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26-577: Being strategically located, it has also been used by traders, invaders, and nomadic tribes as a gateway to and from South Asia. The Bolān Pass is an important pass on the Baluch frontier, connecting Jacobabad and Jhang with Multan, which has always occupied an important place in the history of British campaigns in Afghanistan . The local population south of the pass predominantly consists of Brahvi tribes , who extend from Bolan Pass to Cape Monze on

52-462: A hot desert climate ( Köppen climate classification BWh ) with extremely hot summers and mild winters. The city is well known for consistently having among the highest temperature in South Asia , with a mean summer temperature of 37 °C (99 °F). The highest recorded temperature is 52.8 °C (127.0 °F), and the lowest recorded temperature is −3.9 °C (25.0 °F). Rainfall

78-642: A canal. His biggest and most important feat was the excavation of Begaree Canal, originating from Guddu barrage on river Indus , going round the district irrigating thousands of acres of land previously uncultivated, thereby providing means of living to thousands of people. After the British Raj , the city was ruled by a Sardar , Taj Dero Khan Odho. In November 2010, then Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani announced that University of Information Technology would be established in Jacobabad. Jacobabad has

104-403: A hundred feet high, from the top of which the robbers assail the travellers with stones; and were they as bold as they are cruel and perfidious, they might hold the place against all comers. Many spots were pointed out to me by the guides I had with me, as signalised by acts of violence, several European officers having lost their baggage during our occupation of the country. Should there be rain in

130-415: A military usage. In fluvial geomorphology, a debouch is a place where runoff from a small, confined space emerges into a larger, broader space. Common examples are when a stream runs into a river or when a river runs into an ocean. Debouching can generate massive amounts of sediment transport. When a narrow stream travels down a mountain pass into a basin, an alluvial fan will form from the mass deposit of

156-484: Is a city in Sindh , Pakistan , serving as both the capital city of Jacobabad District and the administrative centre of Jacobabad Taluka , an administrative subdivision of the district. The city itself is subdivided into eight Union Councils . Sitting far to the northwest of the province, near the provincial boundaries of Sindh and Balochistan , Jacobabad became a city on the site of an existing village (Khangarh), and

182-555: Is crossed by the Pakistan Railways and many main roads of the province. It is the 43rd most populous city in Pakistan . The city is one of the hottest places on earth, with summer temperatures regularly rising to a mean temperature of 37 °C (99 °F). In particular, compounded by the humidity and climate change , Jacobabad has several times exceeded a wet-bulb temperature of 35 °C (95 °F), above which

208-625: Is low and mainly occurs in the monsoon season (July–September). The average annual rainfall of Jacobabad is 202.5 mm as per 1991-2020 period. The highest annual rainfall ever is 838.7 mm, recorded in 2022, and the lowest annual rainfall ever is 3.3 mm, recorded in 1922. In the 2022 South Asian heat wave , Jacobabad's mean temperature for the month of May broke the all-time record with 43 °C (109 °F), reaching or exceeding 50 °C (122 °F) on four days. The city struggles to provide heat-mitigation measures. Many residents who are able to, migrate to higher-elevation Quetta during

234-459: Is the bed of a mountain-torrent, when filled by the melting of the snows or heavy rains, and is composed of loose shingly gravel, that recedes from under your feet, and is very difficult for draught: camels get on well. It is infested by the Kakurs , who live by robbery; and the hills sometimes close in upon the road, which is filled up by the bed of the stream, running through rocky chasms, upwards of

260-693: The Arabian Sea . The ethnic group north of the pass consists of mainly Pashtuns , while to west, Balochis . The Bolan Pass is in the Toba Kakar range which lies south of the Hindu Kush mountain ranges. Bolan Pass is described as a pass over a lofty range that is full of ravines and gorges . The mountain ranges of the Bolan pass are the southern geographic border between the Indian Plate and

286-777: The British Army under Sir John Keane took 12,000 men through the Bolān Pass and entered Qandahar , which the Afghan princes had abandoned; from there they would go on to attack and overthrow Ghazni .The pass they chose was not the same as that used by the modern railway line, but further west at Siri-Bolan. A British officer of the Bengal Artillery described the Bolan Pass in 1841 in these words: "The road through this pass leads, with few and rare exceptions, along what

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312-664: The Iranian plateau . The southern point of the pass, near Dhadar, is the western bound of the Indus Valley and is seen as a great strategic point between Pakistan , Afghanistan , Iran and the Arabian Sea . The Bolan pass is the southern counterpart of the Khyber Pass . Both ranges have been used throughout history for invasions of the Indian subcontinent. In 1748, the Afghan king Ahmad Shah Durrani invaded India by using

338-522: The Khan of Kalat , Khudadad Khan , and secured British control over the pass in exchange for an annual fee. From Sibi, the line runs south-west, skirting the hills to Rindli and originally followed the course of the Bolan stream to its head on the plateau. The destructive action of floods, however, led to the abandonment of this alignment, and the railway now follows the Mashkaf valley (which debouches into

364-666: The Operation Enduring Freedom campaign in Afghanistan and reportedly ongoing drone strikes in North Western Pakistan tribal regions . Debouches In hydrology , a debouch (or debouche ) is a place where runoff from a small, confined space discharges into a larger, broader body of water . The word is derived from the French verb déboucher ( French: [debuʃe] ), which means "to unblock, to clear". The term also has

390-581: The Bolan Pass in addition to the traditional Khyber Pass route. The Durrani capital Qandahar was located nearby the pass which gave quick access to Indian lands. In 1837, threatened by a possible Russian invasion of South Asia via the Khyber and Bolān Passes, a British envoy was sent to Kabul to gain support of the Emir , Dost Mohammed . In February 1839, during the First Anglo-Afghan War ,

416-453: The Bolan loop being reserved for emergencies. However, the route suffered regularly from floods and land slips. Hence the Bolan route was upgraded in 1895 to handle all traffic with the Harnai route kept for local traffic. In 1942 floods destroyed a large part of the line and all through running ceased. By 1943 all bridges and track between Khost and Bostan had been recovered. At this time (2024)

442-487: The higher parts of the mountains, the stream at times comes down in an almost perpendicular volume, without warning, and sweeping all before it, as a friend of mine experienced, when he saw a party of men, horses, and camels, and all his property, borne down by it; when himself and some few men with him escaped by climbing up the nearly perpendicular side of the hill. About thirty-seven men were washed away upon that occasion." In 1883, Sir Robert Groves Sandeman negotiated with

468-479: The human body cannot sufficiently cool itself. Jacobabad has been cited as one of the world's most vulnerable places to global warming, and one where the difference between 1.5 °C and 2 °C can be the difference between life and death. The city is named after Brigadier-General John Jacob CB (1812–1858), an officer of the British East India Company who ruled this region during

494-590: The last decade of his life. He is also known for the cavalry regiment called 36th Jacob's Horse . Jacob was a graduate of Addiscombe Military Seminary . He was commissioned into the Bombay Artillery ( Bombay Army ) on his 16th birthday, and subsequently sailed for India in January 1828, never to set foot in England again. According to travel writer Salman Rashid, it was local residents "who took to calling

520-485: The line from Sibi to Khost still exists but is out of Service. At the Khundilani gorge of the Bolan route conglomerate cliffs which rise to a height of 800 feet (240 m), enclose the valley. At Siri Bolan the passage between the limestone rocks hardly admits of three persons riding abreast. The temperature of the pass in summer is extremely high. In winter, it is the extremely cold, and the ice-cold wind rushing down

546-695: The narrow outlet becomes destructive to life. Since 1877, when the Quetta agency was founded, the pass was secured by the British Indian Army from militias of Baloch tribesmen (chiefly Marris ). [REDACTED]   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). " Bolan Pass ". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Jacobabad Jacobabad ( Urdu : جیکب آباد and Sindhi : جيڪب آباد ‎ ; formerly Khanger or Khangarh )

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572-462: The new settlement ‘Jekumbad’", later renamed to Jacobabad by the British rulers. The scale of progress and prosperity Jacob's works brought to the region can be appreciated by comparing those regions' relative prosperity at the time, compared to areas which were not under his administrative jurisdiction. In 1847 Jacob was placed in political charge of the frontier and established his headquarters at

598-506: The plains close to Sibi), and is carried from near the head of the Mashkaf to a junction with the Bolan at Machh . An alternative route from Sibi to Quetta was found in the Harnai valley to the N.E. of Sibi, the line starting in exactly the opposite direction to that of the Bolān and entering the hills at Nari . Originally the Harnai route, although longer, was the one adopted for ordinary traffic,

624-641: The sediment. The four largest rivers (the Amazon , the Ganges , the Yangtze and the Yellow ) are responsible for 20% of the global discharge of sediment in to the oceans by debouches. In fluvial geography , a debouch is a place where a body of water pours forth from a narrow opening. Some examples are: where a river or stream emerges from a narrow constraining landform , such as a defile , into open country or

650-456: The summer school break. The commercial airport at Jacobabad, about 500 kilometres (300 mi) north of Karachi and 500 km (300 mi) southeast of Kandahar , is located on the border between Sindh and Balochistan provinces. The Shahbaz Air Base (co-located with the commercial airport in Jacobabad) was one of three Pakistani air bases used by U.S. and allied forces to support

676-435: The village of Khangurh (or Khanger). He started building infrastructure for the town around the village. Being an architect and an engineer himself, he designed and then executed the plans of laying a wide road network around the town that measured a good 600 miles (965 km). In that he resolved the problem of unavailability of potable water for the residents by excavating a tank that contained water brought from Indus through

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