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69-450: The region has humid-subtropical weather, with dry, cold winters and hot, wet summers. During winter the temperature rarely falls below 2 °C (36 °F). During most of the year, mainly at night, a breeze blowing over São Paulo plateau, from which Botucatu elevates about 200 m (660 ft), cools the city and surroundings; this cold everyday wind from the high plateaus is where the city got its name from. Botucatu's biggest employer

138-490: A military junta ; the military role would be only temporary—or so at least it was thought. After the financial and business hardships were left behind, the new management started to concentrate on industrial modernization and in creating a distribution network that would facilitate the circulation leaps that would follow. The company bought new printing presses and equipment in the United States. In 1968, Folha became

207-650: A climax with the editorial "Political Prisoners?", published in 1972, in which the newspaper challenged the notion that there were people jailed for their political ideas in Brazil. The editorial was also a response to rival "O Estado", for its defense of a special jail regime for political prisoners. The editorial claimed: "It is well known that those criminals, whom the daily [Estado] wrongly qualifies as political prisoners, are just bank robbers, kidnappers, thieves, arsonists and murderers, acting sometimes with more exquisite perversity than those other, lowly common criminals, that

276-456: A conservative, traditional and rigid posture; Folha was always more responsive to societal needs. Business flourished, and the controlling partners decided to buy a building to serve as headquarters, a printing press and then, in 1925, to create a second newspaper, Folha da Manhã . Also in 1925, Folha da Manhã premiered Juca Pato , a cartoon character drawn by Benedito Carneiro Bastos Barreto (1896-1947), better known as Belmonte . Juca Pato

345-415: A guide to the rules and commitments Folha works under. It was the first publication of its kind to be made available to the general public. The guidelines stipulate that Folha's journalism should be descriptive and accurate, but that themes that cause controversy can admit to more than one viewpoint and require a pluralistic treatment. Folha also became known for its highly diverse selection of columnists. At

414-617: A joint-venture with the Globo group, the business daily Valor , among other enterprises. It has gone through several phases and has targeted different audiences, such as urban middle classes, rural landowners, and the civil society, but political independence has always been one of its editorial cornerstones. Ever since 1986, Folha has had the biggest circulation among the largest Brazilian newspapers – according to data by IVC (Instituto Verificador de Circulação), in January 2010, circulation

483-500: A major supporter for the 1932 revolution. The newspaper's director, Júlio de Mesquita Filho , was arrested three times and forced into exile, and "Estado" was under intervention by the authorities from 1940 to 1945. With its main rival muzzled, Folha da Manhã took a leading role in voicing opposition to Vargas' dictatorship. This critical stance is one of reasons offered to explain a change in ownership during 1945. According to João Baptista Ramos, brother of João Nabantino Ramos – one of

552-573: A more critical stance. Frias believed in an editorial policy nonpartisan and pluralistic, able to offer the widest range of views about any subject, and he found a skilled collaborator in Cláudio Abramo, the newspaper's editorial director from 1965 to 1973, followed by Ruy Lopes (1972–73) and Boris Casoy (1974-1976). Abramo took over once again in 1976/77, but then a crisis caused by an attempted military coup against President Ernesto Geisel led Frias to bring back Casoy. Abramo reformulated

621-429: A newsroom manual and editorial policy guidelines. In 1949, Ramos started a third newspaper, Folha da Tarde , and sponsored dozens of civic campaigns against corruption and organized crime, for the defense of water sources, infrastructure improvements, city works, and plenty more. However organized as an executive, Ramos lacked business acumen and was not flexible enough to negotiate credit lines and balance budgets. In

690-608: A single course in the São Paulo State University system, preventing a simultaneous application for e.g. History and Geography. Unesp has 140 international exchange and cooperation agreements with institutions of higher education in 52 countries. The main exchange countries for Unesp are currently Argentina , Canada , China , France , Germany , Portugal , Spain , Russia , the United States and Scotland . To further support international students

759-426: A two-semester schedule, with slight differences depending on the courses and programs chosen. The spring semester runs from August - December and the fall semester from February - June. In the recent decade Brazil has generally become more widely recognized as a good academic environment (developing alongside the rest of the countries economy). But with the economic crisis some universities in Brazil have struggled in

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828-468: Is UNESP , one of the three São Paulo state universities, one of the top universities in all of Latin America and part of several World Top Universities list, making the city an important center for medical research and education. In particular, the city has two campuses, one centered on biomedical sciences, including a school of medicine, an Institute of Biosciences and school of veterinarian sciences, and

897-527: Is a Brazilian daily newspaper founded in 1921 under the name Folha da Noite and published in São Paulo by the Folha da Manhã company. The newspaper is the centerpiece for Grupo Folha , a conglomerate that also controls UOL (Universo Online), the leading Internet portal in Brazil; polling institute Datafolha ; publishing house Publifolha ; book imprint Três Estrelas ; printing company Plural ; and, in

966-585: Is governed by a rector , appointed by the state governor who chooses the final candidate from a list of three nominees. The nominees are selected through elections, taking place among university’s academics held every four years. Usually, the governor selects the winner of those elections. The rector presides over the University Council, composed of directors of every institute in the system and academic representatives. There are ten students representatives. The council makes most decisions that affect

1035-434: Is said to be buried there. Of note, Botucatu's municipal council has declared war on Great-Britain on two distinct occasions, with no actual consequences. In April 2014 opened the first mall in the city. In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo . In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted

1104-477: Is the Araraquara Pharmacy and Odontology Faculty, founded in 1923 and incorporated by the state of São Paulo in 1956. Before the university’s official foundation in 1976, its original 12 campuses were public independent faculties. With a budget of R$ 2.6 billion in 2015, UNESP currently has 33 teaching, research, and extension units in 23 campuses spread across inland and coastal cities, as well as in

1173-540: The Folhas , mended his fences with the São Paulo Republicans, and broke his links to opposition groups connected to Getúlio Vargas and his Aliança Liberal. In October 1930, when Vargas led a victorious revolution, newspapers that opposed him were attacked by Aliança Liberal supporters. Folha's premises were destroyed, and Costa sold the company to Octaviano Alves de Lima, a businessman whose main activity

1242-562: The Mensalão scandal (2005), Folha kept revealing abuses and misrule. In 1986, Folha became the newspaper with the largest circulation among big Brazilian dailies, and it still leads today. In 1995, one year after reaching the landmark of one million copies for its Sunday edition, the company put into operation its new printing center, seen as the most technologically advanced in Latin-America. The company's circulation and sales record

1311-591: The United Nations (UN), named Unesp as the 2nd university in Brazil in numbers of scientific articles of international level, being responsible for 8% of the national scientific production, alongside UNICAMP and second to USP. Notable alumni of Unesp include (Unesp degree in brackets): Notable faculty members of Unesp include: Folha de S.Paulo Folha de S.Paulo (sometimes spelled Folha de São Paulo ), also known as simply Folha ( Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈfoʎɐ] , Sheet ),

1380-645: The University of São Paulo . In his letter, Comparato wrote that "the editorialist and the executive editor that approved the text should be sentenced to public penance, getting down on their knees on a public square to beg forgiveness to the Brazilian public." The newspaper answered by defining the professors' indignation as "cynical and untrue", and claiming that both of them were well-respected figures and did not express similar disdain regarding left-wing dictatorships such as Cuba's. "Editorial note: Folha respects

1449-519: The Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable). UNESP São Paulo State University ( Unesp , Portuguese : Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" ) is a public university run by the state government of São Paulo , Brazil. Unesp has a combined student body of over 45,000 spread among its 23 campuses. The first of them

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1518-627: The 301st-400th group of the best universities in the world and as the third best institution of higher education in Brazil. The institution was also ranked as the 8th best university in Latin America, the 4th in Brazil and the 408th in the world by the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities in 2017. Unesp ranked in the 151-200th group of the Young University Rankings 2018 and in the 601-800th group of

1587-557: The Brazilian CAIO Induscar  [ pt ] and the Basque Irizar . Besides UNESP, there are other private colleges. The city boasts a higher than usual elementary and mid-level educational network, including public and private institutions. It is also an important center for "organic" agriculture being the site of a recognized certification body. The city of Botucatu, herein referred as such for being

1656-562: The TV business and the partners sold their TV companies in 1969. The early 1970s were a turbulent period for Folha. Accused by guerrilla groups of lending vehicles to the military regime repressive apparatus, Folha became a target for guerrilla action. Guerrilla groups intercepted and burned three of Folha's delivery vans, two in September and one in October 1971, and made death threats against

1725-727: The UK publication Times Higher Education (THE) pointed to Unesp, alongside Unicamp, as one of the World's Top 100 "Young" Universities (under 50 years old) and as the 11th best university in emerging countries. QS World University Rankings ranked the University of São Paulo as the 9th best in Latin America (2014), the 34th best in BRICS, the 4th best in Brazil, and within the 491-500th best universities worldwide in 2018. The Academic Classification of World Universities (ARWU) of 2017 ranked Unesp in

1794-605: The World University Rankings 2018 by THE. Research an Unesp is centrally organized by the Research Vice-President's office (PROPe). The university currently has its main research focus in the areas of Bioenergy , Biotechnology , Climate Change , Nanotechnology , Pharmaceutical Development and Technology , Pre-Clinical and Clinical development , Public Policy , Sea Sciences and Stem Cell research. In 2010, UNESCO , an agency of

1863-437: The capital in the 1950s and 1960s. Prominent cities in the state received these isolated institutes, known as “Faculdade de Filosofia”. In the 1970s, discussions were made within state government on how to coordinate the separate institutes. One Suggestions was to join the 14 institutes in a federation or a single university, which was enacted on subsequently. Inspired by the University of California multi-campus system, Unesp

1932-683: The city of São Paulo. It also has 30 libraries, two hospitals, three animal hospitals, five farms, and seven complementary units. São Paulo State University is considered the sixth most important university in Brazil, according to the Ranking Universitário Folha , one of the most recognized local rankings. According to the QS World University Ranking , Unesp is the fifth most important university in Brazil, 11th in Latin America, 29th in BRICS , and 482nd in

2001-424: The company to pay higher wages and grant them additional benefits. That meant additional costs for the paper. On 13 August 1962, the company was sold to entrepreneurs Octavio Frias de Oliveira and Carlos Caldeira Filho . Frias and Caldeira became, respectively, CEO and COO of the company, and started their tenure by seeking to balance the newspaper's financial position. Frias chose scientist José Reis , one of

2070-457: The company's new controlling partners, with Clóvis Queiroga and Alcides Ribeiro Meirelles -, buying the Folhas was a maneuver Getúlio Vargas engineered to get rid of the oppositionist viewpoint Rubens do Amaral, a sworn enemy of "getulismo", gave to the paper's news coverage. Queiroga, on his part, represented Count Francisco Matarazzo Júnior , barred from owning press outlets in Brazil because he

2139-477: The company, and chose Rubens do Amaral as newsroom head; Amaral led a newsroom staffed by journalists hostile to Vargas. Hermínio Saccheta, a Trotskyist who was briefly a political prisoner under Estado Novo, became an executive news editor as soon as he left jail. The dictatorial administration put political pressure onto news organs, and in São Paulo it took as its main target the daily O Estado de S. Paulo ,

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2208-513: The country. Existing institutions in higher education were either public or church-run independent institutes. Rio de Janeiro Federal University was the first one, containing every faculty inside Rio de Janeiro city in 1926. São Paulo’s first university was USP , founded in 1933. By the 1950s, countryside people had to move toward capitals for undergraduate study. There were few higher education institutes outside Brazilian metropolises then. São Paulo state government created many colleges outside

2277-470: The decisions adopted by the preceding dictator. That period is commonly referred to as "Berenguer's dictablanda" (and the word was used later on, in different contexts, in Chile , Mexico, Uruguay and Colombia ). Folha published 21 letters about the editorial, 18 of which criticized the word choice. Among them were letters by Maria Victoria Benevides and Fábio Konder Comparato , both of them professors at

2346-412: The early 1960s, the company was suffering due to a rise in the prices of printing paper. The three newspapers were merged under a new title, Folha de S.Paulo , in 1960, but initially the morning, afternoon and evening editions were kept. However, with a worsening financial situation, only the morning edition survived. Things deteriorated further in 1961, after the news staff organized a strike that forced

2415-621: The facilities encompass museums, gardens, parks, botanical gardens and five experimental farms, totaling an area of 62.8 million m , of which 745,400 m are developed area. The university also owns the Hospital de Clínicas de Botucatu and manages the State Hospital of Bauru, which together have around 800 beds, as well as veterinary hospitals and dentistry, psychology, speech therapy and physiotherapy clinics. São Paulo State University has 23 campuses and 33 institutes: Unesp

2484-587: The first Latin-American newspaper to adopt the offset printing system. In 1971, it pioneered a new innovation: lead typesetting was replaced by cold composition . The newspaper's circulation was improving and its share in the advertising market was growing. Late in the 1960s, Frias even formed the nucleus of a national TV network, adding to TV Excelsior , which led in audience in São Paulo and he acquired in 1967, three other stations in Rio de Janeiro , Minas Gerais and Rio Grande do Sul . However, Caldeira didn't like

2553-494: The first large-circulation publication to do so in Brazil. In 1971, the newspaper replaced lead typesetting with the first cold composition system in Brazil. In 1983, when its first computer terminals were installed, it became the first computerized newsroom in South America. In 1984, Folha launched its first newsroom manual; those books would in time become valuable reference works for students and journalists. The manual

2622-582: The following cities: On 17 February 2009, in an editorial criticizing the Hugo Chávez administration in Venezuela , Folha defined the earlier Brazilian military dictatorship as a " ditabranda " (meaning "soft dictatorship") as follows: "However, if the ditabrandas – such as the one Brazil had from 1964 to 1985 – started with an institutional breakdown then later on either preserved or created controlled forms of political expression and access to Justice,

2691-498: The last years; the number of publications authored and co-authored from UNESP however, has continually risen since 2012. Admissions to Unesp are restricted by a state-wide, general admissions exam, known as vestibular . For architecture , arts and design undergraduate courses, additional specific exams are required. Prepared by VUNESP, an institution specialized in exams organization, Unesp vestibular are held on three days, separated in two phases. A student can only apply for

2760-588: The leading lights in the Brazilian Association for the Advancement of Science ( SBPC ), as newsroom head, and also hired Cláudio Abramo , the journalist credited with the successful updating of rival "O Estado de S. Paulo". Abramo would take Reis' place and form a productive working partnership with Frias that extended for more than 20 years. In 1964, Folha de S.Paulo supported the coup that overthrew President João Goulart, and his replacement by

2829-474: The media outlet in question thinks deserving of all promiscuity". The episode has also caused an internal crisis. One week later, the newspaper suspended its editorials. Later that same year, Cláudio Abramo lost his position as newsroom head, and Folha would only claim back a more avowedly political stance, instead of the uncritical "neutrality" adopted when editorials were suspended, late in 1973. More innovative than its competitor, Folha started to gain hold of

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2898-418: The middle classes that were growing under the Brazilian "economic miracle", and became the newspaper of choice for young people and women. At the same time, it put effort into news areas that were not well covered in Brazil up to that time, like business news, sports, education and services. Folha supported the concept of a political opening and opened its pages to all opinion trends, and its news coverage adopted

2967-551: The new Latin American authoritarianism, pioneered by Peru's Fujimori, goes the opposite way. A leader democratically elected works from within to undermine the institutions, the checks and balances, step by step". There was an immediate and strong reaction to the use of "ditabranda", a word coined in Spain during the 1930s when General Damaso Berenguer replaced General Primo de Rivera and governed through decrees, revoking some of

3036-400: The news. From the midpoint of the Brazilian military rule, Folha kept a critical stance towards several succeeding administrations ( Ernesto Geisel , João Figueiredo , José Sarney , Fernando Collor , Itamar Franco ). Otavio Frias Filho was sued, with three of Folha's reporters, by then President Fernando Collor. Although Folha expressed support for Collor's liberalizing economic views, it

3105-415: The newspaper and led the first of many graphic reforms that would follow, in 1976; he hired columnists such as Janio de Freitas, Paulo Francis , Tarso de Castro, Glauber Rocha , Flavio Rangel, Alberto Dines , Mino Carta , Osvaldo Peralva, Luiz Alberto Bahia and Fernando Henrique Cardoso . Folha became one of the main forums for public debate in Brazil. Contrary to some expectations, this editorial posture

3174-408: The newspaper owner. Octavio Frias de Oliveira responded with a first page editorial entitled "Banditry", and stated that he wouldn't accept the aggressions or threats. That was followed by an article on the news bulletin of ALN , a guerrilla group, in which Frias was classified as an enemy of the organization and Brazil. The bad blood between the newspaper and the left wing groups deepened and reached

3243-485: The newspaper's editorial project as part of the so-called Projeto Folha, implemented in the newsroom under the supervision of Carlos Eduardo Lins da Silva and Caio Túlio Costa . The guidelines for Projeto Folha require critical, nonpartisan and pluralistic news coverage. Those principles also guide the Newsroom Manual , first released in 1984 and updated several times later on. More than a style guide, it serves as

3312-429: The opinion of readers who disagree with the expression used to qualify Brazilian military rule in our recent editorial, and is printing some of their complaints above. As regards Professors Comparato and Benevides, well-known figures that up until today expressed no repudiation to left-wing dictatorships such as Cuba's, their 'indignation' is clearly cynical and untrue". The use of the word "ditabranda" led to Folha being

3381-450: The other centered on agricultural sciences. The leading industrial company is Embraer through a subsidiary, Neiva , that has a multipurpose plant there but primarily manufacture the EMB 202 "Ipanemão" crop spraying aircraft. Along with Rondonópolis and Ribeirão Preto , it is one of the centers of the large Brazilian airborne spraying industry. The city has also two bus bodyworks builders,

3450-539: The ploy backfired. Nabantino Ramos balanced those losses against the Count's initial financing and, some months later, declared that the company's debt to Matarazzo was fully paid and took over editorial control of the papers. Nabantino Ramos, who was an attorney, was very interested in modern managerial techniques, and during the 1940s and 1950s adopted several innovations: competitive examinations for new hires, journalism courses, performance bonuses, fact checking. He wrote

3519-516: The same time, checks and balances were instituted through internal controls: the Manual, the daily "Corrections" section adopted in 1991, a rule stating that objections to any article expressed by readers or for people mentioned in the news should be published, and, above all, the ombudsman position created in 1989; this position entails job security for its holder, whose aim is to criticize Folha and deal with complaints by readers and people mentioned in

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3588-442: The seat of an archdiocese, has experienced many changes during a century and a half of existence, the most substantial being the arrival of the state university in 1960. The modern name Botucatu derives from the old Tupi name "ybytukatu" meaning "good wind", and was applied in 1720 when the land here was parceled up and granted to settlers. Local legends survive that predate the period of structured settlement, however, relating to

3657-542: The target of criticism on Internet discussion boards and other media vehicles, particularly those closer to left-wing thinking, such as the magazines Fórum , Caros Amigos (that ran a cover story about the case) and Carta Capital . On 7 March, there was a protest in front of Folha's headquarters, in Central São Paulo, against the use of the word "ditabranda" and to express solidarity to Maria Victoria Benevides e Fábio Konder Comparato, who did not take part in

3726-525: The time when Botucatu was the focus of a transit crossing along the route connecting the Atlantic coast with the Peruvian lands . In the nineteenth century Old Botucatu was a place full of romantic characters such as coffee barons, musicians and poets and hinterland explorers. One of these is Conde (count) de Serra Negra , who is locally considered the father of Lawrence of Arabia and Rhett Butler , who

3795-399: The university launched a program called "International Courses" in 2013. The program comprised four different areas initially: Agricultural Sciences , Alternative Energy , Dentistry and Literature and Linguistics . In 2012, Unesp ranked second among public universities in the "VIII Best Universities Award", annually presented by the student publication guide, Editora Abril. In 2013,

3864-615: The university. Each institute (there are campuses with more than one) has one director and a council who rules with a degree of autonomy. Unesp employs about 3,500 teachers, in addition to another 10,600 employees in various positions. The university provides 171 options for undergraduate courses in 62 higher education professions, with a total of over 45,000 students, of which 5,600 new professionals are trained annually by Unesp. About 10,000 students study in 118 postgraduate programs, with 117 academic masters, 6 professional masters and 93 academic doctorates. The academic year at Unesp follows

3933-488: The world. It is the only Brazilian member of the Compostela Group of Universities . It is one of the few Latin American universities to be constantly listed as one of the best universities worldwide. Universities in Brazil are a recent phenomenon, compared to other Latin American countries. The first one was created in 1808 (Rio de Janeiro Medicine Faculty). Before the 20th century, there were no universities in

4002-408: Was 279,000 copies on weekdays and 329,000 on Sundays. In company with O Estado de S. Paulo and O Globo , Folha is regarded as a newspaper of record in Brazil. Among daily newspapers, Folha has also the news website with the largest number of visitors. Folha was founded on 19 February 1921, by a group of journalists led by Olival Costa and Pedro Cunha, under the name Folha da Noite . It

4071-416: Was an evening newspaper, with a project that privileged shorter, clearer articles, focusing more on news than on opinion, and a positioning closer to the themes that affected the daily life of the paulistanos (São Paulo city dwellers), particularly the working classes. The paper was competing against O Estado de S. Paulo the leading newspaper in the city, which represented rural moneyed interests and took on

4140-685: Was appointed to the position. In 1995, when the Folha Printing and Technology Center started operations in Tamboré (near São Paulo), this modern printing plant built at a cost of US$ 120 million allowed Folha to circulate with most of its pages in full color. In the first half of 2012, Folha carried the following sections and supplements: Daily sections/supplements Weekly sections/supplements Monthly magazine: Serafina (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Brasília only) In early 2012, Folha had correspondents , either full-time or research fellows, in

4209-458: Was born in Italy. Matarazzo financed the purchase of new, modern printing presses and saw the investment as a way to respond to the attacks he suffered from newspapers owned by his business rival Assis Chateaubriand . One of the weapons he developed for this battle was reducing the sales price of the Folhas in order to suffocate the business of Diários Associados , Chateaubriand's company. However,

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4278-743: Was coffee production and trade. Alves de Lima's initial goal, when he took over the newspapers in 1931, was defending the "agricultural interests", meaning rural landowners. But important events elsewhere became the focus for news organizations: the 1932 constitutionalist revolution , when São Paulo tried to recover the power lost to Vargas; the World War II (1939 to 1945), and the Estado Novo (the Vargas dictatorial period that extended from 1937 to 1945). Alves de Lima had no news experience, and so he charged poet Guilherme de Almeida with directing

4347-562: Was founded in 1976. The original campuses were in Araçatuba , Araraquara , Assis , Botucatu , Franca , Guaratinguetá , Ilha Solteira , Jaboticabal , Marília , Presidente Prudente , Rio Claro , São José dos Campos , São José do Rio Preto and São Paulo. Bauru campus was incorporated in 1988. The name "Universidade Estadual Paulista" was suggested by the first rector of Unesp, Professor Luiz Ferreira Martins. The homage to Júlio de Mesquita Filho  [ pt ] (a journalist)

4416-543: Was preserved and developed by Casoy during his tenure (1977-1984). In 1983/1984, Folha was the main bastion for the Diretas Já movement, an attempt to change the voting system adopted for presidential selection, from a Congressional vote to direct popular voting. In 1984, Otavio Frias Filho became the editorial director, systematizing and developing the newspaper's experiences during the political opening and Diretas Já. A series of documents circulated periodically, defining

4485-796: Was set in 1994, with the launch of the "Atlas Folha/The New York Times" (1,117,802 copies for the Sunday edition.) Currently, Folha extended its range of communication activities, with newspapers, databanks, a polling institute, a newswire, a real-time news and entertainment service, a printing company for magazines and a delivery company. In 1991, all shares of Empresa Folha da Manhã then belonging to Carlos Caldeira Filho were transferred to Octavio Frias de Oliveira , Folha's publisher until his death in 2007. Folha's executive editors since 1984 have been journalists Matinas Suzuki (1991-1997), Eleonora de Lucena (2001-2010) and Sérgio Dávila (from March 2010). In 1967, Folha adopted full-color offset presses , becoming

4554-478: Was suggested by Prof. Dr. Moacyr Expedito Marret Vaz Guimarães, then President of the State Council of Education (EEC). Unesp is one of the six public higher education institutions in the state of São Paulo. The others are USP , UNICAMP , UNIFESP , UFABC , UFSCar and FATEC ). UNESP has a total of 1,900 laboratories and 30 libraries, which together have around 900,000 books available. In addition

4623-659: Was supposed to represent the Average Joe, and served as a vehicle for ironic criticism of political and economic problems, always repeating the tagline "it could have been worse". The two Folha newspapers criticized mainly the Republican parties that monopolized power back then; the newspapers campaigned for social improvement. The company was involved in founding the Democratic Party, an opposition group. However, in 1929, Olival Costa, by then sole proprietor of

4692-476: Was the first publication to appeal for his impeachment, which finally came in 1992. The newspaper's coverage about the administrations of Fernando Henrique Cardoso ( PSDB ) and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ( PT ) led to accusations of anti-governmental bias in both cases, though the two Presidents belong to rival parties. Beginning with the exposure of a massive fraud on the Norte-Sul railway (1985), and through

4761-563: Was updated in new editions launched in 1987, 1992 and 2001. In 1989, Folha became the first Brazilian media vehicle to appoint an ombudsman, charged with receiving, evaluating and forwarding complaints by the readers, and to present critical comments both about Folha and other media vehicles. Nine journalists have occupied this position since then: Caio Túlio Costa, Mario Vitor Santos, Junia Nogueira de Sá, Marcelo Leite, Renata Lo Prete, Bernardo Ajzenberg, Marcelo Beraba, Mário Magalhães and Carlos Eduardo Lins da Silva. In February 2010, Suzana Singer

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