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67-564: Gordhan is a name. It can be both a surname and a masculine given name. Notable people with this name include: As a surname [ edit ] Pravin Gordhan (1949–2024), South African politician Sheila Gordhan, vocalist for the 2015 song Smile As a given name [ edit ] Gordhan Verma , Indian politician Gordhan Zadafia (born 1954), Indian politician [REDACTED] Name list This page or section lists people that share

134-508: A smear campaign by people involved in state capture related corrupt activities due to Gordhan's efforts to fight corruption; du Toit names people associated with the Gupta family , Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), and factions within the ANC as being amongst Gordhan's harshest critics whilst also being implicated themselves in possible corrupt activities. Other people and organisations, including

201-463: A bid for the contract – and even prior to Moyane's appointment as Commissioner. The head of the local Bain office later testified that Bain had provided "executive coaching" to Moyane a year before his appointment. The commission also found that the restructuring plan ultimately recommended by Bain was highly damaging to SARS, and suggested that Bain and Moyane had pursued the plan "in deep collusion" and for purely self-interested reasons. It called this

268-419: A fourteen-month period in which Magashula's former deputy, Ivan Pillay , acted as Commissioner, President Jacob Zuma appointed the controversial Tom Moyane to replace Magashula. Years later, Moyane admitted that Zuma had informed him that he intended to appoint him long before the appointment was publicly or formally made. He has been described by journalist Adriaan Basson as having been "willing to choose

335-637: A letter to Moyane that Developments at the SARS under your leadership have resulted in a deterioration in public confidence in the institution and in public finances being compromised. For the sake of the country and the economy, this situation cannot be allowed to continue, or to worsen. Moyane's suspension followed a meeting during which Ramaphosa told Moyane that "he had lost confidence in his ability to lead SARS," and "offered him an opportunity to resign," which Moyane declined. The Commission of Inquiry Into Tax Administration and Governance by SARS, commonly known as

402-471: A letter to the Hawks through his department that he would be unable to meet the deadline imposed. The letter from his office stated that "He will respond in due course, once he has properly examined the questions and ascertained what information, of the information you request, he is able to provide". He also wanted to know from what authority the Hawks asked these questions of him. On 30 March 2016, he replied to

469-646: A new and flatter organisational structure, based around four "clusters": The chief executive officer and accounting authority at SARS is the Commissioner, who, under Section 6 of the SARS Act, is appointed by the President for a pre-determined (but renewable) term not exceeding five years. Prior to an amendment to the act in 2002, the Commissioner was appointed by the Minister of Finance in consultation with

536-451: A pejorative term and dog whistle to highlight his Indian ethnicity in a racially prejudicial way. On the eve of the 2016 Budget Speech that was to be tabled on 24 February 2016, a list of questions from the Hawks was sent to Gordhan. In total there were 27 questions around the alleged "rogue unit" at South African Revenue Service (SARS) . Gordhan was the SARS commissioner in 2007, when

603-421: A premeditated offensive against SARS, strategized by the local [ Gauteng ] office of Bain & Company... for Mr Moyane to seize SARS, each in pursuit of their own interests that were symbiotic, but not altogether the same. Mr Moyane’s interest was to take control of SARS. Bain’s interest was to make money. Whistleblower Athol Williams , a former Bain partner, agreed with this assessment, testifying at length at

670-533: The 2024 general elections . Pravin Gordhan was born on 12 April 1949 to an Indian South African family, in Durban , and matriculated from Sastri College in 1967. In 1973 he graduated from the University of Durban-Westville with a Bachelor of Pharmacy degree. He completed his pharmacy internship at King Edward VIII Hospital in 1974 and worked there until 1981. Gordhan became associated with members of

737-558: The Governor-General , Herbert Gladstone , retroactively appointed Joseph Clerc Sheridan, Esq., as the acting Commissioner for Inland Revenue with effect from 1 July 1910. Two days later, on 11 August, the Department of Inland Revenue was established under the control and direction the Minister of Finance. The Department of Inland Revenue was charged with "the duty of properly collecting and duly accounting for all revenues of

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804-773: The Kathrada Foundation , author Pieter-Louis Myburgh , and journalist Ferial Haffajee . have also stated that Gordhan is the target of smear campaigns. Controversial businessman Iqbal Survé had repeatedly accused Gordhan of targeting Survé's Sekunjalo Group while Survé and Sekunjalo companies faced fraud investigations by the FSCA and termination of banking services. Survé's accusations against Gordhan were found to be baseless and lacking in evidence. Since becoming Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs, Gordhan's middle name, Jamnadas, has been used extensively by critics, most notably on Twitter , as

871-775: The Natal Indian Congress (NIC) in 1971 and was elected to its executive council in 1974. During the 1970s, Gordhan helped establish grassroots organizations that became involved in underground activities and associated with the African National Congress (ANC) and later the South African Communist Party (SACP). In 1981 the Natal Provincial Administration dismissed Gordhan from King Edward VIII Hospital for his political activities while he

938-617: The Commissioner. At the same time, other key business units were fragmented, especially the Large Business Centre – which had been responsible for 35% of SARS's revenue and which the Nugent Commission said was "eviscerated" – and also the Litigation Unit and Compliance Unit. The Anti-Corruption and Security Unit, which investigated internal corruption at SARS and which had consistently been rated as among

1005-691: The Kroon Committee, another inquiry into the allegations, also disowned and retracted his prejudicial findings on the rogue unit, and in 2020 SARS announced that it would not rely on or use the Sikhakhane report for any purpose. The Sunday Times , which broke many of the rogue unit stories, has since faced criticism for having been "drawn into an elaborate cloak-and-dagger campaign to discredit SARS" and for exhibiting "poor journalistic standards" – or, in Jacques Pauw 's words, for "arguably

1072-508: The Nugent Commission The Nugent Commission found that the restructuring of SARS that occurred after 2014, under the advice of Bain & Company, largely had the effect of undermining SARS's tax collection capacity and quality of governance. Most significantly, oversight of individual tax and corporate tax were amalgamated into a single unit, called Business and Individual Tax, which reported directly to

1139-548: The Nugent Commission, was formally appointed two months later, on 23 May, under the chairmanship of retired judge Robert Nugent . It had a mandate to investigate various operational, administrative, and governance matters at SARS, and focused primarily on the years after mid-2014, at which point Nugent said that SARS's previously good condition had begun to deteriorate. The commission's interim report, released in October 2018, recommended that Moyane should immediately be fired, on

1206-569: The SARS Act, the main functions of SARS are to: Among others, SARS administers the personal income tax, corporate income tax, capital gains tax, value-added tax, customs and excise duties, skills development levies, environmental levies, unemployment insurance fund contributions, and employment tax incentives. The Union of South Africa came into existence on 31 May 1910, uniting the Cape Colony , Transvaal Colony , Colony of Natal , and Orange River Colony . Three months later, on 9 August,

1273-539: The Sikhakhane report, one of whom was former acting Commissioner Pillay. A series of protracted labour disputes followed, in which Pillay and others were suspended and subject to disciplinary charges arising largely from the rogue unit allegations, and Pillay resigned in May 2015. Other senior managers and investigators also departed, under similar circumstances and amid public perception that they had been "driven out" of or "purged" from SARS. The Nugent Commission later said it

1340-488: The Tax Administration Act. The latter charge led to a protracted dispute between SARS and amaBhungane about the correct interpretation of the law's confidentiality protections. Further journalistic investigations followed, including in Jacques Pauw 's 2017 The President's Keepers ; Pauw was also sued by SARS for contravening the Tax Administration Act. Other details were elicited or demonstrated during

1407-525: The Union other than railway and harbour revenues and the revenues which by law or regulation are accounted for by the Commissioner for Customs and Excise or by the Postmaster-General ." At the time that the transition to democracy was completed in 1994, South Africa was marked by immense income inequality and by a long history of tax avoidance , which had been used as a means of protest against

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1474-493: The Zondo Commission about Bain's extensive engagements with Zuma and Moyane about plans to restructure SARS and other public entities. [T]here has been a massive failure of integrity and governance at SARS, and all else follows from that. What SARS was, and what it has become, is sufficient proof in itself that integrity and governance failed on a massive scale... [Moyane] arrived without integrity and then dismantled

1541-601: The Zondo Commission, senior SARS official Vlok Symington testified that he had effectively been "held hostage" in the SARS offices by Moyane's bodyguard and Hawks officers, who wanted Symington to hand over a document which cast doubt on the legitimacy of the charges against Gordhan. The charges were withdrawn shortly afterwards. The Public Protector Busisiwe Mkhwebane also conducted several investigations into Gordhan's conduct at SARS and in 2019 recommended that he should be subject to disciplinary action in relation to Pillay's early retirement. The Pretoria High Court overturned

1608-466: The basis that there had been "at least reckless mismanagement" under his tenure which "ought not to be permitted to continue." In line with this recommendation, Ramaphosa fired Moyane on 1 November. Moyane later unsuccessfully challenged his dismissal and the commission's report in court. The final report was released in December and concluded that SARS had been subject to extreme mismanagement along

1675-635: The benefit of the illicit tobacco trade in particular. The Tobacco Institute of South Africa told Parliament that South Africa lost R27 billion in customs and excise revenue between 2014 and 2018, and total tax collections fell by about R90 billion between 2015 and 2018. On 12 October 2014, shortly after Moyane's appointment, the Sunday Times reported that one of the SARS investigative units had gone "rogue," and had broken into Zuma's home to plant listening devices. In subsequent articles, it published various other allegations about nefarious activities of

1742-623: The best care in hospital. Gordhan died from cancer at Wits Donald Gordon Medical Centre in Johannesburg , on 13 September. He was 75. South African Revenue Service SARS was established in 1997 by a merger of the customs and inland revenue departments, at the recommendation of the Katz Commission , which had been instituted to review the South African tax system for the post- apartheid era. In subsequent years, under

1809-524: The best such units in the South African government, was also restructured such that its independence was undermined. The Executive Committee of SARS had by the end of 2015 "been denuded of virtually all the management and skills that had existed when Mr Moyane arrived." An existing modernisation strategy was also suspended, pending a review which the commission found to have been valueless. Gordhan, then Minister of Finance and reportedly clashing with Moyane on several fronts, attempted unsuccessfully to block

1876-556: The capture of the Treasury. In his February 2018 State of the Nation address, newly elected President Cyril Ramaphosa committed to "stabilise and strengthen" SARS, and to restore its credibility. He said that, at the request of the Minister of Finance Malusi Gigaba , he would institute a commission of inquiry into the situation at SARS. A month later, on 19 March 2018, he suspended Moyane pending disciplinary proceedings, writing in

1943-573: The colonial and apartheid governments. Moreover, under apartheid, various bantustans were governed by separate tax administrations. In 1994, the first post-apartheid government instituted the Katz Commission to review the tax structure in South Africa, with an eye to modernising it in line with international best practice and improving its equity and efficiency. The commission, which ran between 1994 and 1999, recommended an overhaul of

2010-658: The course of the Nugent Commission ( see below ), which ran in 2018, and the Zondo Commission , which has been ongoing since 2018. Soon after Moyane was appointed in September 2014, Bain & Company was contracted to review and later to restructure SARS. The Nugent Commission ultimately found that the procurement process had been "manipulated" in Bain's favour. Bain representatives had met several times with Moyane and with President Zuma himself prior to submitting

2077-400: The elements of governance one by one. This was more than mere mismanagement. It was seizing control of SARS as if it was his to have... [T]he organisational structure of SARS, that provided oversight, was pulled apart. Dissent was stamped out by instilling distrust and fear. Accountability to other state authorities was defied. Capacity for investigating corruption was disabled. – Report of

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2144-465: The entire tax system. In particular, in 1997, the commission recommended that the two agencies responsible for revenue collection at the time – the Department of Inland Revenue and the Customs and Excise Department – should be amalgamated into a single entity and fundamentally reformed. This led to the passage of the SARS Act and the establishment of SARS on 1 October 1997. Following the retirement of

2211-515: The first SARS Commissioner, Trevor van Heerden, in late 1999, van Heerden's deputy Pravin Gordhan was appointed Commissioner. Gordhan is the longest-serving Commissioner to date, having held the role from November 1999 to May 2009, and by the end of his tenure SARS was widely acclaimed as a "success story" or "model public institution." During this period, SARS substantially improved revenue collections and tax compliance, establishing an effective tax bureaucracy. Between 1998 and 2002, for example,

2278-486: The full report. He also maintained that he had "performed sterlingly" at SARS and that his removal had been "orchestrated" by Gordhan, with whom he had an acrimonious relationship and who he claimed was racist towards him. By contrast, another witness at the Zondo Commission – the former SARS group executive – suggested that Moyane had been appointed precisely in order to undermine SARS's efforts to counteract illicit trade, organised crime, and tax evasion. Others have implied

2345-499: The high rate of turnover since 2014 – in April 2021, he told Parliament that more than 2,000 employees had left SARS since 2014. According to Kieswetter, state capture "traumatised" the organisation and its employees. However, SARS has re-established its Large Business Centre, Compliance Unit, and other key units; and taxpayer compliance improved by 26% in the 2020/21 financial year. On 1 July 2020, SARS completed its transition to

2412-459: The inquiry found that Magashula's conduct had endangered SARS's reputation and that Magashula had been dishonest during the course of the proceedings. Magashula resigned, apologising for the "inappropriate conversation," which he said had been "banter" and did not reflect any intention to subvert proper recruitment processes. It was later alleged, in 2016, that the conversation had been illegally recorded by crime intelligence operatives. Following

2479-470: The interests of Zuma and his cronies over those of the country," and by a subsequent commission of inquiry as having "considered SARS to be his personal fiefdom, whose money he could spend in his own interests." By 2016, SARS was being implicated in developing allegations about state capture under the Zuma presidency. In February of that year, amaBhungane published a story about an initiative to restructure

2546-447: The key Large Business Centre at SARS. It reported that the restructuring was destabilising SARS and might have been "a deliberate attempt by Moyane’s 'new guard' to give themselves undue influence." The journalists were subsequently sued by Moyane and acting chief operations officer Jonas Makwakwa, both in a personal capacity and on behalf of SARS, and both for defamation and for unlawfully disclosing taxpayer information in contravention of

2613-442: The leadership of Pravin Gordhan , SARS gained a reputation for effectiveness. However, between 2014 and 2018, the agency's tax collection and investigative capacities were severely undermined, or even "decimated," as a result of a restructuring which has been called a "premeditated offensive," allegedly calculated to enable the capture of SARS. Such allegations were investigated by the 2018 Nugent Commission. In terms of

2680-407: The lines discussed above, amounting to what it called a "catastrophe." Among the commission's recommendations were that: On the involvement of Bain & Company, Nugent acknowledged that Bain had unconditionally paid back about R217 million to cover the value of the contract with interest, and that there was no evidence that Bain headquarters was complicit in the scheme. However, he also emphasised

2747-554: The major banks' decision to close the Oakbay Investments accounts. In August 2017, the court ruled against his application deeming it unnecessary. In May 2019, Public Protector Busisiwe Mkhwebane released a controversial report recommending that the presidency take disciplinary action against Gordhan for past allegations of fraud at SARS. Gordhan's legal team challenged Mkhwebane's findings as being "totally wrong both in fact and in law". Mkhwebane publicly denied that it

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2814-482: The matter to the Special Investigative Unit for further investigation, citing the importance of transparency and accountability and concerned about the undervaluation of SAA. On 10 September 2024, Gordhan's family announced that he was admitted to hospital. At a press conference on 12 September, ANC secretary-general Fikile Mbalula said that Gordhan was in a "critical condition" and receiving

2881-498: The number of individuals registered for tax purposes increased by 43% and the number of companies registered by 40%, while progressive reforms enabled the tax system to contribute to the government's redistributive programme. A 2014 benchmarking review by the International Monetary Fund found that SARS conformed to good international practice in 15 of 27 indicators and performed only slightly worse than that on

2948-467: The other 12 indicators, overall a "world class" performance. In May 2009, Gordhan was appointed Minister of Finance and replaced at SARS by Oupa Magashula. In March 2013, however, a recording was leaked to the media of part of a phone call in which Magashula improperly offered a top SARS job to a young female chartered accountant. Gordhan appointed a fact-finding inquiry, led by Zak Yacoob and Muzi Sikhakhane, to investigate possible misconduct. In July,

3015-430: The parent corporation's responsibility for the activities of its local offices, and chastised Bain representatives – both from headquarters and from the South African office – for failing to cooperate adequately with the inquiry. Moyane declined to appear before the Nugent Commission but responded to its report in May 2021 at the Zondo Commission. He called the findings "preposterous," though he said that he had never read

3082-517: The party's 55th National Conference in December 2022. At the conference, he was one of a number of high-profile ANC leaders to lose their seats on the NEC. Gordhan retired from politics at the end of the sixth administration of South Africa's democratic government. His intention to retire was announced in March 2024. South African journalist Pieter du Toit has written that Gordhan has become target of

3149-440: The questions put to him by the Hawks. Gordhan was quoted, "I believe this was meant to intimidate and distract us from the work we had to do in preparing the 2016 Budget". In September 2017, international auditing firm KPMG abruptly withdrew all of its findings‚ recommendations, and conclusions around its report into the SARS "rogue spy unit" which had implicated Gordhan. SARS Commissioner Tom Moyane disputed KPMG's withdrawal of

3216-511: The recommendation, finding that the relevant part of Mkhwebane's report was "vague, contradictory and/or nonsensical." The attention of law enforcement to Gordhan is largely believed to have been politically motivated – Zuma fired Gordhan from the Finance Ministry in March 2017 – and Gordhan later told the Zondo Commission that he believed that Moyane had pursued the criminal charges against him as part of an effort to facilitate

3283-528: The report withdrawal, calling it "unethical conduct", and claimed that the report is not flawed. In October 2016, South Africa's state prosecutor levied fraud charges against Gordhan for allowing a former colleague at SARS to take early retirement and then re-hiring them as a consultant. Charges were dropped a few days later. In October 2016, Gordhan lodged an application in the North Gauteng High Court to rule that he may not interfere with

3350-668: The restructuring in 2016, raising concerns about its likely effects on the agency's capacity. He has said that, in the same year, he asked Zuma to fire Moyane, on the basis that his and Moyane's working relationship had broken down. Among the detrimental consequences of the restructuring later identified by the Nugent Commission were that non-compliance became easier; that some 200 managers were displaced from their former positions and often relegated to less meaningful roles; that SARS's relationship with other state institutions, and its international reputation, suffered; and that SARS's measures to counter criminality were "rendered ineffective," to

3417-578: The rogue unit allegations, and intensified their investigation shortly before the 2016 Budget Speech, timing which Gordhan suggested was calculated to "intimidate and distract" him and the National Treasury . In October 2016, fraud charges were brought against Gordhan, Pillay, and Magashula, in relation to early retirement benefits paid to Pillay with the authorisation of Gordhan and Magashula in 2010 (before Pillay left retirement to rejoin SARS). At

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3484-630: The same given name or the same family name . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gordhan&oldid=1246103442 " Categories : Given names Surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All set index articles Pravin Gordhan Pravin Jamnadas Gordhan (12 April 1949 – 13 September 2024)

3551-459: The same. The day after Moyane's suspension, long-time SARS employee Mark Kingon was appointed acting SARS Commissioner, and he continued to act in that role after Ramaphosa had dismissed Moyane permanently. On 1 May 2019, Edward Kieswetter was appointed SARS Commissioner for a term of five years. Kieswetter is the former SARS Deputy Commissioner and former chief executive officer of financial services provider Alexander Forbes , and his appointment

3618-524: The so-called rogue unit was set up. He has maintained that it was above board and had ministerial approval. Many questioned the timing of the questions sent including Gwede Mantashe , the Secretary General of the African National Congress (ANC). Gordhan himself was baffled by the questions, having the following to say "Once again, the Hawks and those who instruct them, have no regard for the economic and social welfare of millions". He then sent

3685-544: The so-called rogue unit. On the basis of the allegations, Moyane disbanded both the unit and the SARS Executive Committee. The unit was also investigated by an independent panel chaired by Muzi Sikhakhane, which found in November 2014 that the unit had been established unlawfully. Moyane appointed KPMG at a cost of R23 million to perform investigations "focused on the conduct of" four employees cited in

3752-455: The unit while SARS Commissioner. The Daily Maverick reported that part of the KPMG report was copied and pasted from recommendations made by SARS's own legal team, and accused SARS and KPMG of conspiring against the unit and its members. Almost two years later in September 2017, KPMG withdrew the 2015 report, despite Moyane's objections, and apologised to Gordhan. Retired judge Frank Kroon of

3819-562: The worst journalism that has ever been perpetrated in this country." In December 2015, the Press Ombudsman found that its coverage of the rogue unit allegations had been "inaccurate, misleading and unfair," and the Times published an apology admitting to factual errors and other missteps. The Nugent Commission found that it had done "great damage to SARS and the people of South Africa." The Hawks investigated Gordhan in relation to

3886-527: Was a South African politician and anti- apartheid activist who held various ministerial posts in the Cabinet of South Africa . He served as Minister of Finance from 2009 until 2014, and again from 2015 until 2017, as Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs from 2014 until 2015, and as Minister of Public Enterprises from February 2018 until June 2024, when the entire Department of Public Enterprises and its ministry were abolished following

3953-511: Was accused of orchestrating the sale of South African Airways (SAA) in "an irregular manner". Gordhan had planned to sell the state-owned airline for ZAR 51 to the Takatso group, but the deal was scrapped after two years in the making. This resulted in UDM leader Bantu Holomisa to call on President Cyril Ramaphosa to fire Gordhan. Parliament's portfolio committee on public enterprises referred

4020-543: Was appointed NIC/TIC delegate to the steering committee responsible for organising CODESA 1. In 1993 he was appointed to the panel of chairpersons on the planning committee of the multi-party negotiation process. Gordhan was previously the Commissioner of the South African Revenue Service from 1999 to 2009. From 1991 and 1994, he chaired the Convention for a Democratic South Africa , and he

4087-460: Was highly plausible that Moyane's response to the rogue unit allegations had been "the first step in ‘neutralising’ possible detractors" within SARS, and Nugent said that, regardless of the source of the original allegations, SARS had used them "opportunistically." The report of the KPMG investigation was submitted to Moyane in December 2015, and recommended that Gordhan, then the Minister of Finance, should be investigated for his role in establishing

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4154-539: Was in detention. He was released from jail in 1982 and received banning orders effective until June 1983. Gordhan became a key figure in the United Democratic Front (UDF) since 1983 when the NIC became an affiliated organization. Gordhan attended the preparatory meeting for the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) in 1991 as a joint NIC/Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) representative, and

4221-541: Was part of a larger political struggle to target and discredit Gordhan. In July 2019 the Gauteng Division of the High Court of South Africa ruled that Mkhwebane's action as Public Protector against Gordhan be suspended, pending a judicial review of Mkhwabane's report on the SARS "rogue unit". The judge stated that a number of Mkhwebane's assertions were "vague, contradictory and/or nonsensical". Gordhan

4288-562: Was re-appointed to the Cabinet of President Cyril Ramaphosa as Minister of Public Enterprises, taking over from former Minister Lynne Brown . He would oversee state-owned enterprises including the likes of Eskom , SAA , Denel , and others. Gordhan did not receive enough branch nominations to be included on the "Top 200" list of people nominated for election to the ANC National Executive Committee ahead of

4355-402: Was recommended by an independent selection panel chaired by former Finance Minister Trevor Manuel . Since 2019, Kieswetter has spoken publicly about his efforts to rebuild the agency's capacity and reputation following the "massive failure in governance and integrity" within SARS between 2014 and 2018. He has cited as residual obstacles internal opposition to reform, low employee morale, and

4422-474: Was replaced by Nhlanhla Nene as Minister of Finance. In 2014, Gordhan was appointed the Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs, succeeding Lechesa Tsenoli who became Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of South Africa . On 14 December 2015, Gordhan was re-appointed Minister of Finance, replacing David van Rooyen who had been minister for four days. In 2018, Gordhan

4489-742: Was the co-Chairman of the Transitional Executive Council , which prepared South Africa for the country's first non-racial election in April 1994 . As a member of parliament from 1994 to 1998, Gordhan chaired the parliamentary committee that focused on the implementation of the new Constitution and the transformation of local government in the post-apartheid. Gordhan was chairman of the World Customs Organization from 2000 to 2006. On 10 May 2009, President Jacob Zuma appointed Gordhan as Minister of Finance , succeeding Trevor Manuel . On 25 May 2014, he

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