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48-518: Bayelsa state is a state in the South South region of Nigeria , located in the core of the Niger Delta . Bayelsa State was created in 1996 and was carved out from Rivers State , making it one of the newest states in the federation. The capital, Yenagoa , is susceptible to high risk of annual flooding. It shares a boundary with Rivers State to the east and Delta State to the north across

96-720: A federal equalization transfer . In 2017, Governor of Rivers State of Nigeria, Ezenwo Nyesom Wike said that he believes true fiscal federalism will "strengthen the economy of his country as all sections will develop based on their comparative advantages". These questions arise: (a) how are federal and non-federal countries different with respect to 'fiscal federalism' or 'fiscal decentralization', and (b) how are fiscal federalism and fiscal decentralization related (similar or different)? The concepts of fiscal federalism are related to vertical and horizontal fiscal relations. The notions related to horizontal fiscal relations are related to regional imbalances and horizontal competition. Similarly

144-415: A certain degree of asymmetry is an unavoidable and realistic aspect of fiscal federalism. The term VFI often carries a negative connotation. It suggests a deviation from an ideal state of fiscal balance, which might not be practically achievable or even desirable in a federal system. The use of VFA, therefore, avoids these implications and focuses more on the pragmatic aspects of fiscal federalism. Moreover,

192-476: A community is offered an unconditional block grant, a lump-sum transfer shifts the budget constraint outwards. Conditional block grants have effects much like a lump sum grant - it makes no difference whether it is given, what should the additional money be used for, so long as the amount of money provided is less than the total desired expenditure. This means that the effect of a conditional block grant will be different from that of an unconditional block grant only if

240-482: A federal body to a province, or other territory, involves a certain set of conditions. If the lower level of government is to receive this type of transfer, it must agree to the spending instructions of the federal government. An example of this would be the Canada Health Transfer . An unconditional grant is usually a cash or tax point transfer, with no spending instructions. An example of this would be

288-621: A global government is probably the United Nations General Assembly. On the other hand, it is beneficial, when local public goods are provided by local governments and not national. Charles Tiebout of the University of Washington argued that competition among communities ensures efficiency in the supply of local public goods, like it does a competition among private subjects in the supply of private goods. Competition between communities arises naturally, because if

336-522: A lot of rain. In Bayelsa, the average annual temperature is 56 degrees, and there are roughly 675 inches of rain each year. With an average humidity of 82% and a UV-index of 6, it is dry for 47 days out of the year. This is a black hazardous carbonate substance that pollutes the area due to its illegal burning of crude oil (locally called Kpo-fire). This carcinogenic chemical causes illnesses such as lung cancer , skin irritation, allergies , respiratory tract infections , eye problem, etc. Its effect

384-500: A particular way of use are called categorical grants. Matching grants are more effective in encouraging expenditures for specific purpose. They effectively lower the price of certain local public goods. This change pivots the budget constraint outwards. As a result of both income and substitution effect spending on those goods increases. Matching grants have distortionary effect, which means that same utility level as provide these grants can be attained at lower cost with block grants. When

432-587: A prominent Ijaw rights activist during the 1960s who was born in Oloibiri , attempted to proclaim a "Niger Delta Peoples Republic" in 1966. Bayelsa State was created out of Rivers State on 1 October 1996 by the Sani Abacha 's military government. Its name was derived from the first few letters of the names of the major local government areas from which it was formed: Brass LGA ( BA LGA), Yenagoa LGA ( YEL GA) and Sagbama LGA ( SA LGA). On 20 November 1999,

480-919: A suffragan of the Archdiocese of Benin City . Major roads include the Isaac Adaka Boro Expressway 17 km north from Yenagoa to join A2 the Elele-Alimini-Patani East-West Rd east to Rivers State at Mbiama and northwest across the Forçados River to Delta State by the 850 m bridge (2014) at Patani . Waterways are essential for transport as many communities are not accessible by road. Bayelsa Airport on Wilberforce Island opened in 2019, with international flights approved in 2021. The main language spoken

528-523: A tropical monsoon climate with yearly temperature of 28.64 °C (83.55 °F) and it is -0.82% lower than Nigeria's averages. The state typically receives about 241.52 millimeters (9.51 inches) of precipitation and has 296.16 rainy days (81.14% of the time) annually. Bayelsa State has mostly received the effects of climate change due to environmental degradation and high levels of carbon emissions . The Bayelsa region experiences tropical monsoon weather. All year long, there are high temperatures and

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576-465: Is Ijaw with dialects such as Kolokuma , Nembe , Epie-Atissa , and Ogbia . Like the rest of Nigeria, English is the official language . Languages of Bayelsa State listed by LGA: Due to massive overseas scholarship programs implemented by the old Rivers State in the 1970s and recent Bayelsa State governments, large numbers of Bayelsa professionals reside in Europe and North America . This

624-435: Is a grant, which ties the amount of funds provided by the higher level of government to the local community to the amount of spending by the local community. The local state determines the level of expenditure and federal government pays a certain part of the amount. For example, one-for-one matching grant for some specific purpose would provide $ 1 of funding from a higher level for each $ 1 paid by lower level. In comparison, when

672-433: Is a presumption for federal provision, because their benefits accrue to everyone in the nation. An example is national defense. There are also some public goods, from which benefit people living all over the world. These are called international public goods, e.g. global environment. To be the supply of public goods efficient, national public goods must be supplied at national level, local public goods at local level, etc. If

720-736: Is also meted on the environment as it causes air pollution , soil pollution , water pollution which has led to the death of both plants, humans and animals. This is a common annual problem in Bayelsa because it is located on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean . The rise of seawater is the major cause. The flooding has affected many communities, properties and human lives. Almost all areas in Bayelsa state are affected by flooding but Ekeremor , Southern Ijaw , Sagbama , Kolokuma/Opokuma and Yenagoa areas of Bayelsa state are more prone to flooding as it affects these areas yearly. Poor town planning

768-617: Is also the ancestral home of the Urhobo people in the Sagbama local government area. As a state in the oil-rich Niger Delta, Bayelsa State's economy is dominated by the petroleum industry . The state is the site of Oloibiri Oilfield , where oil was first discovered in Nigeria, and as of 2015 the state was estimated to produce 30-40% of the country's oil. The state has the largest gas reservoir (18 trillion cubic feet) in Nigeria. Though being

816-475: Is another major cause of flooding in Bayelsa State. As of August 2022, the state was stricken with a flood, displacing over 1.3 million people and destroying livestock and properties. This is one of the major environmental issues in Bayelsa State due to the activities of major oil companies. Oil spillage has affected farmlands, aquatic life and the health of the people. Almost every day, Udengs Eradiri

864-435: Is called optimal fiscal federalism. Reasons, why federal government might intervenes to the provision of public local goods include market failures and redistribution. Market failures occur because actions of one community have effects on the others (externalities) and similarly as in the market with private goods, competition is not perfect, because there is always a limited number of communities. The problem of redistribution

912-538: Is informed of another oil spill in Bayelsa state, in the Niger Delta. He said Bayelsa used to be green, you could go to a farm or go fishing and have a very impressive harvest. You would spend hours in the water and have a handful of fish. Today, he added, you can spend the whole day without catching a glimpse of a fish. Another major environmental issue in Bayelsa state is air pollution (SOOT). Today, many people in Bayelsa state lament that they cannot breathe due to

960-645: Is instrumental in the environment and economic development of the region. Geographically, the zone is divided with the Central African mangroves in the coastal far south while the major inland ecoregions are–from east to west–the Cross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forests , Cross–Niger transition forests , Niger Delta swamp forests , and Nigerian lowland forests . Although the South-South represents only ~5% of Nigerian territory, it contributes greatly to

1008-522: Is one of the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria . It designates both a geographic and political region of the country's eastern coast. It comprises six states – Akwa Ibom , Bayelsa , Cross River , Delta , Edo , and Rivers . The zone stretches along the Atlantic seaboard from the Bight of Benin coast in the west to the Bight of Bonny coast in the east. It encloses much of the Niger Delta , which

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1056-406: Is part of the general brain-drain trend affecting many African communities. The major tertiary institutions in Bayelsa state are: Bayelsa State consists of eight local government areas: The state government is led by a democratically elected governor who works closely with members of the state House of Assembly. The Capital city of the state is Yenagoa . The electoral system of Bayelsa state

1104-643: Is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two-thirds of the State's local government Areas. If no candidate passes the threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government Areas. 4°45′N 6°05′E  /  4.750°N 6.083°E  / 4.750; 6.083 South South The South South (often hyphenated to South-South )

1152-567: Is that the federal government may try to offer states and localities incentives to undertake additional spending, from which will benefit also neighboring communities or the whole country. The composition of federal grants in the US has changed significantly over the past 50 years. Nowadays, federal grants for health programs represent 65 percent of the total amount of money distributed by federal grants, compared with less than 20 percent in 1980. There are two main types of federal grants. A matching grant

1200-521: Is that with free migration and local competition communities will not redistribute income (to individuals or between communities) or, at most, the redistribution will be limited. From this reason, redistribution is performed by the higher levels of government. Federal government redistributes the income to lower levels of government using tools that are called grants. It does so because of several reasons. Local governments have often better information about preferences of local people and costs. Another reason

1248-588: The Bayelsa Airport ), Amassoma and Ogobiri (the host communities of the Niger Delta University (NDU), Eniwari , Ekeremor , Aliebiri , Anyama-Ogbia, Anyama-Ijaw, Peretoru, Twon-Brass , Egwema-Brass, Kaiama , Nembe , Odi, Ogbia , Okpoama, Brass , Oporoma , Korokorosei, Otuan, Koroama, Okolobiri, Obunagha, Ogboloma , Sagbama , Olugbobiri , Peremabiri, Ekowe, and Swali. The Akassa Lighthouse has stood since 1910. Bayelsa has

1296-687: The Alex Ekwueme panel, by the national regime of General Sani Abacha . Edo, Delta, one-quarter of Bayelsa, and the Ndoni section of Rivers states were from the old Western region. Three-quarters of the area of Bayelsa , Rivers, Akwa Ibom and Cross River states were from the old Eastern region. On a federal level, the Ministry of Niger Delta Affairs and its parastatal — the Niger Delta Development Commission — cover

1344-551: The Niger Delta, Bayelsa State has a riverine and estuarine setting, with bodies of water within the state making the development of significant road infrastructure, quite difficult. The state is the primary and ancestral home of the Ijaw people's, from where migration took place to other Ijaw settlements. The languages of the Ijaw ( Ogbia , Nembe, Epie, Ijaw) are widely spoken in Bayelsa State, along with Isoko and Urhobo . The state

1392-552: The Niger River for 17km and the Forçados River for 198km, with the waters of the Atlantic Ocean dominating its southern borders. It has a total area of 10,773 square kilometres (4,159 sq mi). The state comprises eight local government areas: Ekeremor , Kolokuma/Opokuma , Yenagoa , Nembe , Ogbia , Sagbama , Brass and Southern Ijaw . Bayelsa state is regarded as the least populous state in Nigeria with an estimated population of over 2,530,000 as at 2022. Being in

1440-467: The Nigerian economy due to extensive oil and natural gas reserves. The zone has a population of about 26 million people, around 12% of the total population of the country. Port Harcourt and Benin City are the most populous cities in the South-South, and the fourth- and fifth-most populous cities , respectively, in the country. Port Harcourt and its suburbs, together called Greater Port Harcourt , form

1488-469: The Nigerian military committed what is now referred to as the Odi massacre . The death toll remains disputed to this day, though Nnimmo Bassey , executive director of Environmental Rights Action, claims that nearly 2500 civilians were killed. In response to environmental degradation in the state caused by the oil industry , movements such as the "Rise for Bayelsa" campaign have emerged to push for protecting

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1536-622: The South-South in addition to three other oil-producing states ( Abia , Imo , and Ondo ). Unlike the development authorities of other zones like the North-East Development Commission , the present authorities are responsible for the areas outside of the South-South as the NDDC was created in response to protests and conflict in the wider Niger Delta region . Nonetheless, the creation of a South-South Development Commission has been repeatedly proposed by some lawmakers in

1584-650: The areas that now comprise the South-South were electorally competitive during the first , second , and aborted third republics, every state in the region consistently voted for the nominees of the Peoples Democratic Party in fourth republic presidential elections from 1999 to 2019. After Olusegun Obasanjo won the South-South by substantial margins of victory in 1999 and 2003 , Goodluck Jonathan — an indigene of Bayelsa State — expanded PDP margins greatly in 2011 and 2015 . However, PDP margins of victory decreased in 2019 , when Atiku Abubakar

1632-549: The assignment of responsibilities to the different levels of state, it can be beneficial to define, whether it is more useful to deal with problems at the local or the federal level. Public goods in general are goods that are neither excludable nor rival. For that reason, they are usually provided by the government. For some kind of goods, the benefits accrue to residents of a particular area or community. These are called local public goods. Examples of them are traffic lights or fire protection. In contrast, for national public goods, there

1680-534: The citizens of the community do not like, how the public goods are provided to them, they can move to the other community, where they think the provision of public goods is better. Moving from one town to another is naturally much easier than moving to a different country. This argument is called Tiebout hypothesis . The provision of local public goods by local governments is not always optimal and sometimes federal intervention may be required. The question of which activities should take place at which level of government

1728-612: The exposure of emissions of soot, a hazardous black amorphous carbon that has almost completely polluted the air in the areas. However, stakeholders in the affected areas had in 2018 reportedly initiated a campaign with the common refrain; "Save Rivers from this soot of death", in the Rivers state region. Bayelsa State's natural resources include: The Catholic Church comprises parts of Bomadi Diocese (1991) Bomadi (Diocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy ] under Bishop Hyacinth Oroko Egbebo (2009) Bishop Hyacinth Oroko Egbebo [Catholic-Hierarchy ],

1776-498: The funded local community would have spent less than the amount of grant without the mandate on how it is to be spent. However, this theory, which says that it does not matter, whether there is a condition or not, might not always be true. Some empirical evidence indicates the presence of a so called " flypaper effect ", which says that the grant leads to significantly greater spending on the desired local public goods. The relationship between central and subcentral government bodies has

1824-399: The government provides a block grant, the amount of money paid by government is given and every cost above this number is paid by the local level government. Block grants can be also provided being tied up to any specific use. A grant of some fixed amount with a mandate that money be spent only on some specific purpose is called conditional block grant. In general, grants that are restricted to

1872-458: The largest metropolitan area in the zone, with about 3 million people. Other large South-South cities include (in descending order by population) Warri / Uvwie , Calabar , Uyo , Ikot Ekpene , Ugep , Sapele , Buguma , Uromi , Ughelli , Ikom , and Asaba . The South-South Region was created from parts of both the Western and Eastern regions of Nigeria in 1997 through the recommendation of

1920-433: The late 2010s and 2020s, with proponents advocating fairness with the other zones' commissions while opponents deride the proposal as redundant. The remit of the current development agencies includes ecological protection and infrastructure development; however, both the ministry and commission have long been beset by corruption and mismanagement that has led to the abandonment or failure of many projects. Although

1968-431: The local water supply. In 2019, the Bayelsa State government launched the first formal inquiry into the crisis of oil pollution in the state. Bayelsa State has one of the largest crude oil and natural gas deposits in Nigeria. As a result, petroleum production is substantial in the state. Even though Bayelsa State is well-endowed with natural resources, the state "enjoys very minimal dividends from its oil wealth due to

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2016-473: The notion of "vertical fiscal asymmetry" —coined and conceptualised by Sharma (2011) —over its alternative "vertical fiscal imbalance" because the former is relatively neutral and highlights the unfeasibility of a balance or symmetry purporting to eliminate any kind of vertical fiscal asymmetry. VFA acknowledges the inherent challenges in achieving a perfect balance or symmetry in fiscal relations between different levels of government. This concept recognizes that

2064-447: The notions related to fiscal relations are related to vertical fiscal asymmetry (VFA) between the two senior levels of government, that is ,the centre and the states/provinces. While the concept of horizontal fiscal imbalance is relatively non controversial (as explained above), there is a lively debate around the concepts of vertical fiscal imbalance and vertical fiscal gap (see Boadway 2002 Bird 2003 ). Many public policy experts prefer

2112-497: The provision of national public goods is left to local communities, there would be a freerider problem and there can occur an undersupply of those goods. Similarly, there is likely to be an undersupply of international public goods, if they are provided by the national governments. However, it does not exist any highest level of the government, which stands above national governments, which would be given responsibility for resolving global externality problems. The closest approximation to

2160-629: The site of one of the largest crude oil and natural gas deposits in the country contributes to local economic development, the state remains plagued by rampant poverty as well as pollution stemming from oil spills . During the 20th century, demanding a new, majority-Ijaw state to be drawn in the Niger Delta Region became common. Between 1941 and 1956, numerous Ijaw nationalist organizations supportive of an Ijaw-majority state in Southern Nigeria were founded. Isaac Adaka Boro ,

2208-631: The structural inequities in the national revenue allocation system in the practice of fiscal federalism in the country". Bayelsa has a riverine and estuarine setting. Many communities are almost (and in some cases) surrounded by water, making them inaccessible by road. The state is home to the Edumanom Forest Reserve , in June 2008 the last known site for chimpanzees in the Niger Delta. Other important cities besides Yenagoa include Akassa , Lobia , Wilberforce Island (the location of

2256-411: The terminology of VFA is thought to implicitly support the devolution of funds to subnational governments. On the other hand, the term VFI is sometimes interpreted as opposing intergovernmental transfers. Therefore, the concept of VFA offers a more nuanced framework for understanding the dynamics of fiscal federalism. Various activities of the government are undertaken at different levels. To understand

2304-785: Was the party nominee. In 2023 , with Abubakar again as the PDP nominee, four South-South states broke their streaks of PDP voting — with Rivers being won by Bola Tinubu (APC) amid widespread irregularities while Cross River , Delta , and Edo voted for Peter Obi (LP). Presidential votes in South-South states in the Fourth Republic: This Nigeria location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Fiscal federalism Federal governments use this power to enforce national rules and standards. There are two primary types of transfers, conditional and unconditional. A conditional transfer from

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