100-921: Bonaero Park is a southeastern suburb of Kempton Park , Ekurhuleni , in Gauteng province, South Africa . It lies directly next to OR Tambo International Airport , the busiest airport in Africa . Bonaero Park was built in the 1960s to house employees from the nearby military aircraft factory owned by Atlas Aircraft Corporation . In 1992 Atlas was absorbed into a new entity known as Denel , becoming part of Denel Aviation . Toyota South Africa has constructed their new parts distribution centre for Southern Africa in Bonaero Park costing 363 million rand . The 42 000 m facility supplies local dealerships with replacement parts and also provides parts to 70 international destinations where South African vehicles are sold. By 2015
200-590: A restorative justice tribunal which over the next three years investigated human rights violations under apartheid. The final Constitution was negotiated by the Constitutional Assembly, working from principles contained in the interim Constitution, and was provisionally adopted in 8 May 1996. The next day, de Klerk announced that the NP would withdraw from the Government of National Unity, calling
300-442: A separation of powers , with a supreme constitution and judicially enforceable bill of rights , with regular multi-party elections under a system of proportional representation , and with a common South African citizenship. Disagreements about how these provisos were to be implemented, however – and, for example, what exactly was entailed by a unified state or by proportional representation – continued to occupy, and to obstruct,
400-451: A GNU as a trap for us, but what if we see it as an opportunity?... If we have de Klerk and the others in government, we can control them more easily than if they are outside creating mayhem. – ANC negotiator Albie Sachs , an early adopter of Joe Slovo 's sunset clause proposal This concession on the ANC's part was in keeping with an evolving internal debate, much of which revolved around
500-637: A chairperson appointed on a rotational basis. Each had a steering committee and some had further sub-committees. Agreements reached at the working group level were subject to ratification by the CODESA plenary. CODESA held two plenary sessions, both at the World Trade Centre in Kempton Park outside Johannesburg . The first plenary was held on 20–21 December 1991; was chaired by judges Michael Corbett , Petrus Shabort, and Ismail Mahomed ; and
600-489: A level of trust developed between the key actors (Barnard, Louw, and Mandela). To facilitate future talks while preserving secrecy needed to protect the process, Barnard arranged for Mandela to be moved off Robben Island to Pollsmoor Prison in 1982. This provided Mandela with more comfortable lodgings, but also gave easier access in a way that could not be compromised. Barnard therefore brokered an initial agreement in principle about what became known as "talks about talks." It
700-403: A major concession, the NP agreed that the constitution would be drafted by a democratically elected body, though one bound by pre-determined constitutional principles. The ANC agreed in broad terms to a transitional arrangement, a Government of National Unity (GNU), and, by thus conceding to a two-stage transition, agreed to postpone the full transition to pure majority rule. Comrades, we look at
800-434: A negotiated settlement and which had therefore solidified his mandate to proceed. However, de Klerk's triumph in the referendum did not curtail – and may have inflamed – political violence, including among the white right-wing; nor did it resolve the deadlock that the working groups had arrived at on certain key questions. The most important elements of the deadlock arose from the work of the second working group, whose mandate
900-775: A negotiated settlement, recognized by Niel Barnard of the National Intelligence Service. On 4 January 1974, Harry Schwarz , leader of the liberal-reformist wing of the United Party , met with Gatsha (later Mangosuthu) Buthelezi , Chief Executive Councillor of the black homeland of KwaZulu and signed a five-point plan for racial peace in South Africa, which came to be known as the Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith . The declaration stated that "the situation of South Africa in
1000-635: A negotiated settlement. It allowed the ANC to present itself to the White South African public as a moderate and non-racial interlocutor contrary to their portrayal by the South African government as radical communist Black nationalists. The first less-tentative meeting between Mandela and the National Party government came while P. W. Botha was State President . In November 1985, Minister Kobie Coetsee met Mandela in
1100-587: A paper published during the same period in the African Communist by Joe Slovo , an influential SACP leader and negotiator. Slovo, urging the ANC-SACP alliance to take a long-term view on the transition, proposed making strategic concessions to the NP's demands, including the incorporation of a "sunset clause" which would allow a transitional period of temporary power-sharing to appease white politicians, bureaucrats, and military men. In February 1993,
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#17327902781041200-505: A rally that the IFP would withdraw from further negotiations. Although he walked back this threat and the IFP ultimately joined the MPNF, COSAG was formed to ensure that its members were not sidelined or played off against each other, as they believed they had been in the past. Moreover, its members were in broad agreement in favour of federalism and political self-determination, principles that even
1300-542: A result, the MPNF was still more dominated by the interests of the ANC and NP than CODESA had been. On 10 April 1993, a white extremist assassinated senior SACP and ANC leader Chris Hani outside Hani's home in Boksburg, Gauteng . Hani was extremely popular with the militant urban youth, a constituency whose commitment to a peaceful settlement was already tenuous, and his murder was potentially incendiary. However, Mandela's plea for calm, broadcast on national television,
1400-412: A shared desire to reopen negotiations and reflected at least partial resolutions to many of the major disagreements which had led to CODESA's collapse. On political violence, the parties agreed to further engagements, to a ban on carrying dangerous weapons in public, and to security measures at a specific list of hostels which had been identified as "problematic". The government also agreed to further extend
1500-599: A sticker added manually to the bottom of each slip. Opposition from other wings of the former COSAG was also neutralised: in March, days after Mangope announced that his "country" would not participate in the elections, his administration was effectively paralysed by the Bophutatswana crisis . In the aftermath of the crisis, which was considered humiliating by some far-right leaders, the Freedom Front split from
1600-699: Is in Kempton Park. The city has ten major schools: The Kempton Park Golf Course, first designed in 1965, in Spartan, is known as the club where Ernie Els learnt how to play golf. The suburb of Rhodesfield just south of the city centre has got a station on the Gautrain rail, named the Rhodesfield station . The O. R. Tambo International Airport has the eastern terminus of the Gautrain rail at
1700-509: Is part of the City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality . It is situated south of Thembisa , one of the largest townships in South Africa, which is also part of Ekurhuleni. South Africa's busiest airport, O. R. Tambo International Airport is located in Kempton Park. The name of the city is sometimes written as "Kemptonpark" in Afrikaans . Kempton Park lies on what was two Boer farms in
1800-470: Is viewed as having increased the status and credibility of the ANC, both internationally and among domestic moderates. Thus, somewhat paradoxically, the incident helped accelerate consensus between the ANC and the government, and on 3 June the parties announced a date for democratic elections, to be held in April the next year. On 25 June 1993, MPNF negotiations were dramatically interrupted when their venue
1900-591: The Afrikaner Volksfront (AVF), Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) and other paramilitary White Nationalist Afrikaner groups stormed the World Trade Centre in Kempton Park. At the time of the attack the World Trade Centre was the venue for multi-party CODESA negotiations to end the apartheid system through the country's first multi-racial elections. These negotiations were strongly opposed by some White groups in South Africa. The invasion came after other clashes between police and right-wingers, such as
2000-416: The Afrikaner Volksfront and confirmed its intention to contest the elections, ensuring that far-right Afrikaners would be represented in the new government. On 27 April 1994, a date later celebrated as Freedom Day , South Africa held its first elections under universal suffrage. The ANC won a resounding majority in the election and Mandela was elected president . Six other parties were represented in
2100-628: The Battle of Ventersdorp , and much belligerent rhetoric from supremacists such as Eugène Terre'Blanche of the AWB. Kempton Park lies in the westernmost part of the East Rand and the City of Ekurhuleni , bordering with the City of Johannesburg to the west. The city is positioned on the urban fringe of the Greater Johannesburg metropolitan area abutting semi-rural smallholdings and
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#17327902781042200-468: The Boipatong massacre . The massacre revived pre-existing, and enduring, concerns about state complicity in political violence , possibly through the use of a state-sponsored third force bent on destabilisation. Indeed, political violence was nearly continuous throughout the negotiations – white extremists and separatists launched periodic attacks, and there were regular clashes between supporters of
2300-517: The Groote Schuur presidential residence in Cape Town , in what were touted as the first of several "talks about talks", intended to negotiate the terms for more substantive negotiations. After the first day of meetings, a joint statement was released which identified the factors held by the parties to constitute obstacles to further negotiations: the government was concerned primarily about
2400-528: The Institute for Democratic Alternatives in South Africa . The operational objective of this meeting was not to understand the opinions of the actors themselves—that was very well known at this stage within strategic management circles—but rather to gauge public opinion about a movement away from the previous security posture of confrontation and repression to a new posture based on engagement and accommodation. When F. W. de Klerk became president in 1989, he
2500-494: The National Executive Committee of the ANC formally endorsed the sunset clause proposal and the idea of a five-year coalition GNU, a decision which was to lubricate multi-party negotiations when they resumed later that year. In early March 1993, an official Multi-Party Planning Conference was held at the World Trade Centre to arrange the resumption of multi-party negotiations. The conference established
2600-835: The National People's Party , Solidarity , the United People's Front, and the Ximoko Progressive Party . However, the negotiations were boycotted by organisations both on the far left (notably the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC) and Azanian People's Organisation ) and on far right (notably the Conservative Party and the Herstigte Nasionale Party ). Buthelezi personally, though not the IFP, boycotted
2700-608: The OR Tambo station . The highspeed Gautrain Rail links the airport as well as Rhodesfield with the Sandton station in the west. This section from OR Tambo to Sandton opened on 8 June 2010, in time for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . From Sandton, the railway connects either north to Midrand , Centurion and Pretoria or south to Rosebank and Johannesburg . The R21 is the major freeway that runs through Kempton Park. It enters
2800-595: The South African Republic (ZAR). The first farm was Zuurfontein No 369 with the title deed issued to Johannes Stephanus Marais on 25 October 1859 and surveyed to be 3000 morgen on 12 December 1859. The second farm northwest of the first was registered to Cornelius Johannes Beukes in March 1865 and was called Rietfontein 32 IR . After the discovery of gold in Johannesburg, 22 km southwest of
2900-542: The Tricameral Parliament , a concession to the NP's demand for legal continuity. Thereafter, South Africa's transition to democracy was overseen by the multi-party Transitional Executive Council . On the day of the council's inauguration in late 1993, Mandela and de Klerk were travelling to Oslo , where they were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts to end apartheid. In
3000-425: The census of 2011 , the population of Kempton Park consisted of 171,575 people living in 53,777 households. 47% of the people described themselves as " White ", 46% as " Black African " and 2% as " Coloured ". 35% spoke Afrikaans as their first language and 26% spoke English . Spartan is a large industrial zone which houses many chemical manufacturing and other industrial sites. North-west of Kempton Park lies
3100-440: The conservative leaders of the independent homelands and KwaZulu homeland. Several groups, including the IFP, boycotted the tail-end of the negotiations, but the most important among them ultimately agreed to participate in the 1994 elections. Apartheid was a system of racial discrimination and segregation by the South African government. It was formalised in 1948, forming a framework for political and economic dominance by
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3200-535: The white population and severely restricting the political rights of the black majority. Between 1960 and 1990, the African National Congress and other mainly black opposition political organisations were banned. As the National Party cracked down on black opposition to apartheid, most leaders of ANC and other opposition organisations were either killed, imprisoned, or went into exile. However, increasing local and international pressure on
3300-508: The ANC and NP to delay the elections to avert possible violence. The talks fell apart without a resolution, and the prospect of civil war seemed imminent. Buthelezi's IFP was convinced to participate in the elections by a secret deal negotiated with the NP in which all of the land of KwaZulu was transferred into a trust with the Zulu King as sole trustee. The IFP's name was added to the ballot papers, which had already been printed, by means of
3400-416: The ANC and SACP. In addition to a secretariat – led by Mac Maharaj of the ANC and Fanie van der Merwe of the government – and a management committee, CODESA I comprised five working groups, which became the main negotiating forums during CODESA's lifespan and each of which was dedicated to a specific issue. Each working group included two delegates and two advisors from each of the 19 parties, as well as
3500-483: The ANC and other political organisations. In 1990–91, bilateral "talks about talks" between the ANC and the government established the pre-conditions for substantive negotiations, codified in the Groote Schuur Minute and Pretoria Minute . The first multi-party agreement on the desirability of a negotiated settlement was the 1991 National Peace Accord , consolidated later that year by the establishment of
3600-739: The ANC and supporters of the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP). However, intensive bilateral talks led to a new bilateral Record of Understanding, signed between the ANC and the government in September 1992, which prepared the way for the ultimately successful Multi-Party Negotiating Forum of April–November 1993. Although the ANC and the governing National Party were the main figures in the negotiations, they encountered serious difficulties building consensus not only among their own constituencies but among other participating groups, notably left-wing black groups, right-wing white groups, and
3700-484: The ANC and the government were scheduled to begin on 11 April. However, on 26 March, 11 protestors were killed by police in the Sebokeng massacre, and the ANC announced on 31 March that it intended to pull out of the negotiations indefinitely. The talks were only rescheduled after an emergency meeting between Mandela and de Klerk, held in early April. On 2–4 May 1990, the ANC met with the South African government at
3800-567: The ANC by its Secretary General, Cyril Ramaphosa . Through intensive informal discussions, Meyer and Ramaphosa struck up a famous friendship. Their informal meetings were followed by a full bilateral summit in Johannesburg on 26 September 1992, which resulted in a Record of Understanding. The agreement improved relations between the parties to the extent that both delegations sent key members to two bosberaads ( Afrikaans for " bush summits" or retreats) that summer. The document asserted
3900-486: The ANC imposed an ultimatum, threatening to suspend all negotiations unless the government took steps to reduce the violence. Its case was strengthened by a major scandal in July 1991, known as Inkathagate, which unravelled after journalist David Beresford published evidence, obtained from a Security Branch informant, that the government had been subsidising the IFP. On 14 September 1991, twenty-six organisations signed
4000-626: The ANC would not launch attacks, create underground structures, threaten or incite violence, infiltrate men and materials into the country, or train men for armed action inside the country. This concession was already unpopular with important segments of the ANC's support base, and the situation was further unsettled by the continuation of political violence in parts of the country, particularly in Natal and certain Transvaal townships, where ANC and IFP supporters periodically clashed. In early April 1991,
4100-472: The ANC's ongoing commitment to armed struggle, while the ANC listed six preliminary demands, including the release of political prisoners , the return of ANC activists from exile, and the lifting of the state of emergency . The outcome of the talks was a joint communiqué known as the Groote Schuur Minute, which was released on 4 May and which canvassed, though rarely in decisive terms, many of
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4200-591: The African National Congress was looking to peaceful solutions or dialogue. The declaration was heralded by the English speaking press as a breakthrough in race relations in South Africa. Shortly after it was issued, the declaration was endorsed by several chief ministers of the black homelands, including Cedric Phatudi ( Lebowa ), Lucas Mangope ( Bophuthatswana ) and Hudson Nisanwisi ( Gazankulu ). Despite considerable support from black leaders,
4300-904: The English speaking press and liberal figures such as Alan Paton , the declaration saw staunch opposition from the National Party, the Afrikaans press and the conservative wing of Harry Schwarz's United Party. The very first meetings between the South African Government and Nelson Mandela were driven by the National Intelligence Service (NIS) under the leadership of Niel Barnard and his Deputy Director General, Mike Louw . These meetings were secret in nature and were designed to develop an understanding about whether there were sufficient common grounds for future peace talks. As these meetings evolved,
4400-705: The Goldstone Commission. The political impetus for a negotiated solution was given further urgency after the Bisho massacre on 7 September, in which the Ciskei Defence Force killed 28 ANC supporters. For the month following 21 August 1992, representatives of the ANC and the government met to discuss the resumption of negotiations. Specifically, the government was represented by the Minister of Constitutional Development, Roelf Meyer , and
4500-550: The MPNF built on the latter's work. However, in a new innovation, the Negotiating Council at the end of April resolved to appoint seven technical committees, staffed mostly by lawyers and other experts, to assist in formulating detailed proposals on specific matters. As a result of agreements reached earlier by the Gender Advisory Committee of CODESA, at least one party delegate at each level of
4600-442: The MPNF had to be a woman. In principle, the parties to the forum participated on an equal basis, irrespective of the size of their support base, with decisions taken by consensus. In practice, however, the ANC and NP developed a doctrine known as "sufficient consensus", which usually deemed bilateral ANC–NP agreement (sometimes reached in external or informal forums) "sufficient", regardless of any protests from minority parties. As
4700-507: The Multi-Party Negotiating Forum (MPNF), which met for the first time on 1 April 1993. Over the remainder of the year, the parties to the MPNF devised and agreed to an interim Constitution , which included a list of 34 "constitutional principles" by which the envisaged constituent assembly would be bound in drafting the final constitution. The MPNF comprised 26 political groups, among them – in contrast to CODESA –
4800-427: The NP government, the state security forces and the police in the violence as well as your unwillingness to act decisively to bring such violence to an end has created an untenable and explosive situation... [T]he NP government has been pursuing the path of embracing the shell of a democratic South Africa while seeking to ensure that it is not democratic in content. – Memo from Mandela to de Klerk, 26 June 1992 In
4900-446: The NP increasingly appeared to have abandoned, and they sought to present a united front in advocating for those principles. Notwithstanding COSAG's efforts, Buthelezi felt that the negotiations had become two-sided and that the IFP – and he personally – were being marginalised by the principle of sufficient consensus. In June 1993, the IFP walked out of the MPNF, announcing its withdrawal from negotiations. What immediately precipitated
5000-459: The NP's preferred proposal was for a bicameral legislature whose upper house would incorporate a veto for minority groups, to exist alongside a bill of rights with specific protections for so-called group rights . The ANC viewed such proposals as attempts to dilute majority rule and possibly to allow the maintenance of de facto apartheid in the country's minority-majority regions. Perhaps even more obstructive were disagreements about how
5100-517: The National Peace Accord. The first multi-party agreement towards negotiations, it did not resolve substantive questions about the nature of the post-apartheid settlement, but did include guidelines for the conduct of political organisations and security forces. To address the ongoing political violence, it established multi-party conflict resolution structures (or "sub-committees") at the community level, as well as related structures at
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#17327902781045200-765: The PAC, the Afrikaner Volksunie, and delegations representing various traditional leaders . It was managed by a planning committee comprising representatives from twelve of the parties, who were appointed in their personal capacity and worked full-time. Among them were Slovo of the SACP, Ramaphosa of the ANC, Meyer of the NP, Colin Eglin of the Democratic Party, Benny Alexander of the PAC, Pravin Gordhan of
5300-537: The Pretoria Minute. The minute reiterated and extended earlier pledges by the government to consider amending its security legislation and lifting the state of emergency (then ongoing only in Natal province ); and it also committed the government to releasing certain categories of political prisoners from September and indemnifying certain categories of political offences from October. Most significantly, however,
5400-491: The Transvaal Indian Congress, Frank Mdlalose of the IFP, and Rowan Cronjé of Bophuthatswana. Each party sent ten delegates to the plenary, which, as in CODESA, was required to ratify all formal agreements. Before they reached the plenary, proposals were discussed in the intermediate Negotiating Forum, which contained two delegates and two advisers from each party. However, the bulk of the MPNF's work
5500-559: The aftermath of the massacre, the ANC capitalised on public sentiment to further promote its mass action campaign, and also harnessed the increased international attention – on 15 July, Mandela addressed a meeting of the United Nations (UN) Security Council in New York about state complicity in political violence, leading to a UN observer mission and ultimately to additional UN support for various transitional structures, including
5600-487: The assembly, rather than the two-thirds majority proposed by the ANC. Thereafter, it sought a transitional system of government under a compulsory coalition, with the cabinet drawn equally from each of the three major parties and a presidency that would rotate among them. The IFP also opposed the notion of a democratically elected constituent assembly, although for different reasons. As a result of this deadlock, with consensus evidently out of reach, discussions stalled and
5700-506: The city from Boksburg in the south, bypassing the O.R. Tambo International Airport and Kempton Park CBD before heading north towards Pretoria . The R24 (Albertina Sisulu Freeway) is a freeway in the south of the city starting at an interchange with the R21 at the O.R. Tambo International Airport, and continues south-west towards Edenvale and Johannesburg . The R25 crosses Kempton Park’s northern suburbs from north-east to south-west linking
5800-421: The city with Bapsfontein and Bronkhorstspruit to the north-east and Johannesburg to the south-west. Kempton Park is also served by a number of metropolitan routes linking it to surrounding towns and cities in the East Rand ( City of Ekurhuleni ). The M16 links Kempton Park with Edenvale to the south-west. The M32 links Kempton Park with Benoni to the east. The M43 links Kempton Park with Boksburg to
5900-481: The constitution itself was to be devised and passed into law. The ANC's enduring proposal had been that the task should be entrusted to a constituent assembly , democratically elected under the principle of one man, one vote . Although it recognised that the white minority would not abide a constitution-making process without any guarantees of its outcomes, the ANC believed that the pre-agreement of constitutional principles at CODESA should suffice for such guarantees. On
6000-405: The constitutional negotiations. The programme began with a nationwide stay-away on 16 June, the anniversary of the 1976 Soweto uprising . It was overshadowed when later that week, on 17–18 June 1992, 45 residents of Boipatong, Gauteng were killed, primarily by Zulu hostel dwellers, in the Boipatong massacre . Amid broader suspicions of state-sponsored so-called third force involvement in
6100-556: The country. Police raids also turned up Operation Vula material which de Klerk believed substantiated his concerns about the sincerity of the ANC's commitment to negotiations and about its intimacy with the South African Communist Party (SACP). Following another meeting between Mandela and de Klerk on 26 July, intensive bilateral talks were held on 6 August in Pretoria , resulting in another joint communiqué,
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#17327902781046200-553: The farms in 1886, a railway connecting Pretoria to Vereeniging and to the Cape line was constructed in the early 1890s. The railway line did not go through Johannesburg , but passed to the east through the two farms with a station called Zuurfontein , which would be linked by a side-rail to the Zuid-Afrikaansche Fabrieken voor Ontplofbare Stoffen , a dynamite factory a few kilometres north west. The city
6300-570: The flag carrier of South Africa, and subsidiary South African Express have their head offices in Kempton Park. Airlink , a regional South African airline, has its headquarters on the grounds of OR Tambo Airport. Mango , a low cost airline, is headquartered on the grounds of OR Tambo. Federal Air has its headquarters on the OR Tambo grounds. 1time had its head office in the Isando Industrial Park. Safair 's head office
6400-413: The formation of the Concerned South Africans Group (COSAG), an "unlikely alliance" between the IFP and other black traditionalists – Lucas Mangope of Bophuthatswana and Oupa Gqozo of Ciskei – and the white Conservative Party. Buthelezi himself later called it "a motley gathering". Buthelezi had been infuriated by the IFP's exclusion from the Record of Understanding, and in October 1992 had announced to
6500-405: The government, as well as the realisation that apartheid could neither be maintained by force forever nor overthrown by the opposition without considerable suffering, eventually led both sides to the negotiating table. The Tripartite Accord , which brought an end to the South African Border War in neighbouring Angola and Namibia, created a window of opportunity to create the enabling conditions for
6600-515: The heavy industry suburb of Modderfontein with one of the main companies there, the AECI Dynamite factory. Kempton Park also has a large coal power station named Kelvin power station which supplies power to the City of Johannesburg . The Emperor's Palace Casino is also located in Kempton Park, just south of the airport. The international airport plays a dominant role in the local economy. Several airline and other aviation related companies are headquartered in Kempton Park. South African Airways ,
6700-447: The hospital while Mandela was being treated for prostate surgery. Over the next four years, a series of tentative meetings took place, laying the groundwork for further contact and future negotiations, but little real progress was made and the meetings remained secret until several years later. As the secret talks bore fruit and the political engagement started to take place, the National Intelligence Service withdrew from centre stage in
6800-421: The indemnity granted to political prisoners and to accelerate their release. The ANC, meanwhile, committed to easing tensions and to consulting its constituency "with a view to examine" its mass action programme. Most importantly, the Record of Understanding resolved the most obstructive disagreements between the parties about the form of the constitution-making process and the nature of the post-apartheid state. In
6900-433: The minute included a commitment to the immediate and unilateral suspension of all armed activities by the ANC and its armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe . The Pretoria Minute was followed on 12 February 1991 by the D. F. Malan Accord, which contained commitments arising from the activities of the working group on political offences, and which also clarified the terms of the ANC's suspension of armed struggle. It specified that
7000-443: The multi-party Convention for a Democratic South Africa ( CODESA ). However, the second plenary session of CODESA, in May 1992, encountered stubborn deadlock over questions of regional autonomy , political and cultural self-determination , and the constitution-making process itself. The ANC returned to a programme of mass action, hoping to leverage its popular support, only to withdraw from negotiations entirely in June 1992 after
7100-432: The national legislature and among them, under the provisions of the interim Constitution, the NP and IFP won enough seats to participate alongside the ANC in a single-term coalition Government of National Unity . Also in terms of a constitutional provision, de Klerk was appointed Mandela's second deputy president. In 1995, the government passed legislation mandating the creation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission ,
7200-563: The national level, notably the Goldstone Commission . The accord prepared the way for multi-party negotiations, under the organisation that came to be called the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA). 19 groups were represented at CODESA: the South African government and the governments of the so-called TBVC states (the nominally independent homelands of Transkei , Bophuthatswana , Venda , and Ciskei );
7300-541: The ongoing political violence, the ANC accused the government of complicity in the attack and announced, on 24 June, that it was withdrawing from negotiations until such time as the government took steps to restore its trust. Lamenting that the massacre had thrown South Africa "back to the Sharpeville days", Mandela suggested that trust might be restored by specific measures to curtail political violence, including regulating workers' hostels, banning cultural weapons like
7400-419: The other hand, the NP held that the constitution should be negotiated among parties, in a forum resembling CODESA, and then adopted by the existing (and NP-dominated) legislature – both to protect minority interests, and to ensure legal continuity . Alternatively, if a constituent assembly was unavoidable, it insisted that approval of the new constitution should require the support of a three-quarters majority in
7500-549: The passage of a new interim Constitution in 1993, a precursor to the Constitution of 1996; and in South Africa's first non-racial elections in 1994, won by the African National Congress (ANC) liberation movement . Although there had been gestures towards negotiations in the 1970s and 1980s, the process accelerated in 1990, when the government of F. W. de Klerk took a number of unilateral steps towards reform, including releasing Nelson Mandela from prison and unbanning
7600-496: The plenary was dissolved on the second day of meetings, 16 May – although the parties reaffirmed their commitment to the Declaration of Intent, and expected to re-convene once the major disagreements had been resolved outside the plenary. With CODESA stalled, the ANC announced its return to a programme of "rolling mass action", aimed at consolidating – and decisively demonstrating – the level of popular support for its agenda in
7700-605: The process and moved to a new phase of operational support work. This new phase was designed to test public opinion about a negotiated solution. Central to this planning was an initiative that became known in Security Force circles as the Dakar Safari, which saw a number of prominent Afrikaner opinion-makers engage with the African National Congress (ANC) in Dakar, Senegal, and Leverkusen , Germany at events organized by
7800-474: The proposals that emerged from them, but informal negotiations with the ANC and government continued on the sidelines of the MPNF. The final plenary of the MPNF was convened on 17–18 November 1993. It ratified the interim Constitution in the early hours of the morning of 18 November 1993, after a flurry of bilateral agreements on sensitive issues were concluded in quick succession on 17 November. The MPNF's proposals and proposed electoral laws were adopted by
7900-488: The run-up to the 1994 elections, a final stumbling block was the continued boycott of the elections by the members of the Freedom Alliance. Shortly before the election, an international delegation, led by former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and former British Foreign Secretary Peter Carington , visited South Africa to broker a resolution to the IFP's election boycott, or, failing that, to persuade
8000-410: The rural countryside to its north-east. As a result of its integration into the conurbation , the boundaries of Kempton Park are now contiguous with Thembisa to the north, Boksburg to the south, Midrand to the north-west, Germiston and Edenvale to the south-west, Benoni to the east and Modderfontein to the west. Kempton Park was declared a city in 1992 and has the following suburbs: In
8100-598: The second phase will be completed adding 38 000 m to the existing facility making it the largest of its kind in Africa. At one time Airlink 's head office was also in Bonaero Park. In 2009 Airlink leased space in the Greenstone Office Park in Modderfontein , Johannesburg . Kempton Park, Gauteng Kempton Park is a city in the East Rand region of Gauteng province , South Africa . It
8200-508: The sessions, in protest of the steering committee's decision not to allow a separate delegation representing the Zulu monarch , Goodwill Zwelithini . And South Africa's largest labour grouping, the Congress of South African Trade Unions , applied for but was denied permission to participate at CODESA; instead, its interests were to be represented indirectly by its Tripartite Alliance partners,
8300-410: The seven obstacles that had been identified. The minute consisted primarily in a commitment by both parties to "the resolution of the existing climate of violence and intimidation from whatever quarter as well as a commitment to stability and to a peaceful process of negotiations". The parties agreed to establish a working group, which should aim to complete its work before 21 May and which would consider
8400-613: The south. Kempton Park is also served internally by metropolitan routes including the M84 , M88 , M89 , M90 , M91 , M92 and M96 . André Stander was a police officer in Kempton Park CID from 1963 to 1980, before being jailed for bank robberies. CODESA The apartheid system in South Africa was ended through a series of bilateral and multi-party negotiations between 1990 and 1993. The negotiations culminated in
8500-422: The south. The M45 links Kempton Park with Benoni to the east. The M57 links Kempton Park with Thembisa and Olifantsfontein to the north, Boksburg to the south and Germiston to the south-west. The M59 passes in-between Kempton Park and Edenvale. The M99 links Kempton Park with Bedfordview and Germiston to the south-west. The M39 connects Kempton Park with Midrand to the north-west and Germiston to
8600-410: The spears favoured by the IFP, and prosecuting state security personnel implicated in violence. Our country is on the brink of disaster. First there is the crisis in the negotiation process itself. The central blockage stems from the refusal of the NP government to move together with all of us in the process of truly democratising South Africa. Secondly, the continuing direct and indirect involvement of
8700-466: The terms under which retroactive immunity would be granted for political offences. The government also committed to review its security legislation to "ensure normal and free political activities". Tensions between the parties were piqued in late July, when several senior members of the ANC were arrested because of their involvement in Operation Vula , an ongoing clandestine ANC operation inside
8800-826: The three main political players – the ANC, the IFP, and the NP (represented separately to the government, although holding identical positions to it); and a further variety of political groups. These were the SACP, the Democratic Party , the Dikwankwetla Party , the Inyandza National Movement (of KaNgwane ), the Intando Yesizwe Party (of KwaNdebele ), the Labour Party , the Transvaal and Natal Indian Congress ,
8900-542: The walk-out was an objection to the ANC–NP consensus on the date of the 1994 election. The Ciskei and Bophuthatswana governments continued to participate in the forum until October 1993, when they also withdrew. At that time, COSAG was reconstituted as the Freedom Alliance, also incorporating far-right white groups of the Afrikaner Volksfront . None of the Alliance's members participated in the remaining negotiations or ratified
9000-468: The working groups well into 1992. The second plenary session, CODESA II, convened on 15 May 1992 at the World Trade Centre to canvas the progress made by the working groups. In the interim, electoral losses by the NP to the Conservative Party had led de Klerk to call a whites-only referendum on 17 March 1992, which demonstrated overwhelming support among the white minority for reforms and
9100-412: The world scene as well as internal community relations requires, in our view, an acceptance of certain fundamental concepts for the economic, social, and constitutional development of our country." It called for negotiations involving all peoples, in order to draw up constitutional proposals stressing opportunity for all with a Bill of Rights to safeguard these rights. It suggested that the federal concept
9200-475: Was able to build on the previous secret negotiations with Mandela. The first significant steps towards formal negotiations took place in February 1990 when, in his speech at the opening of Parliament , de Klerk announced the repeal of the ban on the ANC and other banned political organisations, as well as Mandela's release after 27 years in prison. Mandela was released on 11 February 1990 and direct talks between
9300-520: Was at this stage that the process was elevated from a secret engagement to a more public engagement. In October 1985 the Cape Times published an interview with the then banned leader of the ANC, Oliver Tambo . Although the South African government arrested the Cape Times editor, Tony Heard , for conducting and publishing the interview it was important for setting the political ground work for
9400-422: Was broadcast live on television. On the first day, all 19 participants signed a Declaration of Intent, assenting to be bound by certain initial principles and by further agreements reached at CODESA. Notwithstanding various enduring sticking points, the extent of agreement reached at CODESA I was remarkable. Participants agreed that South Africa was to be a united, democratic, and non-racial state, with adherence to
9500-468: Was built on land next to the community, and opened in 1953. The airport's name was changed to Johannesburg International Airport in the late 1990s and then to OR Tambo International Airport in 2006. Kempton Park has been part of the City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality since 2000. The storming of Kempton Park World Trade Centre took place on 25 June 1993 when approximately three thousand members of
9600-423: Was done in its Negotiating Council, which contained two delegates and two advisers from each party, and which was almost continuously in session between April and November. It was in the council that proposals were developed and compromises thrashed out before being sent for formal approval in the higher tiers of the body. The issues before the Negotiating Council were almost identical to those discussed at CODESA and
9700-533: Was established on 24 August 1903 when Karl Friedrich Wolff sub-divided a portion of his Zuurfontein farm into 216 residential stands and named the new town Kempten after the German town in Bavaria of his birth. The name was anglicised into Kempton Park. O. R. Tambo International Airport (Africa's busiest airport) is located in Kempton Park. In 1952, the airport, then known as Jan Smuts International Airport,
9800-406: Was stormed by the right-wing Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB), whose supporters crashed through the glass front of the building in an armoured car and briefly took over the negotiations chamber. Both Mandela and de Klerk condemned the attack, and all but two of the 26 negotiating parties publicly rejected the secessionist overtones of the AWB's protest. In early October 1992, the IFP initiated
9900-414: Was the appropriate framework for such changes to take place. It also affirmed that political change must take place through non-violent means. The declaration was the first of such agreements by acknowledged black and white political leaders in South Africa that affirmed to these principles. The commitment to the peaceful pursuit of political change was declared at a time when neither the National Party nor
10000-424: Was to devise constitutional principles and guidelines for the constitution-making process. In terms of the content of the constitutional principles, the ANC favoured a highly centralised government with strict limitations on regional autonomy, while the IFP and NP advocated for federal systems of slightly different kinds, but with strong, built-in guarantees for the representation of minority interests . For example,
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