The Bavarian Congregation is a congregation of the Benedictine Confederation consisting (with one exception) of monasteries in Bavaria , Germany .
48-508: It was founded on 26 August 1684 by Pope Innocent XI (1676-1689). Until the secularisation of Bavaria in 1803 the following abbeys belonged to the congregation: All these monasteries were dissolved in 1803, however, and the congregation lapsed at that point. The congregation was re-established by Pope Pius IX on 5 February 1858, comprising to begin with three monasteries re-founded by Ludwig I of Bavaria : Metten; St. Boniface's Abbey, Munich, with Andechs Priory; and Weltenburg. As of 2013
96-634: A degree of sensitivity in his dealings with the Jews within the Italian states. He compelled the Republic of Venice to release the Jewish prisoners taken by Francesco Morosini in 1685. He also discouraged compulsory baptisms which accordingly became less frequent under his pontificate, but he could not abolish the old practice altogether. More controversially on 30 October 1682 he issued an edict by which all
144-460: A family of minor nobility, were determined entrepreneurs. In 1619, Benedetto's brother founded in Genoa with his three uncles a bank which quickly grew into a successful money-lending business. After completing his studies in grammar and letters, the 15-year-old Benedetto moved to Genoa to take part in the family business as an apprentice. Lucrative economic transactions were established with clients in
192-462: A few years the papal income was even in excess of the expenditures. He lost no time in declaring and practically manifesting his zeal as a reformer of manners and a corrector of administrative abuses. Beginning with the clergy, he sought to raise the laity also to a higher moral standard of living. He closed all of the theaters in Rome (considered to be centers of vice and immorality) and famously brought
240-400: A liberal approach to doctrine which included two that related to abortion . He first condemned proposition 34 and countered that it was unlawful to procure abortion. He also condemned proposition 35, which stated: "It seems probable that the fetus (as long as it is in the uterus) lacks a rational soul and begins first to have one when it is born; and consequently it must be said that no abortion
288-430: A temporary halt to the flourishing traditions of Roman opera . In 1679 he publicly condemned sixty-five propositions, taken chiefly from the writings of Escobar , Suarez and other casuists (mostly Jesuit casuists, who had been heavily attacked by Pascal in his Provincial Letters ) as propositiones laxorum moralistarum and forbade anyone to teach them under penalty of excommunication. He condemned in particular
336-453: A variety of nations, they have laws relating to their mutual intercourse, which is what we call the law of nations. As members of a society that must be properly supported, they have laws relating to the governors and the governed, and this we distinguish by the name of politic law. They have also another sort of law, as they stand in relation to each other; by which is understood the civil law." The concept of private law in common law countries
384-516: Is a homicide." Innocent XI was no less intent on preserving the purity of faith and morals among all people. He insisted on thorough education and an exemplary lifestyle for all people and he passed strict rules in relation to the modesty of dress among Roman women. Furthermore, he put an end to the ever-increasing passion for gambling by suppressing the gambling houses at Rome. By a decree of 12 February 1679 he encouraged frequent and even daily reception of Holy Communion. On 4 March 1679, he condemned
432-550: Is a little broader, in that it also encompasses private relationships between governments and private individuals or other entities. That is, relationships between governments and individuals based on the law of contract or torts are governed by private law, and are not considered to be within the scope of public law. The European Commission and the European Council have stated a desire to achieve greater approximation of private law across its (now) 27 member states of
480-407: Is known to have suffered from kidney stones since 1682 and in 1689 his health declined notably. In June that year he was confined to his bed. For reasons of ill health, he cancelled a consistory of cardinals convoked for 19 June for the examination of bishops and he also cancelled meetings on 21 June. The pope was suddenly assailed by a strong fever on 25 June and on 29 June he was unable to celebrate
528-511: Is that which concerns the Roman state, private law is concerned with the interests of citizens.) In the modern era, Charles-Louis Montesquieu (1689–1755) amplified supremely this distinction: International (law of nations), Public (politic law) and Private (civil law) Law, in his major work: (On) The Spirit of the Law (1748). "Considered as inhabitants of so great a planet, which necessarily contains
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#1732772766358576-715: The Holy League which brought together the states of the Holy Roman Empire and King John III Sobieski of Poland-Lithuania who in 1683 hastened to the relief of Vienna which was being besieged by the Turks . After the siege was raised, Innocent XI again spared no efforts to induce the Christian princes to lend a helping hand for the expulsion of the Turks from Ottoman Hungary . He contributed millions of scudi to
624-686: The law of obligations (as it is called in the civil law tradition). One of the five capital lawyers in Roman law , Domitius Ulpianus , (170–223) – who differentiated ius publicum from ius privatum – the European, more exactly the continental law, philosophers and thinkers want(ed) to put each branch of law into this dichotomy: Public and Private Law. " huius studdii duæ sunt positiones: publicum et privatum. Publicum ius est, quod statum rei Romanæ spectat, privatum, quod ad singulorum utilitatem; sunt enim quædam publice utila, quædam privatim ". (Public law
672-486: The protodeacon , Cardinal Francesco Maidalchini . Immediately upon his accession, Innocent XI turned all his efforts towards reducing the expenses of the Curia . He passed strict ordinances against nepotism among the cardinals. He lived very parsimoniously and exhorted the cardinals to do the same. In this manner he not only squared the annual deficit which at his accession had reached the sum of 170,000 scudi , but within
720-424: The public order . In general terms, private law involves interactions between private individuals, whereas public law involves interrelations between the state and the general population. In legal systems of the civil law tradition , it is that part of the jus commune that involves relationships between individuals, such as the law of contracts and torts (as it is called in the common law tradition), and
768-455: The 20th century, it was reintroduced; his writings were approved by theologians on 24 March 1945, and Pope Pius XII proclaimed him venerable on 15 November 1955 and blessed on 7 October 1956. Following his beatification, his sarcophagus was placed under the Altar of St. Sebastian in the basilica's Chapel of St. Sebastian, where it remained until 8 April 2011 when it was moved to make way for
816-635: The Catholic Church. As early as 1673, Louis had by his own power extended the right of the régale over the provinces of Languedoc , Guyenne , Provence , and Dauphiné , where it had previously not been exercised. All the efforts of Innocent XI to induce Louis XIV to respect the rights and primacy of the Church proved useless. In 1682, the King convoked an assembly of the French clergy which adopted
864-479: The King of Siam , under Guy Tachard and Ok-khun Chamnan in order to establish relations. The tension between the Pope and the King of France was increased by Innocent's procedure in filling the vacant archiepiscopal see of Cologne . The two candidates for the see were Cardinal Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg , then Bishop of Strasbourg , and Joseph Clemens , a brother of Max Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria . The former
912-551: The Papal States, his methods evident in matters ranging from his manner of dress to a wide range of standards of personal behavior consistent with his conception of Christian values. Once he was elected to the papacy, he applied himself to moral and administrative reform of the Roman Curia . He abolished sinecures and pushed for greater simplicity in preaching as well as greater reverence in worship, requesting this of both
960-592: The Turkish war fund in Austria and Hungary and had the satisfaction of hearing of the capture of Belgrade on 6 September 1688. During England's Exclusion Crisis (1679-1681), when Parliament sought to exclude the Catholic Duke of York from gaining the throne, the radical Protestants of London's Green Ribbon Club regularly held mass processions culminating with burning "The Pope" in effigy. Evidently,
1008-428: The book's publication halted all plans to canonize Innocent XI. Civil law (area) Private law is that part of a legal system that governs interactions between individual persons. It is distinguished from public law , which deals with relationships between both natural and artificial persons (i.e., organizations) and the state , including regulatory statutes , penal law and other law that affects
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#17327727663581056-522: The books was discovered in 2015. He elevated 43 new cardinals into the cardinalate in two consistories . In 1681 he named Antonio Pignatelli as a cardinal, who would later become Pope Innocent XII (taking his name in honor of the pope who elevated him). Innocent XI also intended to nominate his confessor Ludovico Marracci as a cardinal, but he declined the invitation. He also canonized two saints: Bernard of Menthon in 1681 and Pedro Armengol on 8 April 1687. He beatified six individuals. Innocent XI
1104-712: The candidates received the required number of votes. The decision, therefore, fell to Innocent XI, who designated Joseph Clemens as Archbishop and Elector of Cologne. Louis XIV retaliated by taking possession of the papal territory of Avignon , imprisoning the papal nuncio and appealing to a general council. Nor did he conceal his intention to separate the French Church entirely from Rome. The Pope remained firm. The subsequent fall of James II in England destroyed French preponderance in Europe and soon after Innocent XI's death
1152-441: The cardinals as well as the Roman people were of one mind in their desire to have Odescalchi as their Pope, Louis reluctantly instructed the French party cardinals to acquiesce in his candidacy. On 21 September 1676, Odescalchi was chosen to be Clement X's successor and took the name of Innocent XI. He chose this name in honour of Pope Innocent X, who made him a cardinal in 1645. He was formally crowned as pontiff on 4 October 1676 by
1200-446: The clergy and faithful. In consideration of his diplomatic and financial support for efforts to free Hungary from Turkish domination, he is still widely referred to in the country as the "Saviour of Hungary". After a difficult cause for canonization , starting in 1791, which caused considerable controversy over the years and which was stopped on several occasions, he was beatified in 1956 by Pope Pius XII . Benedetto Odescalchi
1248-511: The consultations of the various congregations of which he was a member. He participated in the 1669–70 conclave . Odescalchi was a strong papal candidate after the death of Pope Clement IX (1667–69) in 1669, but the French government rejected him (using the now-abolished veto ). After Pope Clement X (1670–76) died, Louis XIV of France (1643–1715) again intended to use his royal influence against Odescalchi's election. Instead, believing that
1296-445: The episcopal candidates. Innocent XI irritated the King still more that same year by abolishing the much abused right of asylum , by which foreign ambassadors in Rome had been able to harbor in embassies any criminal wanted by the papal court of justice. He notified the new French ambassador, Marquis de Lavardin , that he would not be recognised as ambassador in Rome unless he renounced this right, but Louis XIV would not give it up. At
1344-613: The four articles that became known as the Gallican Liberties . Innocent XI annulled the four articles on 11 April 1682, and refused his approbation to all future episcopal candidates who had taken part in the assembly. To appease the Pope, Louis XIV began to act as a zealot of Catholicism. In 1685, he revoked the Edict of Nantes and inaugurated a persecution of French Huguenots . Innocent expressed displeasure at these drastic measures and continued to withhold his approbation from
1392-581: The head of an armed force of about 800 men Lavardin entered Rome in November 1687, and took forcible possession of his palace. Innocent XI treated him as excommunicated and on 24 December 1687 placed under interdict the Church of St. Louis at Rome where Lavardin attended services. In January 1688, Innocent XI received the diplomatic mission which had been dispatched to France and the Holy See by Narai ,
1440-518: The major Italian and European cities, such as Nuremberg , Milan , Kraków , and Rome . In 1626 Benedetto's father died, and he began schooling in the humanities taught by the Jesuits at his local college, before transferring to Genoa. In 1630 he narrowly survived an outbreak of plague , which killed his mother. Some time between 1632 and 1636, Benedetto decided to move to Rome and then Naples in order to study civil law . This led to his securing
1488-508: The members of the congregation, with the dates when they joined the congregation where known, were: This organization-related article on the Catholic Church or a Catholic institution is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Bavaria location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Pope Innocent XI Pope Innocent XI ( Latin : Innocentius XI ; Italian : Innocenzo XI ; 16 May 1611 – 12 August 1689), born Benedetto Odescalchi ,
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1536-459: The money-lending activities carried out by the Roman Jews were to cease. Such a move would incidentally have financially benefitted his own brothers who played a dominant role in European money-lending. However, ultimately convinced that such a measure would cause much misery in destroying livelihoods, the enforcement of the edict was twice delayed. Innocent XI was an enthusiastic initiator of
1584-427: The most radical form of mental reservation ( stricte mentalis ) which authorised deception without an outright lie. Personally not unfriendly to Miguel de Molinos , Innocent XI nevertheless yielded to the enormous pressure brought to bear upon him to confirm in 1687 the judgement of the inquisitors by which sixty-eight quietist propositions of Molinos were condemned as blasphemous and heretical. Innocent XI showed
1632-537: The offices of protonotary apostolic , president of the Apostolic Camera , commissary of the Marco di Roma, and governor of Macerata ; on 6 March 1645, Pope Innocent X (1644–55) made him Cardinal-Deacon with the deaconry of Santi Cosma e Damiano . He subsequently became legate to Ferrara . When he was sent to Ferrara in order to assist the people stricken with a severe famine, the Pope introduced him to
1680-449: The opinion that he had little time left to live. On 11 August he received in audience Cardinal Leandro Colloredo, who came to remind him that the pope had been set to raise ten men to the cardinalate but the pope refused to do so despite the cardinal's insistence. On the morning of 12 August he lost the ability to speak and suffered from breathing difficulties. Innocent XI died on 12 August 1689 at 22:00 (Rome time) Following his death, he
1728-451: The organizers of these events were unaware that the actual Pope in Rome was involved in a deep conflict with the King of France – and therefore, far from supporting the drive to get the Duke of York crowned, which served Louis XIV's political ambitions. The pontificate of Innocent XI was marked by the struggle between the absolutism and hegemonic intentions of Louis XIV, and the primacy of
1776-402: The people of Ferrara as the "father of the poor". In 1650, Odescalchi became bishop of Novara , in which capacity he spent all the revenues of his see to relieve the poor and sick in his diocese . He participated in the 1655 conclave . In 1656, with the pope's permission, he resigned as bishop of Novara in favor of his brother Giulio and moved to Rome. While there he took a prominent part in
1824-597: The proposition that "the precept of keeping Holy Days is not obligatory under pain of mortal sin, aside from scandal, if contempt is absent". In 1688, he reiterated a decree of Pope Sixtus V that banned women from singing on stage in all public theatres or opera houses. Innocent XI was hostile towards the book Varia Opuscula Theologica (Various Theological Brochures) that the Spanish Jesuit Francisco Suárez published. He ordered all copies to be burnt in 1679 but his orders went ignored. One of
1872-568: The remains of Pope John Paul II to be relocated to the basilica from the grotto beneath St. Peter's in honor of his beatification and in order to make his resting place more accessible to the public. Innocent's body was transferred to the basilica's Altar of Transfiguration, which is located near the Clementine Chapel and the entombed remains of Pope Gregory the Great (590–604). The altar is also across from Innocent XI's monument, which
1920-451: The remains of Innocent XI were moved to make way for remains of the beatified John Paul II . The process of Innocent XI's beatification was introduced in 1691 by Pope Innocent XII . His cause was formally opened on 23 June 1714 under Clement XI , granting him the title of Servant of God , and continued under Clement XII , but French influence and the accusation of Jansenism caused it to be suspended in 1744 by Pope Benedict XIV . In
1968-516: The solemn Mass for the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul , deputing Cardinal Flavio Chigi to celebrate it in his place. The Pope's condition worsened on 2 July and his doctors were led to lance his left leg, which caused fluid release, and eventually to undertake an operation on his right leg on 31 July, and two more in the following two days. On 9 August he received the Viaticum since doctors were of
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2016-518: The struggle between Louis XIV and the papacy was settled in favour of the Church. Innocent XI dispatched Ferdinando d'Adda as nuncio to the Kingdom of England , the first representative of the Papacy to go to England for over a century. Even so, the Pope did not approve the imprudent manner in which James II attempted to restore Catholicism in England. He also repeatedly expressed his displeasure at
2064-472: The support which James II gave to the autocratic King Louis XIV in his measures against the Church. It is not surprising, therefore, that Innocent XI had less sympathy for James than for William of Orange and that he did not afford James help in his hour of trial. Innocent refused to appoint James II's choice as a Cardinal, Sir Edward Petre, 3rd Baronet . Innocent XI issued the papal bull Sanctissimus Dominus in 1679 to condemn 65 propositions that favored
2112-454: Was a willing tool in the hands of Louis XIV and his appointment as Archbishop and Prince-elector of Cologne would have implied French preponderance in north-western Germany. Joseph Clement was not only the candidate of Emperor Leopold I (1658–1705) but of all European rulers, with the exception of the King of France and his supporter and cousin, King James II of England (1685–88). At the election, which took place on 19 July 1688, neither of
2160-492: Was born in Como on 16 May 1611, the son of a nobleman of Como, Livio Odescalchi, and his wife Paola Castelli Giovanelli from Gandino . The child's siblings were Carlo, Lucrezia, Giulio Maria , Constantino, Nicola and Paolo. He also had several collateral descendants of note through his sister: her grandson Cardinal Baldassare Erba-Odescalchi, Cardinal Benedetto Erba Odescalchi , and Cardinal Carlo Odescalchi . The Odescalchi ,
2208-521: Was buried in St Peter's Basilica beneath his funeral monument near the Clementine Chapel, which his nephew, Prince Livio Odescalchi , commissioned. The monument, which was designed and sculpted by Pierre-Étienne Monnot , features the pope seated upon the throne above a sarcophagus with a base-relief showing the liberation of Vienna from the Turks by John III Sobieski , flanked by two allegorical figures representing Faith and Fortitude. In April 2011
2256-525: Was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 21 September 1676 until his death in 12 August 1689. Political and religious tensions with Louis XIV of France were a constant preoccupation for Innocent XI. Within the Papal States, he lowered taxes, produced a surplus in the papal budget and repudiated nepotism within the Church. Innocent XI was frugal in his governance of
2304-501: Was his original site of burial before his beatification. The feast day assigned to Innocent XI is 12 August, the date of his death. In the Hungarian calendar, it is commemorated on August 13. Popular revelations made in the novel Imprimatur damaged Innocent XI's reputation and thus the planned canonisation of Benedetto Odescalchi was suspended indefinitely. It was believed that the canonization would have taken place in 2003 but
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