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83-521: The company supplied the most potent ingredient of Agent Orange . In 2004, the company acquired STEAG microParts GmbH. In December of the same year the company announced the acquisition of the outstanding shares of Boehringer Ingelheim Shionogi Vetmedica. In June 2008, the company announced its intention to acquire Actimis Pharmaceuticals for $ 515 million, depending on the performance of Actimis' leading asthma compound AP768. In 2009, through its US subsidiary, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc., acquired

166-608: A "qui tam" (whistleblower) case with the U.S. government for $ 95 million alleging "off-label" marketing of the drugs Aggrenox, Atrovent, Combivent, and Micardis for uses that weren't approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and were not covered by federal health care programs. In August 2012, Pradaxa claims filed in the federal court were consolidated in a multi-district litigation in the Southern District of Illinois before Chief Judge David R. Herndon. On 28 May 2014,

249-418: A $ 650 million settlement was announced on behalf of approximately 3,900 claimants who were injured by the drug Pradaxa made by Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. The drug is alleged to cause severe bleeding events and/or hemorrhaging to those who were taking the drug. In October 2023 Boehringer Ingelheim was ordered to pay a 10 million Euro fine for illegal price fixing that had gone on globally over

332-925: A November 2004 Zogby International poll of 987 people, 79% of respondents thought the U.S. chemical companies which produced Agent Orange defoliant should compensate U.S. soldiers who were affected by the toxic chemical used during the war in Vietnam and 51% said they supported compensation for Vietnamese Agent Orange victims. Several official investigations in Australia failed to prove otherwise even though extant American investigations had already established that defoliants were sprayed at U.S. airbases including Bien Hoa Air Base where Australian and New Zealand forces first served before being given their own Tactical area of responsibility (TAOR.) Even then, Australian and New Zealand non-military and military contributions saw personnel from both countries spread over Vietnam such as

415-441: A chemical means to make soybeans flower and fruit earlier. He discovered both that 2,3,5- triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) would speed up the flowering of soybeans and that in higher concentrations it would defoliate the soybeans. From these studies arose the concept of using aerial applications of herbicides to destroy enemy crops to disrupt their food supply. In early 1945, the U.S. Army ran tests of various 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T mixtures at

498-726: A critical analysis of these studies and 35 others consistently found that there was no significant increase in prostate cancer incidence or mortality in those exposed to Agent Orange or 2,3,7,8-tetracholorodibenzo- p -dioxin. During the Vietnam War, the United States fought the North Vietnamese , and their allies, in Laos and Cambodia , including heavy bombing campaigns. They also sprayed large quantities of Agent Orange in each of those countries. According to one estimate,

581-496: A division of Boehringer Ingelheim, voluntarily shut down after a U.S. Food and Drug Administration inspectors' report that found the plant had rusty tools, mold, and a barrel of 'unknown liquid', later found to be urine . The company invested US$ 300,000,000 to upgrade the drug manufacturing plant, and limited production resumed in October 2012. However, on 3 October 2013, Ben Venue announced that it would be ceasing production by

664-430: A fifty-fifty mixture of 2,4-D and dioxin-contaminated 2,4,5-T. Nine chemical companies produced it: Dow Chemical Company , Monsanto Company , Diamond Shamrock Corporation , Hercules Inc. , Thompson Hayward Chemical Co., United States Rubber Company (Uniroyal), Thompson Chemical Co., Hoffman-Taff Chemicals, Inc. , and Agriselect. The government of Vietnam says that up to four million people in Vietnam were exposed to

747-558: A lack of consensus on the issue. Despite this, statistical analysis of the studies they examined resulted in data that the increase in birth defects/ relative risk (RR) from exposure to agent orange/dioxin "appears" to be on the order of 3 in Vietnamese-funded studies, but 1.29 in the rest of the world. There is data near the threshold of statistical significance suggesting Agent Orange contributes to still-births, cleft palate, and neural tube defects , with spina bifida being

830-809: A newly established Quantum Lab of Boehringer Ingelheim. Boehringer Ingelheim is also a founding member of the Quantum Technology and Application Consortium (QUTAC). Prescription Medicines: Consumer Health Care (sold to Sanofi ): Animal Health: Also in companion animal portfolio: Purevax feline vaccines, Recombitek canine vaccine, Imrab rabies vaccine, NexGard (afoxolaner), NexGard Spectra (afoxolaner/milbemycin oxime), NexGard Combo ( esafoxolaner/eprinomectin/praziquantel ), Heartgard-30 Plus (ivermectin/pyrantel pamoate), Immiticide (melarsomine), Senvelgo (velagliflozin) Boehringer Ingelheim's product pipeline targets lung disease , cancer , and hepatitis C . In October 2012 Boehringer Ingelheim settled

913-402: A period of nearly fifteen years. Boehringer bears the largest share of an antitrust fine totaling € 13.4 million. Anyone affected by its anti-competitive behavior may claim damages, competition regulators stressed. As a private company, Boehringer Ingelheim (BI) is not required to disclose detailed financial information publicly; the owners have considered an IPO and ruled it out. In 2006,

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996-645: A result of exposure to Agent Orange there. One noteworthy exception, according to the U.S. Department of Labor, is a claim filed with the CIA by an employee of "a self-insured contractor to the CIA that was no longer in business." The CIA advised the Department of Labor that it "had no objections" to paying the claim and Labor accepted the claim for payment: Civilian Exposure to Agent Orange in Vietnam: GAO-05-371 April 2005.Figure 3: Overview of

1079-514: A significant portion of the Fort Dodge Animal Health business from Pfizer . In 2010, BI, through its Boehringer Ingelheim Japan Investment GK subsidiary, acquired all outstanding shares of SSP CO., Ltd, with Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd already holding 60.2% of SSP CO's shares. In August 2012, the company acquired FX125L and the somatotaxin programme from Funxional Therapeutics for an undisclosed sum. In May 2015,

1162-418: A study by Dr. Nguyen Viet Nhan, children in the areas where Agent Orange was used have been affected and have multiple health problems, including cleft palate, mental disabilities, hernias, and extra fingers and toes . In the 1970s, high levels of dioxin were found in the breast milk of South Vietnamese women, and in the blood of U.S. military personnel who had served in Vietnam. The most affected zones are

1245-477: A third generation treatment for EGFR mutation-positive lung cancer . Boehringer also terminated its collaboration with Vitae Pharmaceuticals on a new BACE program for Alzheimer's. The company sold the rights to Faldaprevir , a HCV protease inhibitor to Trek Therapeutics. In July 2016, the company sold the commercialisation rights to BI 655066 ( Risankizumab ), to AbbVie for $ 595 million upfront as well as undisclosed milestone payments and royalties. BI 655066

1328-404: A treatment being used in early trials against triple-negative breast cancer and lung cancer , for $ 1.5 billion. In June 2020, Boehringer and G1 Therapeutics announced a co-promotion agreement for trilaciclib (Cosela) , a CDK4/6 inhibitor designed to prevent chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression . The agreement targets small cell lung cancer , will initially run for three years, and covers

1411-453: A variety of cancers in the lungs, larynx, and prostate. While in Vietnam, U.S. and Free World Military Assistance Forces soldiers were told not to worry about Agent Orange and were persuaded the chemical was harmless. After returning home, Vietnam veterans from all countries that served began to suspect their ill health or the instances of their wives having miscarriages or children born with birth defects might be related to Agent Orange and

1494-531: A weapon, by definition, is any device used to injure, defeat, or destroy living beings, structures, or systems, and Agent Orange did not qualify under that definition. It also argued that if the U.S. were to be charged for using Agent Orange, then the United Kingdom and its Commonwealth nations should be charged since they also used it widely during the Malayan Emergency in the 1950s. In 1969,

1577-649: Is a British multinational pharmaceutical company with headquarters in London, UK that manufactures non-branded generic and in-licensed pharmaceutical products. It was founded by Samih Darwazah in Amman , Jordan in 1978. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index . The company was founded in 1978 by Samih Darwazah in Amman , Jordan. In August 1996 it became

1660-613: Is a chemical herbicide and defoliant , one of the tactical use Rainbow Herbicides . It was used by the U.S. military as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand , during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. The U.S. was strongly influenced by the British who used Agent Orange during the Malayan Emergency . It is a mixture of equal parts of two herbicides, 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D . In addition to its damaging environmental effects, traces of dioxin (mainly TCDD ,

1743-546: Is a drug in late-stage testing for psoriasis , and in earlier testing for Crohn's disease , psoriatic arthritis and asthma . In September of the same year the company announced it would acquire ViraTherapeutics for €210 million ($ 230 million), a developer of oncolytic virus therapies, dependent on the success of Phase I trials. In June 2016, the company announced it had struck an asset-swap deal with Sanofi , Boehringer would sell its consumer health division (valuing it at €6.7 billion) and €4.7 billion in cash, whilst acquiring

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1826-614: Is a globally operating company, with 146 subsidiaries around the globe. The company's largest site and corporate headquarters is in Ingelheim am Rhein near Mainz and Frankfurt, Germany. Their main business regions are Europe, North America and Asia. The Research Institute of Molecular Pathology in Vienna (Austria), founded in 1985, has had Boehringer Ingelheim as its main sponsor since 1993. In 2011, Ben Venue Laboratories in Bedford, Ohio ,

1909-475: Is no longer harmful. Several herbicides were developed as part of efforts by the United States and the United Kingdom to create herbicidal weapons for use during World War II . These included 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, MCPA (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, 1414B and 1414A, recoded LN-8 and LN-32), and isopropyl phenylcarbamate (1313, recoded LN-33). In 1943, the United States Department of

1992-639: Is sharply reduced in contrast with unsprayed areas. The environmental destruction caused by this defoliation has been described by Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme , lawyers, historians and other academics as an ecocide . The use of Agent Orange in Vietnam resulted in numerous legal actions. The United Nations ratified United Nations General Assembly Resolution 31/72 and the Environmental Modification Convention . Lawsuits filed on behalf of both U.S. and Vietnamese veterans sought compensation for damages. Agent Orange

2075-1100: The Americal Division in the summer of 1970 continued to use Agent Orange for crop destruction in violation of the suspension. An investigation led to disciplinary action against the brigade and division commanders because they had falsified reports to hide its use. Defoliation and crop destruction were completely stopped by June 30, 1971. There are various types of cancer associated with Agent Orange, including chronic B-cell leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, prostate cancer, respiratory cancer, lung cancer, and soft tissue sarcomas. The government of Vietnam states that 4 million of its citizens were exposed to Agent Orange, and as many as 3 million have suffered illnesses because of it; these figures include their children who were exposed. The Red Cross of Vietnam estimates that up to 1 million people are disabled or have health problems due to Agent Orange contamination. The United States government has challenged these figures as being unreliable. According to

2158-630: The Bushnell Army Airfield in Florida. As a result, the U.S. began a full-scale production of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T and would have used it against Japan in 1946 during Operation Downfall if the war had continued. In the years after the war, the U.S. tested 1,100 compounds, and field trials of the more promising ones were done at British stations in India and Australia, in order to establish their effects in tropical conditions, as well as at

2241-553: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention showed that there was an increase in the rate of birth defects of the children of military personnel as a result of Agent Orange. Agent Orange has also caused enormous environmental damage in Vietnam. Over 3,100,000 ha (7,700,000 acres) or 31,000 km (12,000 sq mi) of forest were defoliated. Defoliants eroded tree cover and seedling forest stock, making reforestation difficult in numerous areas. Animal species diversity

2324-522: The European Commission . On January 11, 2021, Boehringer Ingelheim announced a collaborative agreement with Google Quantum AI (Google), focusing on researching and implementing cutting-edge use cases for quantum computing in pharmaceutical research and development (R&D), specifically including molecular dynamics simulations. Boehringer Ingelheim is the first pharmaceutical company worldwide to join forces with Google in quantum computing in

2407-454: The Merial animal health division (valuing it at €11.4 billion / $ 12.4 billion). The deal could mean that Boehringer is now one of the animal healthcare global leaders. In September of the same year, Amgen announced it would purchase the rights to Boehringer Ingelheims Phase I bispecific T-cell engager compound ( BI 836909 , now AMG 420) for use in the treatment of multiple myeloma . As part of

2490-730: The U.S. Congress were told, "crop destruction is understood to be the more important purpose ... but the emphasis is usually given to the jungle defoliation in public mention of the program." The first official acknowledgment of the programs came from the State Department in March 1966. When crops were destroyed, the Viet Cong would compensate for the loss of food by confiscating more food from local villages. Some military personnel reported being told they were destroying crops used to feed guerrillas, only to later discover, most of

2573-1244: The United States and Puerto Rico . In September 2021, the company announced it would acquire Abexxa Biologics, boosting its cancer immunotherapy research. In 2023, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) ’s Madrid Yearly Review ranked Boehringer's number of marks applications filled under the Madrid System as 4th in the world, with 118 trademarks applications submitted during 2023. Boehringer Ingelheim works in human pharmaceuticals , animal health , and biopharmaceuticals . The group consists of 145 affiliated companies with around 50,000 employees in 2017 in all continents. Research and development facilities were in five sites and 20 production plants in 13 countries. The research and development facilities are located in Biberach (Germany), Ridgefield (Connecticut), Vienna , Kobe , and Milan (closed in 2017). Over 8,000 employees work for Boehringer Ingelheim in research and development. Boehringer Ingelheim

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2656-655: The White House and the State and Defense Departments . Many U.S. officials supported herbicide operations, pointing out that the British had already used herbicides and defoliants in Malaya during the 1950s. In November 1961, Kennedy authorized the start of Operation Ranch Hand , the codename for the United States Air Force 's herbicide program in Vietnam. The herbicide operations were formally directed by

2739-453: The dioxin 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD). TCDD was a trace (typically 2–3 ppm , ranging from 50 ppb to 50 ppm) - but significant - contaminant of Agent Orange. TCDD is the most toxic of the dioxins and is classified as a human carcinogen by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The fat-soluble nature of TCDD causes it to enter the body readily through physical contact or ingestion. Dioxins accumulate easily in

2822-588: The Army contracted botanist (and later bioethicist) Arthur Galston , who discovered the defoliants later used in Agent Orange, and his employer University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign to study the effects of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T on cereal grains (including rice) and broadleaf crops. While a graduate and post-graduate student at the University of Illinois, Galston's research and dissertation focused on finding

2905-572: The Bionetic Research Laboratories between 1965 and 1968 found malformations in test animals caused by 2,4,5-T, a component of Agent Orange. The study was later brought to the attention of the White House in October 1969. Other studies reported similar results and the Department of Defense began to reduce the herbicide operation. On April 15, 1970, it was announced that the use of Agent Orange was suspended. Two brigades of

2988-421: The British did in Malaya, the goal of the U.S. was to defoliate rural/forested land, depriving guerrillas of food and concealment and clearing sensitive areas such as around base perimeters and possible ambush sites along roads and canals. Samuel P. Huntington argued that the program was also a part of a policy of forced draft urbanization , which aimed to destroy the ability of peasants to support themselves in

3071-458: The British had established a precedent for warfare with herbicides in Malaya. In mid-1961, President Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam asked the United States to help defoliate the lush jungle that was providing cover to his Communist enemies. In August of that year, the Republic of Vietnam Air Force conducted herbicide operations with American help. Diem's request launched a policy debate in

3154-560: The CIA--acting in the role of the employer and the insurance carrier--stated that it "had no objections" to paying the claim. Labor reviewed the claim and accepted it for payment." About 17.8% or 3,100,000 hectares (31,000 km ; 12,000 sq mi) of the total forested area of Vietnam was sprayed during the war, which disrupted the ecological equilibrium. The persistent nature of dioxins, erosion caused by loss of tree cover, and loss of seedling forest stock meant that reforestation

3237-650: The Chairman of the Shareholders’ Committee Dr Heribert Johann retired and Christian Boehringer took over the position as chairperson of the board of directors . As of 2018 Christian Boehringer remains in this position. In 2015, then-CFO Hubertus von Baumbach took over the position of Chairman of the Board of Managing Directors, a CEO position, to replace Andreas Barner who had taken the position in 2009. Agent Orange Agent Orange

3320-849: The Ethiopian pharmaceutical market. On 28 May 2014, Hikma Pharmaceuticals agreed to acquire assets from the U.S. generic injectable drugs business of Germany's Boehringer Ingelheim for up to $ 300 million, boosting its presence in the injected medicine market. In June 2020, Boehringer announced it would sell off part of its stake in London-listed Hikma Pharmaceuticals (28 million out of a 40 million share holding) for around $ 800 million. Hikma Pharmaceutical’s operations span 29 manufacturing plants in 10 countries: United States , Portugal , Italy , Jordan , Saudi Arabia , Algeria , Germany , Egypt , Morocco , and Tunisia . Hikma’s branded business segment comprises

3403-600: The Institute of Medicine (IOM), now known as the National Academy of Medicine , to issue reports every 2 years on the health effects of Agent Orange and similar herbicides. First published in 1994 and titled Veterans and Agent Orange , the IOM reports assess the risk of both cancer and non-cancer health effects. Each health effect is categorized by evidence of association based on available research data. The last update

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3486-475: The New Zealand government finally admitted that New Zealanders had in fact been exposed to Agent Orange while serving in Vietnam and the experience was responsible for detrimental health conditions in veterans and their children. Amendments to the memorandum made in 2021 meant that more veterans were eligible for an ex gratia payment of NZ$ 40,000. Starting in the early 1990s, the federal government directed

3569-674: The U.S. dropped 475,500 U.S. gal (1,800,000 L; 395,900 imp gal) in Laos and 40,900 U.S. gal (155,000 L; 34,100 imp gal) in Cambodia. Because Laos and Cambodia were both officially neutral during the Vietnam War, the U.S. attempted to keep secret its military operations in those countries, from the American population and has largely avoided compensating American veterans and CIA personnel stationed in Cambodia and Laos who suffered permanent injuries as

3652-556: The U.S. testing ground in Florida. Between 1950 and 1952, trials were conducted in Tanganyika , at Kikore and Stunyansa, to test arboricides and defoliants under tropical conditions. The chemicals involved were 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, and endothall (3,6-endoxohexahydrophthalic acid). During 1952–53, the unit supervised the aerial spraying of 2,4,5-T in Kenya to assess the value of defoliants in the eradication of tsetse fly . In Malaya ,

3735-462: The U.S. was violating the 1925 Geneva Protocol , which regulated the use of chemical and biological weapons in international conflicts. The U.S. defeated most of the resolutions, arguing that Agent Orange was not a chemical or a biological weapon as it was considered a herbicide and a defoliant and it was used in effort to destroy plant crops and to deprive the enemy of concealment and not meant to target human beings. The U.S. delegation argued that

3818-452: The United Kingdom commented on the draft Resolution 2603 (XXIV): The evidence seems to us to be notably inadequate for the assertion that the use in war of chemical substances specifically toxic to plants is prohibited by international law . The environmental destruction caused by this defoliation has been described by Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme , lawyers, historians and other academics as an ecocide . A study carried out by

3901-459: The Workers' Compensation Claims Process for Contract Employees: " ... Of the 20 claims filed by contract employees [of the united States government], 9 were initially denied by the insurance carriers and 1 was approved for payment. ... The claim that was approved by Labor for payment involved a self-insured contractor to the CIA that was no longer in business. Absent an employer or insurance carrier,

3984-522: The asset swap, Boehringer and Merial sold a number of assets to Ceva Santé Animale - namely some animal health vaccines and pharmaceuticals from the Merial portfolio for swine, bovine and companion animals, as well as some intellectual property, manufacturing processes and R&D activities. In October 2016 the company sold its US pet vaccines business and a manufacturing plant for $ 885 million, to Eli Lilly's Elanco Animal Health division. In April 2018,

4067-853: The business' focus on cancer immunotherapy and vaccine treatments. In May 2020, the business announced it would acquire Northern Biologics Inc. which focuses on therapeutic antibodies targeting tumours. In June, the business announced it would sell off part of its stake in London-listed Hikma Pharmaceuticals (28 million out of a 40 million share holding) for around $ 800 million. In July, the company announced it would acquire Global Stem cell Technology, boosting its animal health business. In December, Boehringer announced it would acquire Labor Dr. Merk & Kollegen, boosting its immuno-oncology therapy range including Vesicular Stomatitis Virus and cancer vaccines platforms and Swiss-based NBE Therapeutics, adding drug candidates including

4150-506: The chemicals in the presence of personnel that the Australian government was forced to change their stance. Only in 1994 did the Australian government finally admit that it was true that defoliants had been used in areas of Vietnam where Australian forces operated and the effects of these may have been detrimental to some Vietnam veterans and their children. It was only in 2015 that the official Australian War Memorial accepted rewriting

4233-458: The company acquired the investigational drug PXS4728A from Pharmaxis ’. In July, the company sold its Roxane business to Hikma Pharmaceuticals Plc for $ 2.65 billion ($ 1.18 billion in cash and issue 40 million new Hikma shares). The company also agreed to make cash payments of up to $ 125 million based on performance milestones. On the same day the company announced it would partner with Hanmi Pharmaceutical to develop and commercialise HM61713 ,

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4316-725: The company announced that it would launch an immuno-oncology partnership with OSE Immunotherapeutics worth up-to-$ 1.4 billion, focussing on developing OSE's late-preclinical-stage candidate OSE-172 , a checkpoint inhibitor antibody designed to treat solid tumors. In the same month Boehringer announced a partnership with Topas Therapeutics and their virus-based vectors. In mid-September the company exercised its option to acquire viral cancer therapy developer, ViraTherapeutics , for €210 million ($ 245 million). In March 2019, Boehringer announced it would acquire ICD Therapeutics. In July, subsidiary company Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. announced it had acquired Amal Therapeutics SA, boostings

4399-690: The company won the ICSA / Hermes Transparency in Governance Award for the best audit disclosure for a FTSE 250 company. Hikma expanded its existing presence in the Egyptian market through the acquisition of the Egyptian Company for Pharmaceuticals and Chemical Industries (EPCI) in 2012. In September 2013, Hikma announced expansion into Sub-Saharan Africa with a 50:50 joint venture agreement with MIDROC Pharmaceuticals Limited, to enter

4482-592: The countryside, forcing them to flee to the U.S.-dominated cities, depriving the guerrillas of their rural support base. Agent Orange was usually sprayed from helicopters or from low-flying C-123 Provider aircraft, fitted with sprayers and "MC-1 Hourglass" pump systems and 1,000 U.S. gal (3,800 L; 830 imp gal) chemical tanks. Spray runs were also conducted from trucks, boats, and backpack sprayers. Altogether, over 80,000,000 L (18,000,000 imp gal; 21,000,000 US gal) of Agent Orange were applied. The first batch of herbicides

4565-552: The defoliant, and as many as three million people have suffered illness because of Agent Orange, while the Vietnamese Red Cross estimates that up to one million people were disabled or have health problems as a result of exposure to Agent Orange. The United States government has described these figures as unreliable, while documenting cases of leukemia , Hodgkin's lymphoma , and various kinds of cancer in exposed U.S. military veterans. An epidemiological study done by

4648-615: The destroyed food was actually produced to support the local civilian population. For example, according to Wil Verwey, 85% of the crop lands in Quang Ngai province were scheduled to be destroyed in 1970 alone. He estimated this would have caused famine and left hundreds of thousands of people without food or malnourished in the province. According to a report by the American Association for the Advancement of Science,

4731-601: The development and sales of branded generics and in-licensed patented products in the MENA region . Hikma has 499 products in 1,256 dosage strengths. Top products include Actos, Amoclan, Blopress , Omnicef, Prograf , and Suprax . Hikma sells specialized injectable products in the US, Europe and MENA including argatroban , fentanyl , phenylephrine , robaxin , and iron gluconate. The company sells 200 products in 379 dosage forms and strengths. Hikma’s oral generic products are sold in

4814-586: The end of 2013 due to being unable to "return to sustainable production." Boehringer Ingelheim is involved in publicly funded collaborative research projects with other industrial and academic partners. One example in the area of non-clinical safety assessment is the InnoMed PredTox . The company is expanding its activities in joint research projects within the framework of the Innovative Medicines Initiative of EFPIA and

4897-423: The exception of liver cancer, these are the same conditions the U.S. Veterans Administration has determined may be associated with exposure to Agent Orange/dioxin and are on the list of conditions eligible for compensation and treatment. Military personnel who were involved in storage, mixture and transportation (including aircraft mechanics), and actual use of the chemicals were probably among those who received

4980-929: The first Arab company to export pharmaceutical products to the United States. It was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 2005. Recent acquisitions include Instituto Biochimico Pavese Pharma in Italy in 2005 and Jazeera Pharmaceutical Industries in Saudi Arabia in 2006. In 2007 the company went on to buy APM in Jordan , Alkan Pharma in Egypt , APM and Al Jazeera Pharma in Saudi Arabia, Thymoorgan in Germany, and Ribosepharm in Germany. It started to acquire Baxter Healthcare Corporation's US generic injectables business, Multi-Source Injectables or MSI, and completed

5063-467: The food chain. Dioxin enters the body by attaching to a protein called the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a transcription factor . When TCDD binds to AhR, the protein moves to the cell nucleus , where it influences gene expression. According to U.S. government reports, if not bound chemically to a biological surface such as soil, leaves or grass, Agent Orange dries quickly after spraying and breaks down within hours to days when exposed to sunlight and

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5146-503: The former U.S. airbases in Da Nang , Phù Cát District and Biên Hòa . Some of the soil and sediment on the bases have extremely high levels of dioxin requiring remediation. The Da Nang Air Base has dioxin contamination up to 350 times higher than international recommendations for action. The contaminated soil and sediment continue to affect the citizens of Vietnam, poisoning their food chain and causing illnesses, serious skin diseases and

5229-535: The government of South Vietnam. During the Vietnam War, between 1962 and 1971, the United States military sprayed nearly 20,000,000 U.S. gal (76,000,000 L; 17,000,000 imp gal) of various chemicals – the " rainbow herbicides " and defoliants – in Vietnam, eastern Laos, and parts of Cambodia as part of Operation Ranch Hand, reaching its peak from 1967 to 1969. For comparison purposes, an olympic size pool holds approximately 660,000 U.S. gal (2,500,000 L; 550,000 imp gal). As

5312-404: The heaviest exposures. Military members who served on Okinawa also claim to have been exposed to the chemical, but there is no verifiable evidence to corroborate these claims. Some studies have suggested that veterans exposed to Agent Orange may be more at risk of developing prostate cancer and potentially more than twice as likely to develop higher-grade, more lethal prostate cancers. However,

5395-492: The herbicide campaign had disrupted the food supply of more than 600,000 people by 1970. Many experts at the time, including plant physiologist and bioethicist Arthur Galston , opposed herbicidal warfare because of concerns about the side effects to humans and the environment by indiscriminately spraying the chemical over a wide area. As early as 1966, resolutions were introduced to the United Nations charging that

5478-486: The hospitals at Bong Son and Qui Nhon , on secondments at various bases, and as flight crew and ground crew for flights into and out of Da Nang Air Base - all areas that were well-documented as having been sprayed. It wasn't until a group of Australian veterans produced official military records, maps, and mission data as proof that the TAOR controlled by Australian and New Zealand forces in Vietnam had been sprayed with

5561-586: The local unit of Imperial Chemical Industries researched defoliants as weed killers for rubber plantations . Roadside ambushes by the Malayan National Liberation Army were a danger to the British Commonwealth forces during the Malayan Emergency , several trials were made to defoliate vegetation that might hide ambush sites, but hand removal was found cheaper. A detailed account of how the British experimented with

5644-584: The most statistically significant defect. The large discrepancy in RR between Vietnamese studies and those in the rest of the world has been ascribed to bias in the Vietnamese studies. Twenty-eight of the former U.S. military bases in Vietnam where the herbicides were stored and loaded onto airplanes may still have high levels of dioxins in the soil, posing a health threat to the surrounding communities. Extensive testing for dioxin contamination has been conducted at

5727-517: The most toxic of its type) found in the mixture have caused major health problems and deformities for many individuals who were exposed and for their children. Agent Orange was produced in the United States beginning in the late 1940s and was used in industrial agriculture, and was also sprayed along railroads and power lines to control undergrowth in forests. During the Vietnam War, the U.S. military procured over 20,000,000 U.S. gal (76,000,000 L; 17,000,000 imp gal), consisting of

5810-477: The mountainous area along Truong Son (Long Mountains) and the border between Vietnam and Cambodia. The affected residents are living in substandard conditions with many genetic diseases . In 2006, Anh Duc Ngo and colleagues of the University of Texas Health Science Center published a meta-analysis that exposed a large amount of heterogeneity (different findings) between studies, a finding consistent with

5893-468: The official history of Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War to acknowledge that Australian soldiers were exposed to defoliants used in Vietnam. New Zealand was even slower to correct their error, with the government going as far as to deny the legitimacy of the Australian reports in a report called the "McLeod Report" published by Veterans Affairs NZ in 2001 thus infuriating New Zealand veterans and those associated with their cause. In 2006 progress

5976-581: The other toxic herbicides to which they had been exposed in Vietnam. U.S. Veterans began to file claims in 1977 to the Department of Veterans Affairs for disability payments for health care for conditions they believed were associated with exposure to Agent Orange, or more specifically, dioxin, but their claims were denied unless they could prove the condition began when they were in the service or within one year of their discharge. In order to qualify for compensation, U.S. veterans must have served on or near

6059-654: The perimeters of military bases in Thailand during the Vietnam Era, where herbicides were tested and stored outside of Vietnam, veterans who were crew members on C-123 planes flown after the Vietnam War, or were associated with Department of Defense (DoD) projects to test, dispose of, or store herbicides in the U.S. By April 1993, the Department of Veterans Affairs had compensated only 486 victims, although it had received disability claims from 39,419 soldiers who had been exposed to Agent Orange while serving in Vietnam. In

6142-1186: The request of the Veterans Administration, the Institute Of Medicine evaluated whether service in these C-123 aircraft could have plausibly exposed soldiers and been detrimental to their health. Their report Post-Vietnam Dioxin Exposure in Agent Orange-Contaminated C-123 Aircraft confirmed it. Publications by the United States Public Health Service have shown that Vietnam veterans, overall, have increased rates of cancer, and nerve, digestive, skin, and respiratory disorders. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention notes that in particular, there are higher rates of acute/chronic leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, throat cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, Ischemic heart disease , soft tissue sarcoma, and liver cancer. With

6225-495: The spraying of herbicides was written by two scientists, E. K. Woodford of Agricultural Research Council 's Unit of Experimental Agronomy and H. G. H. Kearns of the University of Bristol . After the Malayan Emergency ended in 1960, the U.S. considered the British precedent in deciding that the use of defoliants was a legal tactic of warfare . Secretary of State Dean Rusk advised President John F. Kennedy that

6308-740: The transaction in May 2011. In October 2011, Hikma Pharmaceuticals entered the Moroccan market through the acquisition of Promopharm, the ninth largest pharmaceutical manufacturer in Morocco. Hikma also inaugurated the Al Dar Al Arabia Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Company in Algeria in 2011. The Algerian pharmaceutical company is Hikma’s second venture in Algeria after Hikma Pharma Algeria. In 2011

6391-571: Was difficult (or impossible) in many areas. Many defoliated forest areas were quickly invaded by aggressive pioneer species (such as bamboo and cogon grass ), making forest regeneration difficult and unlikely. Animal species diversity was also impacted; in one study a Harvard biologist found 24 species of birds and 5 species of mammals in a sprayed forest, while in two adjacent sections of unsprayed forest there were, respectively, 145 and 170 species of birds and 30 and 55 species of mammals. Hikma Pharmaceuticals Hikma Pharmaceuticals plc

6474-597: Was first used by British Commonwealth forces in Malaya during the Malayan Emergency . It was also used by the U.S. military in Laos and Cambodia during the Vietnam War because forests near the border with Vietnam were used by the Viet Cong . The active ingredient of Agent Orange was an equal mixture of two phenoxy herbicides – 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) – in iso-octyl ester form, which contained traces of

6557-588: Was made in the form of a Memorandum of Understanding signed between the New Zealand government, representatives of New Zealand Vietnam veterans, and the Royal New Zealand Returned and Services' Association (RSA) for monetary compensation for New Zealand Vietnam veterans who have conditions as evidence of association with exposure to Agent Orange, as determined by the United States National Academy of Sciences. In 2008

6640-834: Was published in 2016, entitled Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2014 . The report shows sufficient evidence of an association with soft tissue sarcoma; non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL); Hodgkin disease; Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); including hairy cell leukemia and other chronic B-cell leukemias. Limited or suggested evidence of an association was linked with respiratory cancers (lung, bronchus, trachea, larynx); prostate cancer; multiple myeloma; and bladder cancer. Numerous other cancers were determined to have inadequate or insufficient evidence of links to Agent Orange. The National Academy of Medicine has repeatedly concluded that any evidence suggestive of an association between Agent Orange and prostate cancer is, "limited because chance, bias, and confounding could not be ruled out with confidence." At

6723-433: Was sprayed at least once between 1965 and 1971. 90% of herbicide use was directed at defoliation. The U.S. military began targeting food crops in October 1962, primarily using Agent Blue ; the American public was not made aware of the crop destruction programs until 1965 (and it was then believed that crop spraying had begun that spring). In 1965, 42% of all herbicide spraying was dedicated to food crops. In 1965, members of

6806-493: Was ultimately destroyed. In some areas, TCDD concentrations in soil and water were hundreds of times greater than the levels considered safe by the EPA. The campaign destroyed 20,000 km (7,700 sq mi) of upland and mangrove forests and thousands of square kilometres of crops. Overall, more than 20% of South Vietnam's forests were sprayed at least once over the nine-year period. 3.2% of South Vietnam's cultivated land

6889-580: Was unloaded at Tan Son Nhut Air Base in South Vietnam, on January 9, 1962. U.S. Air Force records show at least 6,542 spraying missions took place over the course of Operation Ranch Hand. By 1971, 12 percent of the total area of South Vietnam had been sprayed with defoliating chemicals, at an average concentration of 13 times the recommended U.S. Department of Agriculture application rate for domestic use. In South Vietnam alone, an estimated 39,000 sq mi (100,000 km ) of agricultural land

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