List of forms of government
60-628: Daniel Robert Graham (November 9, 1936 – April 16, 2024) was an American lawyer, author, and politician who served as the 38th governor of Florida from 1979 to 1987 and a United States senator from Florida from 1987 to 2005. He was a member of the Democratic Party . Born in Coral Gables, Florida , Graham won election to the Florida Legislature after graduating from Harvard Law School . After serving in both houses of
120-530: A belief in his blunders, but on the soundness of our provisions. Nor ought we to believe that there is much difference between man and man, but to think that the superiority lies with him who is reared in the severest school. French essayist Michel de Montaigne commended how Agesilaus II , the son of Archidamus, followed his father's approach closely: One asking to this purpose, Agesilaus, what he thought most proper for boys to learn? "What they ought to do when they come to be men," said he. Plutarch relates
180-400: A citizen". In U.S. politics, in the context of urban planning , the term civics comprehends the city politics that affect the political decisions of the citizenry of a city. Civic education is the study of the theoretical, political, and practical aspects of citizenship manifest as political rights, civil rights , and legal obligations. Civic education includes the study of civil law ,
240-512: A comparison made by Simonides between Spartan education of citizens and horse husbandry: Simonides called Sparta "the tamer of men," because by early strictness of education, they, more than any nation, trained the citizens to obedience to the laws, and made them tractable and patient of subjection, as horses that are broken in while colts. According to the Roman historian Plutarch , the semi-legendary Lycurgus of Sparta considered education of
300-607: A founding member. Following the end of the American Civil War , it was part of the Third Military District . Florida was readmitted to the Union on June 25, 1868. The Florida Constitution of 1838 provided that a governor be elected every 4 years, who was not allowed to serve consecutive terms. The secessionist constitution of 1861 would have reduced this to two years and removed the term limit, but
360-494: A prince to live in the court without a troop of guards and followers, extraordinary apparel, such and such torches and statues, and other like particulars of state and magnificence; but that a man may reduce and contract himself almost to the state of a private man, and yet for all that not to become the more base and remiss in those public matters and affairs, wherein power and authority is requisite. In his treatise Leviathan , English philosopher Thomas Hobbes heavily criticised
420-473: A proclamation with the secretary of state transferring power of governor to Lt. Governor Jeff Kottkamp pursuant to the constitutional provision while he underwent knee surgery. Civics In the field of political science, civics is the study of the civil and political rights and obligations of citizens in a society . The term civics derives from the Latin word civicus , meaning "relating to
480-737: A public meeting in Miami, a frustrated English teacher, M. Sue Riley, said to Graham, "The main problem with the Education Committee is no one has any experience in education." Taken aback, Graham responded, "Well, what can I do about that?" Riley then arranged for Graham to teach a semester of civics at Miami Carol City Senior High School . Three years later, Graham used his "workday" idea to kick-start his gubernatorial campaign. Throughout 1977 and into 1978, Graham conducted 100 workdays, including bellhop, tomato picker, and road construction paver. To stay legitimate, he worked an entire day, kept
540-400: A respect unto men only as men, and to the equity of the things themselves, and not unto the glory that might follow. Aurelius was also taught by his father how to live as a public figure restrained by modesty: That I lived under the government of my lord and father, who would take away from me all pride and vainglory, and reduce me to that conceit and opinion that it was not impossible for
600-661: A seat in the United States Senate. The shortest term in office belongs to Wayne Mixson , who served three days following Graham's resignation. The current officeholder is Ron DeSantis , a member of the Republican Party who took office on January 8, 2019. Spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty , which took effect July 10, 1821. Parts of West Florida had already been assigned to Alabama , Louisiana , and Mississippi ;
660-413: A specious criticism of an enemy's plans in theory, but fails to assail them with equal success in practice—but are taught to consider that the schemes of our enemies are not dissimilar to our own, and that the freaks of chance are not determinable by calculation. In practice we always base our preparations against an enemy on the assumption that his plans are good; indeed, it is right to rest our hopes not on
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#1732800839205720-475: A speech by Archidamus II wherein he stressed the importance for Sparta of civic education for the Spartan virtues of toughness, obedience, cunning, simplicity, and preparedness: And we are wise, because we are educated with too little learning to despise the laws, and with too severe a self-control to disobey them, and are brought up not to be too knowing in useless matters—such as the knowledge which can give
780-408: A spirit of perfect patriotism: 'To conclude, Lycurgus bred up his citizens in such a way that they neither would nor could live by themselves; they were to make themselves one with the public good, and, clustering like bees around their commander, be by their zeal and public spirit carried all but out of themselves, and devoted wholly to their country. Civic education for toughness and martial prowess
840-483: A well-known habit of meticulously logging his daily activities (some as mundane as when he ate a tuna sandwich or rewound a tape of Ace Ventura ) on color-coded notebooks, which Salon.com suggested in 2003 may have harmed his standing as a possible vice presidential candidate. The notebooks are now housed at the University of Florida library. Graham was considered as a Democratic nominee for Vice President of
900-482: Is 'the school of Hellas', since: in education, where our rivals from their very cradles by a painful discipline seek after manliness, at Athens we live exactly as we please, and yet are just as ready to encounter every legitimate danger. However, English philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed that the Athenians were only taught to think they had personal freedom in order to discourage them from seeking reform. In
960-535: Is housed within the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at the University of Florida . It provides students with opportunities to train for future leadership positions, and allows them to engage with policy makers and scholars in the university community. On February 9, 2008, The James and Alexis Pugh Hall, funded by longtime friends of the Graham family, was dedicated in the historic area of campus. Pugh Hall serves as
1020-477: Is no life? So now, because of him our city here is crammed with bureaucratic types and stupid democratic apes who always cheat our people. Nobody carries on the torch— no one's trained in that these days. During his diatribe, he emphasises the importance of poetry to civic education: Small children have a teacher helping them, for young men there's the poets—we've got a solemn duty to say useful things. Similarly, Plutarch would later speak of
1080-790: The Commission on the Prevention of WMD proliferation and terrorism . Through the WMD policy center he advocated for the recommendations in the Commission's report, "World at Risk". In 2011, Graham published his first novel, the thriller The Keys to the Kingdom . He also wrote four nonfiction books, Workdays: Finding Florida on the Job , Intelligence Matters , World at Risk, and America: The Owner's Manual , and an illustrated children's book, Rhoda
1140-496: The Florida Senate in 1970, from Dade County . Redistricted into a seat encompassing portions of northern Dade and southern Broward County , Graham was reelected to District 33 in 1972 and 1976. Graham's campaign trademark was to work full eight-hour days at various jobs representing Florida's constituents. The idea arose in 1974. Graham was on the Education Committee when it traveled to local Florida jurisdictions. After
1200-489: The Socratic dialogue Crito , Crito of Alopece learns from Socrates the importance in civic education of following expert opinion, rather than majority opinion. Socrates uses the analogy of the training gymnast, who he implies ought to follow his gymnastics trainer, not whatever the majority of people think about gymnastics. Crito also hears Socrates' argument that a citizen ought to obey his city's laws partly because it
1260-516: The U.S. state of Florida and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces . The governor has a duty to enforce state laws and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Florida Legislature , to convene the legislature and grant pardons , except in cases of impeachment. When Florida was first acquired by the United States, future president Andrew Jackson served as its military governor. Florida Territory
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#17328008392051320-658: The civil codes , and government with especial attention to the political role of the citizens in the operation and oversight of government. Moreover, in the history of Ancient Rome , the term civics also refers to the Civic Crown , to the Corona civica , which was a garland of oak leaves awarded to Romans who saved the lives of fellow citizens. In the History of the Peloponnesian War , Thucydides quotes
1380-654: The joint congressional investigation into 9/11 . As chair of the Intelligence Committee, Graham opposed the War in Iraq and was one of the 23 senators to vote against President George W. Bush 's request for authorization of the use of military force. After meeting with military leaders in February 2002 and requesting and reviewing a National Intelligence Estimate , he said he "felt we were being manipulated and that
1440-482: The Alligator . Graham was born in Coral Gables, Florida , to Hilda Elizabeth (née Simmons), a schoolteacher, and Ernest R. Graham , a Florida state senator, mining engineer, and dairy/cattleman. He was the youngest of four children. His older half-brother, Phil Graham , was publisher and co-owner of The Washington Post . He married Adele Khoury , of Miami Shores , in 1959. One of their daughters, Gwen Graham ,
1500-509: The Center's home as well as the university's oral history and African and Asian languages programs. In 2009, Graham published America, The Owner's Manual: Making Government Work for You , a book about inspiring and teaching citizens to effectively participate in democracy. In 2016, Sen. Graham and co-author Chris Hand released an update to America: The Owner's Manual , entitled America, The Owner’s Manual: You Can Fight City Hall — And Win. In
1560-685: The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, the University of Florida awarded Graham an honorary doctorate, the Doctor of Public Service. On November 18, 2005, the Florida Legislature renamed the Sunshine Skyway Bridge , which was rebuilt during Graham's time as governor, the Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge. List of governors of Florida The governor of Florida is the head of government of
1620-648: The Florida Legislature, Graham won the 1978 Florida gubernatorial election , and was reelected in 1982 . In the 1986 Senate elections , Graham defeated incumbent Republican Senator Paula Hawkins . He helped found the Democratic Leadership Council and eventually became Chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee . Graham ran for the 2004 Democratic presidential nomination , but dropped out before
1680-538: The Owner's Manual . Later, he would credit his undergraduate assistants at Harvard, as well as professors Archon Fung , David King, and Robert D. Putnam , as having helped him understand and conceive of the ideas that would become the book. After his year at Harvard, Graham focused on founding a center to train future political leaders at the University of Florida , where he earned his bachelor's degree in political science in 1959. The Bob Graham Center for Public Service
1740-597: The Sigma Chi Award, the school's highest honor. He received a bachelor's degree in 1959 in political science from the University of Florida , where he was a member of the Epsilon Zeta chapter of Sigma Nu fraternity and was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa , the University of Florida Hall of Fame, and Florida Blue Key . He earned a Bachelor of Laws from Harvard Law School in 1962. Graham was elected to
1800-510: The United States in 1988, 1992, 2000, and 2004. He was a finalist on Bill Clinton 's shortlist of running mates in 1992, and was reportedly on Al Gore 's shortlist in 2000. In December 2002, Graham announced his candidacy for President of the United States in the 2004 election . However, he withdrew from the race in October 2003, several months after heart surgery, and retired from the Senate
1860-512: The citizenry to be his main priority as framer of the Spartan constitution. Plutarch observes that 'the whole course of [Spartan] education was one of continued exercise of a ready and perfect obedience' in which 'there scarcely was any time or place without someone present to put them in mind of their duty, and punish them if they had neglected it.' He also describes how the Spartans limited civic education so as to maintain social control over
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1920-467: The defects of tyranny. From his brother he imbibed a specific ideal for the Roman state: He it was also that did put me in the first conceit and desire of an equal commonwealth, administered by justice and equality; and of a kingdom wherein should be regarded nothing more than the good and welfare of the subjects. He also followed the example of his adopted father Antoninus Pius , who he said kept careful watch of government administration and finances,
1980-535: The emphasis in contemporary civic education on studying Athenian democracy and Roman republicanism , saying that it wrongly encouraged monarchical subjects to restrain the actions of their monarchs. He thought that those citizens who imbibed the value of democracy from classic works were likely to oppose monarchy in the manner rabid dogs avoid water. Hobbes was deeply uncomfortable with Aristotelian civic education, which he said advised popular governance instead of monarchical rule. English philosopher Francis Bacon
2040-835: The first primaries. He declined to seek reelection in 2004 and retired from the Senate. Graham co-chaired the National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling and as a member of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission and the CIA External Advisory Board. He worked at the Bob Graham Center for Public Service at his undergraduate alma mater, the University of Florida . He also served as Chairman of
2100-529: The following year. Graham spent the 2005–2006 academic year at Harvard University , where he was a fellow at the Institute of Politics . He and his wife lived among undergraduates in Mather House for the year. As a fellow, Graham taught a weekly study group about effective citizenship. During his time at Harvard, Graham began work on a book about effective citizenship, which would later become America,
2160-642: The governor at the time was also out of state. Therefore, the Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives, A.K. Allison, became acting governor on September 16, 1853. He served for 17 days. Article IV Section 3 (b) of the Florida Constitution now calls for the lieutenant governor to "act as Governor" during the governor's physical or mental incapacity. This provision has been invoked one time. On June 18, 2008, Governor Charlie Crist filed
2220-405: The host, and fought for Argos as he were her own son, glad at heart whenso the city prospered, deeply grieved if e'er reverses came; many a lover though he had midst men and maids, yet was he careful to avoid offence. In his Meditations , Marcus Aurelius tells of how he was educated as a citizen to value free speech , to refrain from rhetoric and giving hortatory lectures, and to perceive
2280-463: The huntress Atalanta 's son, Parthenopaeus, a youth of peerless beauty; from Arcady he came even to the streams of Inachus , and in Argos spent his boyhood. There, when he grew to man's estate, first, as is the duty of strangers settled in another land, he showed no pique or jealousy against the state, became no quibbler, chiefest source of annoyance citizen or stranger can give, but took his stand amid
2340-622: The power of the poet Thales to, in the words of the English poet John Milton , 'prepare and mollify the Spartan surliness with his smooth songs and odes, the better to plant among them law and civility'. Plutarch also spoke of the deep influence of Homer 's 'lessons of state' on Lycurgus , framer of the Spartan constitution. In the Euripides tragedy The Suppliants , King Adrastus of Argos describes how Hippomedon received his civic education for endurance, martial skill, and service to
2400-576: The president of the senate again taking on that duty. The 1968 constitution recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who now becomes governor in the absence of the governor. The governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket . Florida was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only one candidate from the Whig Party (the Democrats' chief opposition at
2460-413: The press at a distance, and performed all aspects of the job. Graham performed more than 400 workdays during his political career. Graham was elected to the governorship of Florida in 1978 after a seven-way Democratic primary race in which he initially placed second to Robert L. Shevin . His supporters at the time dubbed themselves " Graham crackers ." Graham emphasized education and focused on improving
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2520-553: The remainder and East Florida were governed by a military commissioner with the powers of governor until the territory was organized and incorporated. Florida Territory was organized on March 30, 1822, combining East and West Florida. The State of Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3, 1845. It seceded from the Union on January 10, 1861, and joined the Confederate States of America on February 8, 1861, as
2580-638: The result was going to distract us from where our real enemies were". He continued to oppose the Iraq War, saying in 2008: "I'm afraid I never wavered from my belief that this was a distraction that was going to come to a bad end in Iraq and an even worse end in Afghanistan ". In 2004, Graham published Intelligence Matters: The CIA, the FBI, Saudi Arabia and the Failure of America's War on Terror . Graham had
2640-456: The state fell to the Union before the first election under that constitution. The rejected constitution of 1865 and the ratified constitution of 1868 maintained the four-year term, though without the earlier term limit, which was reintroduced in the 1885 constitution. The current constitution of 1968 states that should the governor serve, or would have served had he not resigned, more than six years in two consecutive terms, he cannot be elected to
2700-664: The state's public universities. In addition, Graham's administration focused on economic diversification and environmental policies. During his tenure as governor, the state added 1.2 million jobs, and for the first time in state history, Floridians' per capita income exceeded the U.S. average. Graham also launched the most extensive environmental protection program in Florida history, focused on preserving endangered lands. During his tenure, thousands of acres of threatened and environmentally important lands were brought into state ownership for permanent protection. His keystone accomplishment
2760-583: The state: Such another was Hippomedon, third of all this band; from his very boyhood he refrained from turning towards the allurements of the Muses , to lead life of ease; his home was in the fields, and gladly would he school his nature to hardships with a view to manliness, aye hasting to the chase, rejoicing in his steeds or straining of his bow, because he would make himself of use unto his state. Adrastus also describes how Parthenopeus received his education for citizenship in his adopted city: Next behold
2820-473: The succeeding term. The start of a term was set in 1885 at the first Tuesday after the first Monday in the January following the election, where it has remained. Originally, the president of the state senate acted as governor should that office be vacant. The 1865 and 1868 constitutions created the office of lieutenant governor , who would similarly act as governor. This office was abolished in 1885, with
2880-447: The things we have to learn before we can do them, we learn by doing them." They adduce that for this purpose schools must encourage ethical behavior and personal responsibility. In order to achieve these goals schools must allow students the three great freedoms—freedom of choice, freedom of action and freedom to bear the results of action—that constitute personal responsibility. The "strongest, political rationale" for democratic schools
2940-633: The time). It elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control, 90 years passed before voters chose another Republican. Florida has had a number of people serve as acting governor. The state's first three constitutions provided that the succession in office became operative whenever the governor was out of the state. Thus, in 1853 when Governor Thomas Brown attended an event in Boston—the Senate president who would normally succeed
3000-413: The way Spartan citizens spent their time learning to acquire virtues such as courage and temperance, to the exclusion of studying any other subject. Spartan boys were also taught music and songs in praise of courage and in condemnation of cowardice. Essentially, the Spartan ideal of civic education was a process whereby the interest of the citizen becomes totally united with the interest of the polity, in
3060-599: The years after his retirement from the Senate, Graham published almost 70 op-eds on state and national issues. He was also a member of the Inter-American Dialogue , a think tank based in Washington, D.C. Graham's health declined after a stroke in 2020. On April 16, 2024, he died at a retirement community in Gainesville, Florida , at the age of 87. On May 6, 2006, at the spring commencement for
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#17328008392053120-485: The young: Reading and writing they gave them, just enough to serve their turn; their chief care was to make them good subjects, and to teach them to endure pain and conquer in battle. However, the youth were also required to express themselves forcefully and succinctly, as well to think and reflect on matters of civic virtue, including such questions as who is or is not a good citizen of Sparta. Montaigne would later praise this particular technique of education, admiring
3180-588: Was a U.S. Representative from Florida from 2015 to 2017. In 2021, Gwen was confirmed as Assistant Secretary of the United States Department of Education . Bob Graham attended Miami Senior High School from 1952 to 1955; he was student body president his senior year. He was International Trustee of the Key Club , the Kiwanis service organization. While at Miami High Graham was the recipient of
3240-455: Was aware of the relevance of civic education to what he termed 'civil merit'. However, in his essay The Advancement of Learning , Bacon also argues that civic education should be preceded by religious and moral education, so that those who judge policy will not be under the influence of moral relativism . Sudbury schools contend that values , social justice and democracy must be learned through experience as Aristotle said: "For
3300-669: Was established in 1822 and five people served as governor over 6 distinct terms. The first territorial governor, William Pope Duval , served 12 years, the longest of any Florida governor to date. Since statehood in 1845, there have been 45 people who have served as governor, one of whom served two distinct terms. Four state governors have served two full four-year terms: William D. Bloxham , in two stints, as well as Reubin Askew , Jeb Bush and Rick Scott who each served their terms consecutively. Bob Graham almost served two full terms but resigned with three days left in his term in order to take
3360-485: Was his city which educated him for citizenship. In the Aristophanes comedy The Frogs , the character of the playwright Aeschylus scolds fellow tragedian Euripides for writing scenes pernicious to proper ideals of citizenship: What crimes is he not guilty of? Did he not put up on display pimps and women giving birth in holy shrines and having sex with their own brothers, and then claim that living
3420-445: Was not only within the purview of Spartan men: Plutarch recounts how Lycurgus 'ordered the maidens to exercises themselves with wrestling, running, throwing the quoit , and chasing the dart' with a view to creating healthy children for the state. Pericles' Funeral Oration provides insight into Athens' sharply contrasting form of civic education from Sparta, for personal freedom, rather than blind obedience, where he boasts that Athens
3480-430: Was open to hearing ideas about how to serve the common good, and cared neither for ambition nor pandering to the popular will: Again, that secrets he neither had many, nor often, and such only as concerned public matters: his discretion and moderation, in exhibiting of the public sights and shows for the pleasure and pastime of the people: in public buildings. [ sic ] congiaries, and the like. In all these things, having
3540-562: Was reelected in 1992 (over Bill Grant , 66% to 34%) and 1998 (over Charlie Crist , 63% to 37%) and chose not to seek reelection in 2004. Upon retiring from the Senate in January 2005, Graham had served 38 consecutive years in public office. Graham served 10 years on the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence , which he chaired during and after 9/11 and the run-up to the Iraq war . He led
3600-580: Was the establishment of the Save the Everglades program, which has now been joined by the federal government in a commitment to restore the Everglades . Graham left the governorship with an 83% approval rating. According to The New York Times , he was one of Florida's most popular politicians. Graham was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1986 , defeating incumbent Senator Paula Hawkins , 55% to 45%. He
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