 1910s German two-seat trainer biplane Submarines [ edit ] USS B-3 (SS-12) , a United States Navy submarine HMS B3 , a British B class submarine of the Royal Navy Civilian transportation [ edit ] Roads [ edit ] B3 road (Kenya) B3 road (Namibia) Bundesstraße 3 ,
111-572: A German national highway Trains [ edit ] Alsace-Lorraine B 3 , an Alsace-Lorraine P 1 class steam locomotive Bavarian B III , an 1852 German steam locomotive model NCC Class B3 , an 1890 Irish 4-4-0 passenger steam locomotive NSB B3 (Class 3), Norwegian railway carriages LNER Class B3 , a British locomotive class Other [ edit ] B3 (New York City bus) serving Brooklyn Bellview Airlines (International Air Transport Association code B3) Biology and medicine [ edit ] B3 (classification) ,
148-620: A critical role in human metabolism, acting as a coenzyme in both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle . Severe vitamin B 3 deficiency in the diet causes the disease pellagra , characterized by diarrhea , sun-sensitive dermatitis involving hyperpigmentation and thickening of the skin (see image), inflammation of the mouth and tongue, delirium, dementia, and if left untreated, death. Common psychiatric symptoms include irritability, poor concentration, anxiety, fatigue, loss of memory, restlessness, apathy, and depression. The biochemical mechanisms for
185-438: A genetic disorder that resulted in a failure to absorb the essential amino acid tryptophan , tryptophan being a precursor for niacin synthesis. The symptoms are similar to pellagra, including red, scaly rash and sensitivity to sunlight. Oral niacin or niacinamide is given as a treatment for this condition in doses ranging from 50 to 100 mg twice a day, with a good prognosis if identified and treated early. Niacin synthesis
222-528: A limit to avoid the skin flush reaction. This explains why for EFSA, the recommended daily intake can be higher than the UL. Both the DRI and DRV describe amounts needed as niacin equivalents (NE), calculated as 1 mg NE = 1 mg niacin or 60 mg of the essential amino acid tryptophan. This is because the amino acid is utilized to synthesize the vitamin. For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes,
259-527: A low niacin diet because tryptophan converts to niacin. However, low tryptophan could also be caused by a diet low in this essential amino acid, so it is not specific to confirming vitamin status. The U.S. Institute of Medicine (renamed National Academy of Medicine in 2015) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for niacin in 1998, as well as Tolerable upper intake levels (ULs). In lieu of an RDA, Adequate Intakes (AIs) are identified for populations for which there
296-642: A medical-based Paralympic disability sport classification for blind sport B3 domain , a highly conserved plant DNA-binding domain Procyanidin B3 , a plant phenolic compound ATC code B03 Antianemic preparations , a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System Prodelphinidin B3 , a plant phenolic compound Vitamin B 3 (niacin) Computing [ edit ] A TCSEC security class in
333-534: A staple food in the southeast United States and in parts of Europe. A disease that was characterized by dermatitis of sunlight-exposed skin was described in Spain in 1735 by Gaspar Casal . He attributed the cause to poor diet. In northern Italy it was named pellagra from the Lombard language ( agra = holly -like or serum -like; pell = skin). In time, the disease was more closely linked specifically to corn. In
370-559: A staple food, as maize is low in digestible niacin. A cooking technique called nixtamalization , that is, pretreating with alkali ingredients, increases the bioavailability of niacin during maize meal or flour production. For this reason, people who consume corn as tortillas or hominy are at less risk of niacin deficiency. For treating deficiency, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends administering niacinamide (i.e. nicotinamide) instead of niacin, to avoid
407-487: A variety of whole and processed foods , with highest contents in fortified packaged foods , meat, poultry, red fish such as tuna and salmon , lesser amounts in nuts, legumes and seeds. Niacin as a dietary supplement is used to treat pellagra , a disease caused by niacin deficiency. Signs and symptoms of pellagra include skin and mouth lesions, anemia, headaches, and tiredness. Many countries mandate its addition to wheat flour or other food grains , thereby reducing
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#1732765244660444-518: Is also deficient in carcinoid syndrome , because of metabolic diversion of its precursor tryptophan to form serotonin . Plasma concentrations of niacin and niacin metabolites are not useful markers of niacin status. Urinary excretion of the methylated metabolite N1-methyl-nicotinamide is considered reliable and sensitive. The measurement requires a 24-hour urine collection. For adults, a value of less than 5.8 μmol/day represent deficient niacin status and 5.8 to 17.5 μmol/day represents low. According to
481-605: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages B3">B3 The requested page title contains unsupported characters : ">". Return to Main Page . Vitamin B3 Vitamin B 3 , colloquially referred to as niacin , is a vitamin family that includes three forms, or vitamers : niacin (nicotinic acid), nicotinamide (niacinamide), and nicotinamide riboside . All three forms of vitamin B 3 are converted within
518-580: Is largely bound to polysaccharides and glycopeptides , making it only about 30% bioavailable. Fortified food ingredients such as wheat flour have niacin added, which is bioavailable. Among whole food sources with the highest niacin content per 100 grams: Vegetarian and vegan diets can provide adequate amounts if products such as nutritional yeast, peanuts, peanut butter, tahini, brown rice, mushrooms, avocado and sunflower seeds are included. Fortified foods and dietary supplements can also be consumed to ensure adequate intake. Niacin naturally found in food
555-463: Is not enough evidence to identify a dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of most people. (see table). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values (DRV), with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. For the EU, AIs and ULs have the same definition as in
592-528: Is susceptible to destruction from high heat cooking, especially in the presence of acidic foods and sauces. It is soluble in water, and so may also be lost from foods boiled in water. Countries fortify foods with nutrients to address known deficiencies. As of 2020, 54 countries required food fortification of wheat flour with niacin or niacinamide; 14 also mandate fortification of maize flour, and 6 mandate fortification of rice. From country to country, niacin fortification ranges from 1.3 to 6.0 mg/100 g. In
629-613: The -amide group, it does not reduce cholesterol nor cause flushing . Nicotinamide is recommended as a treatment for niacin deficiency because it can be administered in remedial amounts without causing the flushing, considered an adverse effect. In the past, the group was loosely referred to as vitamin B 3 complex . Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), along with its phosphorylated variant nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), are utilized in transfer reactions within DNA repair and calcium mobilization. NAD also plays
666-685: The Bochvar logic in calculus B03, Alekhine's Defence chess code B3: Battle by the Bay , a 1996 Street Fighter tournament B3 oil field , an oil and gas field in the Baltic sea Model B3 chair , a 1925 German Wassili designer chair A subclass of B-class stars in stellar classification a permission code for Town and country planning in the United Kingdom An ISO 216 international standard that defines paper size B 3
703-456: The "maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects". Regulatory agencies from different countries do not always agree. For the US, 30 or 35 mg for teenagers and adults, less for children. The EFSA UL for adults is set at 10 mg/day – about one-third of the US value. For all of the government ULs, the term applies to niacin as a supplement consumed as one dose, and is intended as
740-541: The 2018 Bomber program Northrop Grumman B-21 , a successor aircraft to the B-1 and B-52 bombers German and Austro-Hungarian aircraft [ edit ] AEG B.III , a German reconnaissance aircraft Albatros B.III , a German Idflieg B-class designation aircraft Aviatik B.III , a 1916 Austro-Hungarian reconnaissance aircraft Euler B.III , a German Idflieg B-class designation aircraft Fokker B.III (disambiguation) , two aircraft models Halberstadt B.III ,
777-727: The Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria "B3 Coin" a cryptocurrency Engines [ edit ] A type of four-cylinder Mazda B engine Benz B.III , an engine powering the 1914 Friedrichshafen FF.33 German aircraft Music [ edit ] B3 (band) , an American boy band most popular in Germany B3 (EP) , a 2012 EP by alternative rock band Placebo Hammond B-3 , an electric organ Other uses [ edit ] B3 (stock exchange) B 3 I {\displaystyle B_{3}^{I}} ,
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#1732765244660814-550: The US, Joseph Goldberger was assigned to study pellagra by the Surgeon General of the United States. His studies confirmed a corn-based diet as the culprit, but he did not identify the root cause. Nicotinic acid was extracted from the liver by biochemist Conrad Elvehjem in 1937. He later identified the active ingredient, referring to it as "pellagra-preventing factor" and the "anti-blacktongue factor." It
851-614: The US, except that units are milligrams per megajoule (MJ) of energy consumed rather than mg/day. For women (including those pregnant or lactating), men and children the PRI is 1.6 mg per megajoule. As the conversion is 1 MJ = 239 kcal, an adult consuming 2390 kilocalories should be consuming 16 mg niacin. This is comparable to US RDAs (14 mg/day for adult women, 16 mg/day for adult men). ULs are established by identifying amounts of vitamins and minerals that cause adverse effects, and then selecting as an upper limit amounts that are
888-591: The United States, niacin (the acid) is sold as a non-prescription dietary supplement with a range of 100 to 1000 mg per serving. These products often have a Structure/Function health claim allowed by the US Food & Drug Administration (FDA). An example would be "Supports a healthy blood lipid profile." The American Heart Association (AHA) strongly advises against the use of non-prescription dietary supplement niacin rather than prescription niacin because of potentially serious side effects. For this reason and because
925-566: The World Health Organization, an alternative mean of expressing urinary N1-methyl-nicotinamide is as mg/g creatinine in a 24-hour urine collection, with deficient defined as <0.5, low 0.5-1.59, acceptable 1.6-4.29, and high >4.3 Niacin deficiency occurs before the signs and symptoms of pellagra appear. Erythrocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) concentrations potentially provide another sensitive indicator of niacin depletion, although definitions of deficient, low and adequate have not been established. Lastly, plasma tryptophan decreases on
962-488: The absence of NAD+ can lead to cell death; D) reduced synthesis of neuro-protective brain-derived neurotrophic factor or its receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase B ; or, E) changes to genome expression directly due to the niacin deficiency. Niacin deficiency is rarely seen in developed countries, and it is more typically associated with poverty, malnutrition or malnutrition secondary to chronic alcoholism . It also tends to occur in areas where people eat maize (corn) as
999-584: The amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For niacin labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value is 16 mg. Prior to May 27, 2016, it was 20 mg, revised to bring it into agreement with the RDA. Compliance with the updated labeling regulations was required by January 1, 2020, for manufacturers with US$ 10 million or more in annual food sales, and by January 1, 2021, for manufacturers with lower volume food sales. A table of
1036-400: The body to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). NAD is required for human life and people are unable to make it within their bodies without either vitamin B 3 or tryptophan . Nicotinamide riboside was identified as a form of vitamin B 3 in 2004. Niacin (the nutrient) can be manufactured by plants and animals from the amino acid tryptophan. Niacin is obtained in the diet from
1073-535: The chemical formula for triboracyclopropenyl [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B3&oldid=1132304547 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
1110-414: The face and sometimes accompanied by skin dryness, itching, paresthesia, and headache. Liver toxicity is the most serious toxic reaction and it occurs at doses >2 grams/day. Fulminant hepatitis has been reported at doses between 3-9 grams/day with needs for liver transplantation. Other reactions include glucose intolerance , hyperuricemia , macular edema , and macular cysts . Corn (maize) became
1147-485: The flushing side effect commonly caused by the latter. Guidelines suggest using 300 mg/day for three to four weeks. Dementia and dermatitis show improvement within a week. Because deficiencies of other B-vitamins may be present, the WHO recommends a multi-vitamin in addition to the niacinamide. Hartnup disease is a hereditary nutritional disorder resulting in niacin deficiency. It is named after an English family with
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1184-848: The manufacture of dietary supplement niacin is not as well-regulated by the FDA as is prescription niacin, the AHA advises that supplemental niacin only be used under the supervision of a health care professional. More than 30 mg niacin consumed as a dietary supplement can cause skin flushing. Face, arms and chest skin turns a reddish color because of vasodilation of small subcutaneous blood vessels, accompanied by sensations of heat, tingling and itching. These signs and symptoms are typically transient, lasting minutes to hours; they are considered unpleasant rather than toxic. The daily limit for vitamin B 3 has been set at 35 mg. At daily doses of as low as 30 mg, flushing has been reported, always starting in
1221-466: The observed deficiency-caused neurodegeneration are not well understood, but may rest on A) the requirement for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to suppress the creation of neurotoxic tryptophan metabolites; B) inhibition of mitochondrial ATP generation resulting in cell damage; C) activation of the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) pathway, as PARP is a nuclear enzyme involved in DNA repair, but in
1258-533: The old and new adult daily values is provided at Reference Daily Intake . Niacin is found in a variety of whole and processed foods , including fortified packaged foods , meat from various animal sources, seafoods , and spices . In general, animal-sourced foods provide about 5–10 mg niacin per serving, although dairy foods and eggs have little. Some plant-sourced foods such as nuts, legumes and grains provide about 2–5 mg niacin per serving, although in some grain products this naturally present niacin
1295-730: The popular press said "Tobacco in Your Bread." In response, the Council on Foods and Nutrition of the American Medical Association approved of the Food and Nutrition Board 's new names niacin and niacin amide for use primarily by non-scientists. It was thought appropriate to choose a name to dissociate nicotinic acid from nicotine , to avoid the perception that vitamins or niacin-rich foods contain nicotine, or that cigarettes contain vitamins. The resulting name niacin
1332-414: The risk of pellagra. The amide nicotinamide (niacinamide) is a component of the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+). Although niacin and nicotinamide are identical in their vitamin activity, nicotinamide does not have the same pharmacological , lipid-modifying effects or side effects as niacin, i.e., when niacin takes on
1369-498: Was also referred to as "vitamin PP", "vitamin P-P" and "PP-factor", all derived from the term "pellagra-preventive factor". In the late 1930s, studies by Tom Douglas Spies , Marion Blankenhorn, and Clark Cooper confirmed that niacin cured pellagra in humans. The prevalence of the disease was greatly reduced as a result. In 1942, when flour enrichment with nicotinic acid began, a headline in
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