Misplaced Pages

#875124

38-500: See text Borrelia is a genus of bacteria of the spirochete phylum. Several species cause Lyme disease , also called Lyme borreliosis, a zoonotic , vector-borne disease transmitted by ticks . Other species of Borrelia cause relapsing fever , and are transmitted by ticks or lice , depending on the species of bacteria. A few Borrelia species as Candidatus Borrelia mahuryensis harbor intermediate genetic features between Lyme disease and relapsing fever Borrelia . The genus

76-407: A genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of

114-651: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

152-405: A layer of peptidoglycan in a periplasmic space, which classifies them as Gram-negative. However, this result is not easily visualized using Gram staining . They are typically 20–30 μm long and 0.2–0.3 μm wide. Spirochetes move using axial filaments called endoflagella in their periplasmic space. The filaments rotate in this space, between the outer membrane and the peptidoglycan layer, propelling

190-628: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

228-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

266-417: A substance similar to lipopolysaccharides, an inner membrane, and a layer of peptidoglycan in a periplasmic space, which classifies them as Gram-negative. However, this result is not easily visualized using Gram staining . They are typically 20–30 μm long and 0.2–0.3 μm wide. Spirochetes move using axial filaments called endoflagella in their periplasmic space. The filaments rotate in this space, between

304-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

342-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

380-612: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

418-535: Is named after French biologist Amédée Borrel (1867–1936), who first documented the distinction between a species of Borrelia , B. anserina , and the other known type of spirochete at the time, Treponema pallidum . This bacterium must be viewed using dark-field microscopy , which make the cells appear white against a dark background. Borrelia species are grown in Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly medium. Of 52 known species of Borrelia , 20 are members of

SECTION 10

#1732797723876

456-474: Is not widely accepted. This bacterium uses hard and soft ticks and lice as vectors. Testing for the presence of the bacteria in a human includes two-tiered serological testing, including immunoassays and immunoblotting. Borrelia species are members of the family Spirochaetaceae, so present the characteristic spirochete (spiral) shape. Most species are obligate anaerobes, although some are aerotolerant. Borrelia species have an outer membrane that contains

494-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

532-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

570-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

608-824: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

646-419: The nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

684-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

722-479: The Lyme disease group (with an additional 3 proposed), 29 belong to the relapsing fever group, and two are members of a genetically distinct third group typically found in reptiles. A proposal has been made to split the Lyme disease group based on genetic diversity and move them to their own genus, Borelliella , but this change is not widely accepted. This bacterium uses hard and soft ticks and lice as vectors. Testing for

760-2634: The bacterium forward in a corkscrew-like motion. The outer membrane of Borrelia species contains outer surface proteins (Osp) that play a role in their virulence. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). B. turcica B. coriaceae B. miyamotoi B. mayonii B. americana B. lanei B. turdi B. tanukii Fukunaga et al. 1997 B. californiensis B. kurtenbachii Margos et al. 2013 B. yangtzensis B. valaisiana B. afzelii B. spielmanii B. maritima B. lusitaniae Le Fleche et al. 1997 B. g. garinii Baranton et al. 1992 " B. g. bavariensis " (Margos et al. 2013) B. japonica Kawabata et al. 1994 B. sinica Masuzawa et al. 2001 B. burgdorferi B. bissettii B. carolinensis Rudenko et al. 2011 " Ca. B. tachyglossi" Loh et al. 2017 B. turcica Güner et al. 2004 B. miyamotoi Fukunaga et al. 1995 B. persica (Dschunkowsky 1913) Steinhaus 1946 B. hispanica (de Buen 1926) Steinhaus 1946 B. duttonii (Novy & Knapp 1906) Bergey et al. 1925 [incl. B. crocidurae (Léger 1917) Davis 1957 ; B. recurrentis (Lebert 1874) Bergey et al. 1925 ] B. anserina (Sakharoff 1891) Bergey et al. 1925 B. hermsii (Davis 1942) Steinhaus 1946 B. coriaceae Johnson et al. 1987 B. turicatae (Brumpt 1933) Steinhaus 1946 [incl. B. parkeri (Davis 1942) Steinhaus 1946 ; " B. puertoricensis " Bermudez et al. 2021 ; B. venezuelensis (Brumpt 1921) Brumpt 1922 ] " B. chilensis " (Ivanova et al. 2014) Adeolu & Gupta 2014 B. japonica (Kawabata et al. 1994) Adeolu & Gupta 2015 Borrelia maritima Margos et al. 2020 B. valaisiana (Wang et al. 1997) Adeolu & Gupta 2018 B. yangtzensis (Margos et al. 2015) Gupta 2020 B. afzelii (Canica et al. 1994) Adeolu & Gupta 2018 B. spielmanii (Richter et al. 2006) Adeolu & Gupta 2015 B. garinii (Baranton et al. 1992) Adeolu & Gupta 2015 [incl. B. bavariensis (Margos et al. 2013) Adeolu & Gupta 2015 ] " B. turdi " (Fukunaga et al. 1997) Adeolu & Gupta 2014 B. mayonii (Pritt et al. 2016) Gupta 2020 B. bissettii (Margos et al. 2016) Gupta 2020 Genus The composition of

798-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

SECTION 20

#1732797723876

836-502: The cells appear white against a dark background. Borrelia species are grown in Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly medium. Of 52 known species of Borrelia , 20 are members of the Lyme disease group (with an additional 3 proposed), 29 belong to the relapsing fever group, and two are members of a genetically distinct third group typically found in reptiles. A proposal has been made to split the Lyme disease group based on genetic diversity and move them to their own genus, Borelliella , but this change

874-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

912-737: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

950-633: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

988-513: The lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets. Borrelia turcica See text Borrelia is a genus of bacteria of the spirochete phylum. Several species cause Lyme disease , also called Lyme borreliosis, a zoonotic , vector-borne disease transmitted by ticks . Other species of Borrelia cause relapsing fever , and are transmitted by ticks or lice , depending on

1026-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

1064-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

1102-439: The presence of the bacteria in a human includes two-tiered serological testing, including immunoassays and immunoblotting. Borrelia species are members of the family Spirochaetaceae, so present the characteristic spirochete (spiral) shape. Most species are obligate anaerobes, although some are aerotolerant. Borrelia species have an outer membrane that contains a substance similar to lipopolysaccharides, an inner membrane, and

1140-541: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

1178-470: The same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or

Borrelia - Misplaced Pages Continue

1216-408: The scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of a species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in

1254-485: The species of bacteria. A few Borrelia species as Candidatus Borrelia mahuryensis harbor intermediate genetic features between Lyme disease and relapsing fever Borrelia . The genus is named after French biologist Amédée Borrel (1867–1936), who first documented the distinction between a species of Borrelia , B. anserina , and the other known type of spirochete at the time, Treponema pallidum . This bacterium must be viewed using dark-field microscopy , which make

1292-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

1330-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

1368-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

1406-576: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

1444-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

#875124