64-423: The Doug Engelbart Institute , previously known as The Bootstrap Alliance , is a collaborative organization founded in 1988 by the late Douglas Engelbart and his daughter Christina Engelbart , to research into the enhancement of human ability to solve complex, urgent problems. Engelbart believed that it is possible to enhance society's collective intelligence by applying his strategies. This article related to
128-1024: A National Science Foundation grant to fund the open source HyperScope project. The Hyperscope team built a browser component using Ajax and Dynamic HTML designed to replicate Augment's multiple viewing and jumping capabilities (linking within and across various documents). Engelbart attended the Program for the Future 2010 Conference where hundreds of people convened at The Tech Museum in San Jose and online to engage in dialog about how to pursue his vision to augment collective intelligence . The most complete coverage of Engelbart's bootstrapping ideas can be found in Boosting Our Collective IQ , by Douglas C. Engelbart, 1995. This includes three of Engelbart's key papers, edited into book form by Yuri Rubinsky and Christina Engelbart to commemorate
192-401: A patent in 1967 and received it in 1970, for the wooden shell with two metal wheels ( computer mouse – U.S. patent 3,541,541 ), which he had developed with Bill English, his lead engineer, sometime before 1965. In the patent application it is described as an "X-Y position indicator for a display system". Engelbart later revealed that it was nicknamed the "mouse" because the tail came out
256-604: A call to action for making knowledge widely available as a national peacetime grand challenge. He had also read something about the recent phenomenon of computers, and from his experience as a radar technician, he knew that information could be analyzed and displayed on a screen. He envisioned intellectual workers sitting at display "working stations", flying through information space, harnessing their collective intellectual capacity to solve important problems together in much more powerful ways. Harnessing collective intellect, facilitated by interactive computers, became his life's mission at
320-421: A chapter of Chi Phi, Jenkens was part of group of friends who were meeting regularly under the unofficial name the "Saturday Night Club". By early October, 1901, Jenkens had persuaded the group, which had grown to twelve men, to try to establish a chapter of Chi Phi at Richmond. These men were reportedly spurned by the existing fraternities on campus for their sense of morality (seven of the twelve were studying for
384-540: A dozen stolen street signs at their fraternity house. In December 2011, the chapter at the University of Vermont in Burlington, Vermont was suspended and criticized for circulating a survey that asked fraternity members "If I could rape someone, who would it be?" Feminist groups on campus fought to have the fraternity permanently removed from campus for preying on women and encouraging sexual assault. In 2013,
448-540: A non-profit organization is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Douglas Engelbart Douglas " Doug " Carl Engelbart (January 30, 1925 – July 2, 2013) was an American engineer, inventor, and a pioneer in many aspects of computer science . He is best known for his work on founding the field of human–computer interaction , particularly while at his Augmentation Research Center Lab in SRI International , which resulted in creation of
512-477: A private event. According to the fraternity, the allegations were not made against members of the chapter. In April 2014, the Sigma Phi Epsilon chapter of the University of Mississippi was closed after three of its members were found guilty of draping a noose around the statue of James Meredith , the first black student to attend the university. A thorough investigation of the chapter also uncovered
576-452: A rash of belt-tightening reorganizations which drastically redirected the efforts of their alliance partners, they continued with the management seminars, consulting, and small-scale collaborations. In the mid-1990s they were awarded some DARPA funding to develop a modern user interface to Augment, called Visual AugTerm (VAT), while participating in a larger program addressing the IT requirements of
640-564: A report about his vision and proposed research agenda titled Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework . The research was funded by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research , where Rowena Swanson took an active interest in Engelbart's work. Among other highlights, this paper introduced " Building Information Modelling ", which architectural and engineering practice eventually adopted (first as " parametric design ") in
704-517: A sister Dorianne (three years older), and a brother David (14 months younger). The family lived in Portland, Oregon, in his early years, and moved to the surrounding countryside along Johnson Creek when he was 8. His father died one year later. He graduated from Portland's Franklin High School in 1942. Midway through his undergraduate years at Oregon State University , he served two years in
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#1732780870693768-506: A time when computers were viewed as number crunching tools. As a graduate student at Berkeley, he assisted in the construction of CALDIC . His graduate work led to eight patents. After completing his doctorate, Engelbart stayed on at Berkeley as an assistant professor for a year before departing when it became clear that he could not pursue his vision there. Engelbart then formed a startup company, Digital Techniques, to commercialize some of his doctoral research on storage devices, but after
832-499: A vertical left side and a 45-degree angle on the right. He never received any royalties for the invention of the mouse. During an interview, he said, "SRI patented the mouse, but they really had no idea of its value. Some years later it was learned that they had licensed it to Apple Computer for something like $ 40,000." Engelbart showcased the chorded keyboard and many more of his and ARC's inventions in 1968 at The Mother of All Demos . Engelbart slipped into relative obscurity by
896-471: A year decided instead to pursue the research he had been dreaming of since 1951. Engelbart took a position at SRI International (known then as Stanford Research Institute) in Menlo Park, California in 1957. He worked for Hewitt Crane on magnetic devices and miniaturization of electronics; Engelbart and Crane became close friends. At SRI, Engelbart soon obtained a dozen patents, and by 1962 produced
960-467: Is a golden heart surmounted by a black enameled heart-shaped shield. Upon the shield are inscribed, in gold, the Greek-letters of the fraternity, ΣΦΕ, and below these letters, a skull and crossbones . Chapter house doors are traditionally painted red. The tradition of the red door on Sigma Phi Epsilon Chapter houses began at Syracuse University (New York Alpha) in the 1920s. Brothers there painted
1024-537: Is a social college fraternity for male college students in the United States. It was founded on November 1, 1901, at Richmond College, which is now the University of Richmond , and its national headquarters remains in Richmond , Virginia . It was founded on three principles: Virtue , Diligence , and Brotherly Love (often abbreviated as "VDBL"). Sigma Phi Epsilon is one of the largest social fraternities in
1088-614: The Benjamin Franklin Medal in 1999 in Computer and Cognitive Science. In early 2000 Engelbart produced, with volunteers and sponsors, what was called The Unfinished Revolution – II , also known as the Engelbart Colloquium at Stanford University, to document and publicize his work and ideas to a larger audience (live, and online). In December 2000, U.S. President Bill Clinton awarded Engelbart
1152-618: The National Medal of Technology , the country's highest technology award. In 2001 he was awarded the British Computer Society 's Lovelace Medal . In 2005, he was made a Fellow of the Computer History Museum "for advancing the study of human–computer interaction, developing the mouse input device, and for the application of computers to improving organizational efficiency." He was honored with
1216-905: The Norbert Wiener Award , which is given annually by Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility . Robert X. Cringely did an hour-long interview with Engelbart on December 9, 2005, in his NerdTV video podcast series. On December 9, 2008, Engelbart was honored at the 40th Anniversary celebration of the 1968 " Mother of All Demos ". The event was produced by SRI International and held at Memorial Auditorium at Stanford University. Speakers included several members of Engelbart's original Augmentation Research Center (ARC) team including Don Andrews, Bill Paxton, Bill English, and Jeff Rulifson , Engelbart's chief government sponsor Bob Taylor , and other pioneers of interactive computing, including Andy van Dam and Alan Kay . In addition, Christina Engelbart spoke about her father's early influences and
1280-542: The United States Navy as a radio and radar technician in the Philippines . It was there, on the remote island of Leyte in a small traditional hut on stilts, that he read Vannevar Bush 's article " As We May Think ", which would have a large influence on his thinking and work. He returned to Oregon State and completed his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering in 1948. While at Oregon State, he
1344-545: The University of California, Berkeley . At Berkeley, he studied electrical engineering with a specialty in computers, earning his MS in 1953 and his PhD in 1955. Engelbart's career was inspired in December 1950 when he was engaged to be married and realized he had no career goals other than "a steady job, getting married and living happily ever after". Over several months he reasoned that: In 1945, Engelbart had read with interest Vannevar Bush's article "As We May Think",
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#17327808706931408-829: The Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award . In 1997, he was awarded the Lemelson-MIT Prize of $ 500,000, the world's largest single prize for invention and innovation, and the ACM Turing Award . To mark the 30th anniversary of Engelbart's 1968 demo, in 1998 the Stanford Silicon Valley Archives and the Institute for the Future hosted Engelbart's Unfinished Revolution , a symposium at Stanford University 's Memorial Auditorium, to honor Engelbart and his ideas. He
1472-535: The computer mouse , and the development of hypertext , networked computers, and precursors to graphical user interfaces . These were demonstrated at The Mother of All Demos in 1968. Engelbart's law , the observation that the intrinsic rate of human performance is exponential, is named after him. NLS , the "oN-Line System", developed by the Augmentation Research Center under Engelbart's guidance with funding primarily from ARPA (as DARPA
1536-505: The principle of linguistic relativity developed by Benjamin Lee Whorf . Where Whorf reasoned that the sophistication of a language controls the sophistication of the thoughts that can be expressed by a speaker of that language, Engelbart reasoned that the state of our current technology controls our ability to manipulate information, and that fact in turn will control our ability to develop new, improved technologies. He thus set himself to
1600-410: The 1990s and after. This led to funding from ARPA to launch his work. Engelbart recruited a research team in his new Augmentation Research Center (ARC, the lab he founded at SRI). Engelbart embedded a set of organizing principles in his lab, which he termed " bootstrapping strategy". He designed the strategy to accelerate the rate of innovation of his lab. The ARC became the driving force behind
1664-571: The Advisory Boards of the University of Santa Clara Center for Science, Technology, and Society , Foresight Institute , Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility , The Technology Center of Silicon Valley, and The Liquid Information Company. Engelbart had four children, Gerda, Diana, Christina and Norman with his first wife Ballard, who died in 1997 after 47 years of marriage. He remarried on January 26, 2008, to writer and producer Karen O'Leary Engelbart. An 85th birthday celebration
1728-579: The Bootstrap Institute in 1988 to coalesce his ideas into a series of three-day and half-day management seminars offered at Stanford University from 1989 to 2000. By the early 1990s there was sufficient interest among his seminar graduates to launch a collaborative implementation of his work, and the Bootstrap Alliance was formed as a non-profit home base for this effort. Although the invasion of Iraq and subsequent recession spawned
1792-733: The Clemson chapter was given a five-year suspension for alleged violations of the student organization conduct code after the death of Hipps. In September 2015, a Sigma Phi Epsilon member at the West Virginia University (WVU) was arrested for allegedly raping a WVU female student at the fraternity's chapterhouse. In October 2015, Sigma Phi Epsilon revoked the charter of the Jacksonville State University chapter due to hazing and other alleged actions including racism and sexual misconduct. The chapter
1856-598: The Joint Task Force. Engelbart was Founder Emeritus of the Doug Engelbart Institute, which he founded in 1988 with his daughter Christina Engelbart, who is executive director. The Institute promotes Engelbart's philosophy for boosting Collective IQ—the concept of dramatically improving how we can solve important problems together—using a strategic bootstrapping approach for accelerating our progress toward that goal. In 2005, Engelbart received
1920-537: The National Medal of Technology, the U.S.'s highest technology award. In December 2008, Engelbart was honored by SRI at the 40th anniversary of the "Mother of All Demos". Engelbart was born in Portland, Oregon , on January 30, 1925, to Carl Louis Engelbart and Gladys Charlotte Amelia Munson Engelbart. His ancestors were of German , Swedish and Norwegian descent. He was the middle of three children, with
1984-817: The Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry by John Markoff and A Heritage of Innovation: SRI's First Half Century by Donald Neilson. Other books on Engelbart and his laboratory include Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing by Thierry Bardini and The Engelbart Hypothesis: Dialogs with Douglas Engelbart , by Valerie Landau and Eileen Clegg in conversation with Douglas Engelbart. All four of these books are based on interviews with Engelbart as well as other contributors in his laboratory. Engelbart served on
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2048-523: The United States in terms of current undergraduate membership. In the fall of 1900 18-year-old divinity student Carter Ashton Jenkens, the son of a Baptist minister, transferred from Rutgers College in New Brunswick, New Jersey to Richmond College , a Baptist institution in Richmond, Virginia . At Rutgers Jenkens had been initiated into the Chi Phi fraternity. At Richmond, which did not have
2112-602: The chapter at San Diego State University was shut down for several years after a pledge nearly died due to a hazing ritual. In 2002, the chapter at Wake Forest University was suspended for several years after a "drunk, dehydrated and severely sunburned pig" was found at a park after the fraternity held an event there. In 2007, four members of the fraternity were arrested from Florida State University for hazing after police found 31 pledges shivering in 30 degree weather and covered in raw eggs, catfish-stink bait, flour and vinegar, and their bodies were red with welts. In 2010,
2176-402: The chapter at the University of Wisconsin–Madison was shut down after repeated alcohol and safety violations. The fraternity was consistently cited for providing alcohol to underage students when hosting parties at their fraternity house. In 2017, the chapter at Auburn University was shut down after several serious allegations were made public about the behaviors of the chapter. As a result,
2240-461: The control of artificial intelligence researcher Bertram Raphael , who negotiated the transfer of the laboratory to Tymshare in 1976. Engelbart's house in Atherton, California burned down during this period, causing him and his family further problems. Tymshare took over NLS and the lab that Engelbart had founded, hired most of the lab's staff (including its creator as a Senior Scientist), renamed
2304-612: The design and development of the oN-Line System (NLS). He and his team developed computer interface elements such as bitmapped screens, the mouse, hypertext, collaborative tools, and precursors to the graphical user interface. He conceived and developed many of his user interface ideas in the mid-1960s, long before the personal computer revolution, at a time when most computers were inaccessible to individuals who could only use computers through intermediaries (see batch processing ), and when software tended to be written for vertical applications in proprietary systems. Engelbart applied for
2368-459: The end. His group also called the on-screen Cursor a "bug", but this term was not widely adopted. Engelbart's original cursor was displayed as an arrow pointing upward, but was slanted to the left upon its deployment in the XEROX PARC machine to better distinguish between on-screen text and the cursor in the machine's low-resolution interface. The now-familiar cursor arrow is characterized by
2432-607: The fraternity at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton was suspended after pledges were "kidnapped" and their hands and feet were bound with duct tape. They were forced to drink beer and liquor and were sprayed with a squirt gun and colored on with markers. No pledge decided to press charges against members of the fraternity for hazing violations. In 2011, three Sigma Phi Epsilon members from East Carolina University were arrested and charged with several offenses for possession of 49 grams of marijuana, three Adderall pills, and
2496-539: The fraternity house at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . One fraternity member was arrested and charged for drug possession and intent to sell. In February 2014, two sexual assaults were reported at the Yale University chapter house in New Haven, Connecticut one block from campus. The fraternity released a statement stating they had allowed their facility to be used by another student group for
2560-533: The fraternity was guilty of brutally hazing pledges and providing alcohol to underage students. In September 2014, Tucker Hipps, of Clemson University in Clemson, South Carolina was found dead in Lake Hartwell after his pledge brothers reported him missing after a run that morning. Both the university and the national fraternity found that the chapter had violated its code of conduct. In February 2015,
2624-600: The fraternity was suspended for two years at Southern Methodist University in Dallas after torturing a Hispanic fraternity member of Lambda Chi Alpha for four hours. Four Sigma Phi Epsilon members were arrested and charged with assault for kicking, punching, spraying Formula 409 on wounds and cuts, making racist comments, and holding the Lambda Chi Alpha member captive against his will. In January 2014, 178 grams of marijuana and .21 grams of cocaine were seized from
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2688-508: The front door of their house red as a token of fraternalism, because it is a fraternity color. Today, all 260 SigEp chapters have red doors. In December 2014, Sigma Phi Epsilon became the first fraternity in the North American Interfraternity Conference to accept transgender men as members. The National Board of Directors passed the policy by an 8-0 majority vote with three abstentions. In 1997,
2752-542: The funds or the people to further develop them. His interest inside of McDonnell Douglas was focused on the enormous knowledge management and IT requirements involved in the life cycle of an aerospace program, which served to strengthen Engelbart's resolve to motivate the information technology arena toward global interoperability and an open hyperdocument system. Engelbart retired from McDonnell Douglas in 1986, determined to pursue his work free from commercial pressure. Teaming with his daughter, Christina Engelbart, he founded
2816-435: The group settled on a secret motto and called their fraternity Sigma Phi. Jenkens, Gaw and Phillips then met with a faculty committee to seek official recognition for their new fraternity. The faculty members were reluctant to recognize a sixth fraternity in a school with only 300 students, especially as more than half the members would be soon-to graduate seniors. Additionally, another national fraternity already existed using
2880-432: The mid-1970s. As early as 1970, several of his researchers became alienated from him and left his organization for Xerox PARC , in part due to frustration, and in part due to differing views of the future of computing. Engelbart saw the future in collaborative, networked, timeshare (client-server) computers, which younger programmers rejected in favor of personal computers . The conflict was both technical and ideological:
2944-564: The morale and social cohesion of the ARC community. The 1969 Mansfield Amendment , which ended military funding of non-military research, the end of the Vietnam War , and the end of the Apollo program gradually reduced ARC's funding from ARPA and NASA throughout the early 1970s. SRI's management, which disapproved of Engelbart's approach to running the center, placed the remains of ARC under
3008-417: The name Sigma Phi . The founders responded that their new fraternity would be different from the others at Richmond, as was being founded upon biblical, egalitarian principles, and new members would quickly be taken in from the undergraduate classes to increase the new fraternity's size, and the fraternity's name was still open to debate. With these assurances from the founders, the faculty committee approved
3072-460: The national office initiated a thorough investigation into the chapter which determined it was guilty of hazing, illicit drug use, and alcohol violations. In 2018, the chapter at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire was shut down by the fraternity's national board of directors due to multiple fraternal code violations. In September 2019, the chapter at the University of Nebraska Omaha
3136-593: The new fraternity took shape and on November 1, 1901, the fraternity's first membership roster was publicly posted at the school. It listed the twelve founding members in this order: Carter Ashton Jenkens, Benjamin Donald Gaw, William Hugh Carter, William Andrew Wallace, Thomas Temple Wright, William Lazelle Phillips, Lucian Baum Cox, Richard Spurgeon Owens, Edgar Lee Allen, Robert Alfred McFarland, Franklin Webb Kerfoot and Thomas Vaden McCaul. After much discussion,
3200-413: The new fraternity's request for official recognition. Shortly afterwards, the founders met and decided to rename the fraternity Sigma Phi Epsilon. The colors dark red and royal purple were chosen to represent fraternity, while the golden heart was chosen as the fraternity's symbol. The principles of Virtue, Diligence and Brotherly Love, were chosen as "The Three Cardinal Principles". The fraternity's badge
3264-582: The ongoing work of the Doug Engelbart Institute. In June 2009, the New Media Consortium recognized Engelbart as an NMC Fellow for his lifetime of achievements. In 2011, Engelbart was inducted into IEEE Intelligent Systems ' AI's Hall of Fame. Engelbart received the first honorary Doctor of Engineering and Technology degree from Yale University in May 2011. Sigma Phi Epsilon Sigma Phi Epsilon ( ΣΦΕ ), commonly known as SigEp ,
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#17327808706933328-533: The ordained ministry) and for their rural, middle-class backgrounds. Jenkens had convinced the others that their chapter could be different from the other fraternities on campus and assured them that Chi Phi's principles were in line with their own. The group's request for a charter, however, was met with refusal as the national fraternity felt that Richmond College was too small to host a Chi Phi chapter. Jenkens and his friends therefore founded their own fraternity. After several secret meetings throughout October 1901,
3392-656: The presentation of the 1995 SoftQuad Web Award to Doug Engelbart at the World Wide Web conference in Boston in December 1995. Only 2,000 softcover copies were printed, and 100 hardcover, numbered and signed by Engelbart and Tim Berners-Lee . Engelbart's book is now being republished by the Doug Engelbart Institute. Two comprehensive histories of Engelbart's laboratory and work are in What the Dormouse Said: How
3456-548: The revolutionary task of developing computer-based technologies for manipulating information directly, and also to improve individual and group processes for knowledge-work. Since the late 1980s, prominent individuals and organizations have recognized the seminal importance of Engelbart's contributions. In December 1995, at the Fourth WWW Conference in Boston , he was the first recipient of what would later become
3520-681: The software Augment , and offered it as a commercial service via its new Office Automation Division. Tymshare was already somewhat familiar with NLS; when ARC was still operational, it had experimented with its own local copy of the NLS software on a minicomputer called OFFICE-1, as part of a joint project with ARC. At Tymshare, Engelbart soon found himself further marginalized. Operational concerns at Tymshare overrode Engelbart's desire to conduct ongoing research. Various executives, first at Tymshare and later at McDonnell Douglas, which acquired Tymshare in 1984, expressed interest in his ideas, but never committed
3584-530: The younger programmers came from an era where centralized power was highly suspect, and personal computing was just barely on the horizon. Beginning in 1972, several key ARC personnel were involved in Erhard Seminars Training (EST), with Engelbart ultimately serving on the corporation's board of directors for many years. Although EST had been recommended by other researchers, the controversial nature of EST and other social experiments reduced
3648-404: Was 88 and was survived by his second wife, the four children from his first marriage, and nine grandchildren. Historian of science Thierry Bardini argues that Engelbart's complex personal philosophy (which drove all his research) foreshadowed the modern application of the concept of coevolution to the philosophy and use of technology. Bardini points out that Engelbart was strongly influenced by
3712-742: Was a member of Sigma Phi Epsilon social fraternity. He was hired by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics at the Ames Research Center , where he worked in wind tunnel maintenance. In his off hours he enjoyed hiking, camping, and folk dancing. It was there he met Ballard Fish (August 18, 1928 – June 18, 1997), who was just completing her training to become an occupational therapist. They were married in Portola State Park on May 5, 1951. Soon after, Engelbart left Ames to pursue graduate studies at
3776-518: Was held at the Tech Museum of Innovation . Engelbart died at his home in Atherton, California, on July 2, 2013, due to kidney failure . A close friend and fellow computer scientist, Ted Nelson , gave a speech paying tribute to Engelbart. According to the Doug Engelbart Institute, his death came after a long battle with Alzheimer's disease , which he was diagnosed with in 2007. Engelbart
3840-786: Was inducted into National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1998. Engelbart was awarded the Stibitz-Wilson Award from the American Computer & Robotics Museum in 1998. Also in 1998, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) SIGCHI awarded Engelbart the CHI Lifetime Achievement Award. ACM SIGCHI later inducted Engelbart into the CHI Academy in 2002. Engelbart was awarded The Franklin Institute's Certificate of Merit in 1996 and
3904-447: Was limited by a lack of interest in his ideas and funding to pursue them and retired in 1986. In 1988, Engelbart and his daughter Christina launched the Bootstrap Institute – later known as The Doug Engelbart Institute – to promote his vision, especially at Stanford University; this effort did result in some DARPA funding to modernize the user interface of Augment. In December 2000, United States President Bill Clinton awarded Engelbart
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#17327808706933968-419: Was ordered to cease operations for three years and remove itself off-campus if the chapter was to be re-activated. In March 2016, the chapter at Purdue University was placed on suspension until 2020 for hazing, alcohol violations, and breaking university rules. In August 2016, member Daniel Drill-Mellum was sentenced to 74 months in prison after pleading guilty to two counts of rape. In October 2016,
4032-514: Was shut down by the fraternity's national board of directors due to multiple fraternal code violations. In January 2020, the chapter at Lamar University in Beaumont, Texas was shut down by the fraternity's national board of directors after hazing of pledges was reported to the university's leadership. In October 2022, the chapter at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida
4096-551: Was then known), demonstrated numerous technologies, most of which are now in widespread use; it included the computer mouse, bitmapped screens, word processing, and hypertext; all of which were displayed at "The Mother of All Demos" in 1968. The lab was transferred from SRI to Tymshare in the late 1970s, which was acquired by McDonnell Douglas in 1984, and NLS was renamed Augment (now the Doug Engelbart Institute). At both Tymshare and McDonnell Douglas, Engelbart
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