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35-603: The P60B40 was the powertrain for the BMW E46 M3 GTR from 2001 to 2005. The BMW M3 GTR competed in the GT Class of the American Le Mans Series in 2001. There was opposition to the car being allowed to race, rivals stated that the car was a prototype as a road going version was not available to buy. As a result of the complaints, the regulations were modified for the 2001 Le Mans 24-hour race (and

70-468: A rear-wheel drive layout and a 50/50 weight distribution . All-wheel drive , which was last available in the 3 Series in 1991, was reintroduced for the E46 on the 325xi, 330xi and 330xd models. The electronic components in the E46 are more integrated than previous generations of 3 Series, including the use of a CAN bus system. Drivetrain information (such as engine, transmission and stability control)

105-400: A vehicle is the mass of the suspension , wheels or tracks (as applicable), and other components directly connected to them. This contrasts with the sprung mass (or weight) supported by the suspension, which includes the body and other components within or attached to it. Components of the unsprung mass include the wheel axles , wheel bearings , wheel hubs, tires , and a portion of

140-759: A 320i. The E46 has also competed in the British, European and Russian touring car championships. In the United States, the National Auto Sport Association and BMW Car Club of America (BMW CCA) organized a "Spec E46" amateur racing series. The Spec E46 cars were built to a standard with limited modifications, to create a level playing field and increased competition between drivers. By mid-2020, Spec E46 had become one of BMW CCA's three largest racing classes. Unsprung mass The unsprung mass (colloquially unsprung weight ) of

175-421: A carryover from the race version. The car was lowered further than a standard M3 and featured additional strut braces between the firewall and strut towers as well as between the right shock towers. The redesigned front and rear fascias and the rear wing optimised aerodynamics. The roof, the hood, the rear wing and front and rear fascias were made from carbon-fibre in order to reduce weight. Notable changes made to

210-505: A differential or transaxle, waste heat from the brakes may overheat the differential or vice versa, particularly in hard use, such as racing. They also make anti-dive suspension characteristics harder to achieve because the moment created by braking does not act on the suspension arms. The Chapman strut used the driveshafts as suspension arms, thus requiring only the weight of one component rather than two. Jaguar independent rear suspension (IRS) similarly reduced unsprung mass by replacing

245-447: A lower ride height, heavy duty steering rack, and slightly more negative camber . Car and Driver magazine track-tested the car, which recorded a 0–60 mph (97 km/h) acceleration time of 5.6 seconds and a 1/4 mile time of 14.3 seconds. In some parts of the United States, BMW sold a version of the 325i which met the super ultra low emission vehicle (SULEV) emissions standards. California, New York, and Massachusetts received

280-589: Is communicated using the CAN bus. Vehicle electronics (such as the radio, navigation, television and telecommunications) can communicate to each other via the K-bus. The E46 was the first 3 Series to be available with an engine using Valvetronic (variable valve lift). Various electronic features were also introduced to the 3 Series in the E46 generation, including satellite navigation, electronic brake-force distribution, rain-sensing wipers and LED tail-lights. The E46

315-404: Is that high frequency road irregularities, such as the gravel in an asphalt or concrete road surface, are isolated from the body more completely because the tires and springs act as separate filter stages, with the unsprung mass tending to uncouple them. Likewise, sound and vibration isolation is improved (at the expense of handling), in production automobiles, by the use of rubber bushings between

350-593: Is the fourth generation of the BMW 3 Series range of compact executive cars manufactured by German automaker BMW . Produced from 1997 to 2006, it was the successor to the E36 3 Series , which ceased production in 2000. It was introduced in November 1997, and available in sedan , coupé , convertible , station wagon and hatchback body styles. The latter has been marketed as the 3 Series Compact . The M3 performance model

385-445: The facelift versions of the sedan and Touring were released for the 2002 model year . In March 2003, the facelift versions of the coupe and convertible models (except M3) were released for the 2004 model year . Andy Priaulx won the 2004 European Touring Car Championship season and 2005 World Touring Car Championship season championships driving a 320i. Franz Engstler won the 2006 Asian Touring Car Championship season in

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420-614: The American Le Mans Series), stating that a car had to be for sale on two continents within twelve months of the rules being issued. BMW complied (leading to the M3 GTR Road Version), however, the ALMS rules were modified again in 2002 to state that there must a be a minimum of 100 cars and 1,000 engines built in order for a car to compete without penalties. BMW made the decision to pull the car rather than meet

455-476: The E46 was claimed by BMW to be 70% more rigid than its E36 predecessor. Aluminium was used for an increased quantity of suspension components, in order to decrease unsprung mass . However, with a curb weight of 1,450 kg (3,197 lb), the E46 328ci is 55 kg (121 lb) heavier than the E36 equivalent. In tune with BMW's core values regarding handling dynamics , the E46 was initially available with

490-572: The E46 was marketed as the BMW 3 Series Compact . The exterior styling has several differences to the rest of the E46 3 Series range, notably the distinctive headlights and tail-lights. Mechanically, the Compact shares many elements with the rest of the E46 range, however the steering rack has a faster ratio. Factory specifications are listed below. Coupé and convertible models were badged as "Ci (petrol) or Cd (diesel)", and all-wheel drive models were badged as "Xi (petrol) or Xd (diesel)". The E46 M3

525-760: The SULEV E46's in 2003, and Vermont in 2004. They utilised a variant of the M54 engine named the BMW M56 . The M56 meets SULEV standards, as well as partial zero emission vehicle (PZEV) and zero evaporative emissions requirements. The M56 is claimed to have identical power output as its M54 counterpart. The Clubsport package was available only for the 320Ci/325Ci/330Ci M-Sport models in 2002 and came in these colours: Estoril Blue, Velvet Blue, Titanium Silver and Carbon Black. The package removed 20 kg insulation materials, added an optional rear M spoiler and two spoiler lips on

560-590: The bumps in roads made of logs. These cause sustained wheel bounce in subsequent axles, enlarging the bumps. High unsprung mass also exacerbates wheel control issues under hard acceleration or braking. If the vehicle does not have adequate wheel location in the vertical plane (such as a rear-wheel drive car with Hotchkiss drive , a live axle supported by simple leaf springs ), vertical forces exerted by acceleration or hard braking combined with high unsprung mass can lead to severe wheel hop, compromising traction and steering control. A beneficial effect of unsprung mass

595-480: The damping possible from tire flexibility is limited by considerations of fuel economy and overheating. The shock absorbers, if any, also damp the spring motion and must be less stiff than would optimally damp the wheel bounce. So the wheels still vibrate after each bump before coming to rest. On dirt roads and on some softly paved roads, the induced motion generates small bumps, known as corrugations, washboarding or "corduroy" because they resemble smaller versions of

630-458: The development programme for the E46 began under the lead of chief engineer Wolfgang Ziebart and head of R&D Wolfgang Reitzle . In late 1993, design work began under the lead of chief designer Chris Bangle and continued into 1995. In May 1995, the general exterior design of the E46 by Erik Goplen of DesignworksUSA was approved and as a result DesignworksUSA was contracted by BMW to work alongside BMW Group's in-house design team to create

665-585: The exterior bodywork for the 3 Series range in February 1996. The design team put an emphasis on improving aerodynamics and increasing the car's aggressive stance. Design patents were filed in Germany on 16 July 1997 and in the US on 16 January 1998. Chris Bangle and Wolfgang Reitzle were responsible through 1995 for the production sedan's exterior, as evident in the 1997 design patent. Production development of

700-403: The frame and suspension, by any flexibility in the frame or body work, and by the flexibility of the seats. Unsprung mass is a consideration in the design of a vehicle's suspension and the materials chosen for its components. Beam axle suspensions, in which wheels on opposite sides are connected as a rigid unit, generally have greater unsprung mass than independent suspension systems, in which

735-458: The front bumper, and chromed exhaust tailpipes. Style 71, M-Double Spoke Split rim wheels were standard while interior equipment included M short gear shift, aluminum or black "Alu-Tech" trims, silver rings on cluster, door sills with "M Clubsport" letters, and an interior finished in half-leather and half-fabric "M Texture" cloth. The Clubsport was offered with the 5/6-Speed manual, 6-Speed SMG, or 5-Speed Steptronic transmissions. In September 2001,

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770-674: The interior included leather Recaro bucket seats, removal of rear seats and special M3 GTR sill plates. The Alpina "B3 3.3" and "B3 S" were based on the E46 and were powered by inline-six petrol engines. The Performance Package was an option sold in North America, which is commonly referred to by its order code in the United States, ZHP (the order code in Canada was ZAM). It was available for 330i sedans from model years 2003 to 2005, and available for 330ci coupés and convertibles from 2004 to 2006. It included various aesthetic changes over

805-430: The lighter wheel will soak up less vibration. The irregularities of the road surface will transfer to the cabin through the suspension and hence ride quality and road noise are worse. For longer duration bumps that the wheels follow, greater unsprung mass causes more energy to be absorbed by the wheels and makes the ride worse. Pneumatic or elastic tires help by restoring some spring to the (otherwise) unsprung mass, but

840-524: The race M3 GTR, the roadgoing Version was powered by the BMW P60B40 4.0 L V8 engine which was slightly detuned and generated a maximum power output of 283 kW (380 hp) at 7,000 rpm. Power was delivered to the rear wheels via a race type 6-speed dual clutch sequential transmission with M locking differential. The engine featured dry sump lubrication as its racing counterpart and bigger radiators. The stiffer chassis and suspension system were

875-481: The regular 3 series, as well as functional and mechanical enhancements. The ZHP was equipped with sportier camshafts and revised engine tuning to increase power output from 225 to 235 hp (168 to 175 kW) as well as a shorter final drive gear ratio, and a corresponding increase in redline from 6,500 rpm to 6,800 rpm. Suspension was modified over the standard suspension with firmer springs and dampers, larger anti-roll bars, stronger front control arm ball joints,

910-1199: The requirements or race with the penalties, ending production of the E46 M3 GTR and the P60B40 along with it. In order for the M3 GTR race car to compete in the American Le Mans Series, BMW produced 10 examples of the "M3 GTR Straßen Version" road car in 2001. As per the race M3 GTR, the roadgoing Version was powered by the BMW P60B40 4.0 L V8 engine. The P60B40 was detuned for the road version from 444 bhp (331 kW; 450 PS) to 380 bhp (283 kW; 385 PS). 4-stroke , longitudinally-mounted FR layout Power: 444 bhp (331 kW; 450 PS) @ 7,500 rpm (M3 GTR race car), 380 bhp (283 kW; 385 PS) (M3 GTR Straßen Version) Torque: 480 N⋅m (354 lb⋅ft) @ 5,500 rpm 5 main bearings , flat-plane crankshaft Firing order : 1-8-3-6-4-5-2-7 BMW 3 Series (E46) The BMW 3 Series (E46)

945-480: The road cause tire compression, inducing a force on the unsprung mass. The unsprung mass then reacts to this force with movement of its own. The motion amplitude for small duration and amplitude bumps is inversely proportional to the weight. A lighter wheel which readily rebounds from road bumps will have more grip and more constant grip when tracking over an imperfect road. For this reason, lighter wheels are sought especially for high-performance applications. However,

980-492: The sedan took 24 months following design freeze and was 31 months from executive board styling approval in 1995 to its start of series production in December 1997. Erik Goplen designed the production coupé, convertible and station wagon during between 1996 and 1997. The E46 sedan was unveiled via press release on 11 November 1997 and was launched on the market at the end of April 1998 with customer deliveries. The body shell of

1015-416: The weight of driveshafts , springs , shock absorbers , and suspension links. Brakes that are mounted inboard (i.e. as on the drive shaft, and not part of the wheel or its hub) are part of a vehicle's sprung mass. The unsprung mass of a typical wheel/tire combination represents a trade-off between the pair's bump-absorbing/road-tracking ability and vibration isolation. Bumps and surface imperfections in

1050-428: The wheels are suspended and allowed to move separately. Heavy components such as the differential can be made part of the sprung mass by connecting them directly to the body (as in a de Dion tube rear suspension). Lightweight materials, such as aluminium , plastic , carbon fiber , and/or hollow components can provide further weight reductions at the expense of greater cost and/or fragility. The term "unsprung mass"

1085-404: Was also a lighter and faster M3 CSL model; CSL stands for Coupé Sport Leichtbau ("Coupé Sport Lightweight). Weight was reduced by removing equipment and replacing the roof, door panel, and centre console with carbon fibre pieces. In order for the M3 GTR race car to compete in the American Le Mans Series , BMW produced 10 examples of the "M3 GTR Straßen Version" (street version) in 2001. As per

BMW P60B40 - Misplaced Pages Continue

1120-719: Was coined by the mathematician Albert Healey of the Dunlop tyre company . He presented one of the first lectures taking a rigid analytical approach to suspension design, "The Tyre as a part of the Suspension System", to the Institution of Automobile Engineers in November 1924. This lecture was published as a 100-page paper. Inboard brakes can significantly reduce unsprung mass, but put more load on half axles and (constant velocity) universal joints , and require space that may not be easily accommodated. If located next to

1155-675: Was introduced in June 2000 with a 2-door coupé body style, followed by the convertible counterpart in April 2001. The M3 is powered by the BMW S54 straight-six engine with either a 6-speed manual or a 6-speed SMG-II automated manual transmission. The E46 line-up was phased out starting from late 2004, following the introduction of the E90 3 Series sedans. However, the E46 coupé and convertible body styles remained in production until August 2006. In 1993,

1190-593: Was introduced in October 2000, available with the 3.2-litre S54 M-tuned engine. It was offered in coupé and convertible body styles. The M3's S54 engine has a redline of 8,000 rpm. As with most M engines, the S54 has 6 individual throttle bodies , in this case electronically operated ( drive-by-wire throttle ). The transmission options for the M3 were a 6-speed manual or the 6-speed "SMG-II" automated manual transmission . There

1225-538: Was produced in Germany ( Leipzig , Munich and Regensburg ) and in South Africa ( Rosslyn ). Local assembly of complete knock-down (CKD) kits was used for cars sold in China, Egypt, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Thailand and Russia. The highest selling year for the E46 chassis was 2002, when 561,249 vehicles were sold worldwide. The body styles of the range are: The shorter three-door hatchback version of

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