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52-628: The monastery was founded in 1083 by Prince Gregory Pakourianos , a prominent statesman and military commander in the Byzantine service, as a Georgian-dominated Orthodox monastery. He set up a seminary(school) for the youth at the monastery. The curriculum included religion, as well as mathematics, history and music. In the 13th century, the Georgian and Chalcedonic Armenian monks of the Petritsioni (Bachkovo) Monastery lost their domination over

104-422: A Bulgarian from the town of Negush, worked in this region in the 19th century. The year of the decoration can be determined by an inscription that was on the outside walls of the western monastery wing, which was burned in 1902. This inscription read: “The following depiction was finished under the ministry of Abbot Cyril on 22 July 1846. The depiction has been made by my own hand, Alexi Atanasov from Negush.” As

156-464: A life-size portraits of Georgi and his son Constantine, who were high-ranking notables in Istanbul and donors to the church. The frescoes in the nave were painted much later, in 1850, by Joan Mosch (master Mosko). The two central icons in the iconostasis are exactly dated – 1793. these the icons of The Holy Virgin and Jesus Christ. The woodwork — iconostasis, bishop's throne and the like, dates from

208-546: A model, the painter used a copper print that was made in Vienna with the financial help of the merchant from Samokov, Petar Rana, in 1807. Alexi Atanasov added valuable details and pictorial elements of his own. The “Panorama” mural gives us rich information about the architectural ensemble of the monastery in the 19th century. The northern facades of the churches St Archangels Michael and Gabriel and The Holy Virgin, were painted, too. The monastic buildings with their big buttresses on

260-402: A small date . There is a single hard kernel, similar to an olive pit , containing two seeds. Leaves contain saponin and ziziphin , which suppresses the ability to perceive sweet taste. Flavinoids found in the fruits include Kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside , Quercetine 3-O-robinobioside , Quercetine 3-O-rutinoside . Terpenoids such as colubrinic acid and alphitolic acid were found in

312-619: A snack, or with coffee. Smoked jujubes are consumed in Vietnam and are referred to as black jujubes. A drink can be made by crushing the pulp in water. Both China and Korea produce a sweetened tea syrup containing jujube fruit in glass jars, and canned jujube tea or jujube tea in the form of teabags. To a lesser extent, jujube fruit is made into juice and jujube vinegar (called 枣 醋 or 红枣 醋 in Chinese). They are used for making pickles (কুলের আচার) in west Bengal and Bangladesh. In Assam it

364-523: A tiny frame but being a mighty warrior. Since 1060 Gregory served in Byzantine army . In 1064 he had achieved a significant position among the Byzantine military aristocracy, but failed at defending Ani against the Seljuk leader Alp Arslan , King Bagrat IV of Georgia and Albanian King Goridzhan in the same year. Since 1071 he was appointed as a Strategos (governor) of the theme of Iberia . As

416-512: Is a loan from Spanish jojoba , itself borrowed from hohohwi , the name of that plant in a Native American language. The binomial name has a curious nomenclatural history, due to a combination of botanical naming regulations , and variations in spelling. It was first named in the binomial system by Carl Linnaeus as Rhamnus zizyphus , in Species Plantarum (1753). Philip Miller , in his Gardener's Dictionary , considered that

468-624: Is also a significant ingredient in a wide variety of Chinese delicacies (e.g. 甑糕 jing gao , a steamed rice cake). In Vietnam and Taiwan, fully mature, nearly ripe fruit is harvested and sold on the local markets and also exported to Southeast Asian countries. The dried fruit is used in desserts in China and Vietnam, such as ching bo leung , a cold beverage that includes the dried jujube, longan, fresh seaweed, barley, and lotus seeds. In Korea, jujubes are called daechu (대추) and are used in daechucha and samgyetang . On his visit to Medina ,

520-410: Is also believed to have uses as an antiseptic/antifungal agent, anti-inflammatory, contraceptive, and muscle relaxer. It is also thought to help in regulation of blood pressure, stimulate the immune system, prevent ulcers and aid in wound healing. Jujube fruit is also combined with other herbs to treat colds and influenza. It is used to protect and heal the kidneys, heart, and spleen. Jujube is also one of

572-612: Is also commonly consumed as a snack. In Northern and Northeastern India the fruit is eaten fresh with salt and chilli flakes and also preserved as candy, jam or pickle with oil and spices. In Madagascar, jujube fruit is eaten fresh or dried. People also use it to make jam. A jujube honey is produced in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco. Italy has an alcoholic syrup called brodo di giuggiole . In Croatia, especially Dalmatia , jujubes are used in marmalades, juices, and rakija (fruit brandy). In Senegal and The Gambia, Jujube

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624-529: Is also commonly used in China in violin & cello making for overseas export, though usually stained black to imitate the look of ebony. Luthier grade jujube wood planes and carves beautifully. In Arabic-speaking regions the jujube and alternatively the species Z. lotus are closely related to the lote-trees (sing. سدرة sidrah , pl. سدر sidr ) which are mentioned in the Quran , while in Palestine

676-562: Is believed to have hailed from the region of Tao or Tayk , which had been ruled by Georgian Bagratids of kouropalatate of Iberia , later annexed by the Byzantines to the theme of Iberia in 1001. According to Anna Comnena Gregory was "descended from a noble Armenian family." According to N. Aleksidze, the only source that indicates his Armenian origin is Anna Comnena who was only three years old when Gregory died. The 12-century Armenian chronicler Matthew of Edessa , wrote that he

728-800: Is called Sii dem or Ceedem, and the fruit is used as snack and also turned into a dried paste favoured as a sweetmeat by schoolchildren. More recently it has been processed and sold in Dakar by women. In Australia jujube beer is made. The commercial jujube candy popular in movie theaters originally contained jujube juice but now uses other flavorings. In Laoling , China, jujube juice and wine are made. The fruit and its seeds are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Kampo for many purposes. Some investigational research indicates possibilities related to their traditional use to alleviate stress and for sedation. In these systems, it

780-668: Is distilled in the monastery. The museum of the monastery has a rich exhibition of church plate, icons, books, the sword of Friedrich Barbarossa , a sultan's firman from 1452, a wood-carved cross with miniatures. A fresco of the Doomsday , painted by Zahari Zograf in 1850, is retained in the Saint Nicholas Church and is thought of as one of the most interesting works of art of the Bulgarian National Revival . The “Panorama” mural, which runs along

832-597: Is eaten both fresh and dried. The Arabic name sidr is used for Ziziphus species other than Z. jujuba . Traditionally in India, the fruits are dried in the sun and the hard seeds removed, after which the dried flesh is pounded with tamarind , red chillies , salt, and jaggery . In some parts of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu , fresh whole ripe fruit is crushed with the above ingredients and sun-dried to make cakes called ilanthai vadai or regi vadiyalu ( Telugu ). It

884-440: Is exceptionally interesting because of its sheer size and because of its artistic impact and craftsmanship. The paints were made after a recipe by the painter himself, probably from grasses mixed with egg emulsion. The used painting technique is “fresco buono,” which is a mural art of painting that is applied on a smooth moist plaster. When the water evaporates the images emerge on the surface. The implication of this technique, with

936-413: Is intended for a crypt and has 14 burial niches. It would appear that the original ossuary was designed to house fourteen specific corpses under the floor pavement. This style of ossuary is not found anywhere else in the world. The apse on the upper floor, the church proper (known as The Holy Trinity Church), is semicircular on the inside and pentagonal on the outside with 3 openings to let some daylight into

988-422: Is known as "Bogori" and the pickle, Bogori aachar (বগৰি আচাৰ), is famous. In China, a wine made from jujube fruit is called hong zao jiu (红枣酒). Sometimes pieces of jujube fruit are preserved by storing them in a jar filled with baijiu (Chinese liquor), which allows them to be kept fresh for a long time, especially through the winter. Such jujubes are called zui zao (醉枣; literally "drunk jujube"). The fruit

1040-465: Is uncertain due to extensive cultivation. However, its origin is thought to be in southwest Asia, between Lebanon , northern India , and southern and central China , and possibly also southeastern Europe though more likely introduced there. It grows wild but is also a garden shrub, kept for its fruit. The tree tolerates a wide range of temperatures and rainfall, though it requires hot summers and sufficient water for acceptable fruiting. Unlike most of

1092-542: Is wonder-working, attracting many pilgrims. This church was built in the place of the monastery's oldest church destroyed by the Turks. The building has survived to this day in its original structure of a three- aisled, cruciform domed basilica with three pentagonal apses. A silver- gilded cross rising from the dome bears the inscription "Always win!" in Georgian. The murals in the spacious narthex were painted in 1643 and depict

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1144-468: The Bachkovo Monastery . The portraits of the two brothers are painted on the north wall of the bone-vault house. Jujube Jujube (UK / ˈ dʒ uː dʒ uː b / ; US / ˈ dʒ u dʒ u b / or / ˈ dʒ u dʒ ə b iː / ), sometimes jujuba , scientific name Ziziphus jujuba , and also called red date , Chinese date , and Chinese jujube , is a species in

1196-660: The Eastern Orthodox Holy Monastery of Iviron on Mount Athos and commissioned the regulations ( typikon ) for this foundation. He signed the Greek version of the Typikon in Armenian . He also signed his name in Georgian and Armenian characters rather than Greek. It is assumed that Pakourianos did not know Greek. Gregory Pakourianos and his brother Abas were buried in a bone-vault house near

1248-489: The false codling moth , Thaumatotibia (Cryptophlebia) leucotreta . In Madagascar, it is widely eaten by free-ranging zebus , and its seeds grow easily in zebu feces. Jujube was domesticated in South Asia by 9000 BC. Over 400 cultivars have been selected. The fruit, when the plant is kept as a garden shrub, is picked in the autumn. The freshly harvested, as well as the candied dried fruit , are often eaten as

1300-495: The 18th century. Another medieval church of the monastery is the Archangels' Church dating back probably to the 12th century, the vaulted open narthex of which was painted by Zahari Zograf in 1841. The inside of the church was painted by the artist Joan Mosch in 1846. The broad branches of a jujube , brought from Georgia more than two centuries ago, stretch over the courtyard. A famous jujube brandy ( djindjifilova rakia )

1352-481: The 19th-century English explorer, Sir Richard Burton , observed that the local variety of jujube fruit was widely eaten. He describes its taste as like "a bad plum, an unripe cherry, and an insipid apple". He gives the local names for three varieties as "Hindi (Indian), Baladi (native), Tamri (date-like)." A hundred years ago, a close variety was common in the Jordan valley and around Jerusalem . The bedouin valued

1404-583: The 8th century and continuing through the 19th in China and neighboring countries. As many as 2000 copies could be produced from one jujube woodcut . The timber is sometimes used for small items, such as tuning pegs for instruments. Select grade Jujube timber is often used in traditional Asian instruments for fingerboard, pegs, rests & soundposts, ribs & necks etc. It has a medium to hard density similar to luthier grade European maple and has excellent tonal qualities. Jujube Wood can be found in local folk instruments from Ceylon/India thru to China/Korea; it

1456-711: The Georgian Cross depicting the strong influence of the Georgians in the construction and running of this monastery in the 11th and 12th Century. Above the doorway arch is the mural of the Madonna and child. The Cathedral Church of the Virgin Mary (dating from 1604) is the place where a valuable icon of the Virgin Mary Eleusa from 1310 is kept (brought from Georgia). According to the legend, the icon

1508-647: The Seljuk advance forced the Byzantines to evacuate the eastern Anatolian fortresses and the theme of Iberia, Gregory ceded control over Kars and Tao to King George II of Georgia in 1074. This did not help, however, to stem the Turkish advance and the area became a battleground of the Georgian-Seljuk wars . Afterwards he served under Michael VII Doukas ( c. 1071–78) and Nikephoros III Botaneiates ( c. 1078–81) in various responsible positions on both

1560-402: The altarplace. The building is vaulted. The ossuary is interesting with the methods of its construction. It represents a mixture of Georgian and Byzantine building traditions. The facade is attractively diversified with 8 blind niches and a succession of layers of brick and stone, joined with mortar. The ante chamber is separated from the church by thick walls and solid wooden doors, painted with

1612-432: The base, and a finely toothed margin. The flowers are small, 5 millimetres ( 1 ⁄ 4  in) wide, with five inconspicuous yellowish-green petals. The fruit is an edible oval drupe 1.5–3 cm ( 5 ⁄ 8 – 1 + 1 ⁄ 8  in) deep; when immature it is smooth-green, with the consistency and taste of an apple with lower acidity, maturing brown to purplish-black, and eventually wrinkled, looking like

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1664-668: The clothing of the aristocracy from Plovdiv and the festal clothing of the women in the Rhodopes, through the group of the people that are following the Procession of the Miraculous Icon. Details, such as the well in the northern courtyard and the belfry in the Church of the Archangels, are included. Scenes from the passionals of the two Saints George and Demetrius are depicted at the side of the “Panorama”. The “Panorama” mural

1716-478: The combination of the earlier species name (from Linnaeus) with the new genus, Ziziphus zizyphus , is not a tautonym, and was therefore permitted as a botanical name. This combination was made by Hermann Karsten in 1882. In 2006, a proposal was made to suppress the name Ziziphus zizyphus in favor of Ziziphus jujuba , and this proposal was accepted in 2011. Ziziphus jujuba is thus the correct scientific name for this species. Its precise natural distribution

1768-417: The contemporary monastery complex. It looks inaccessible when viewed from the north. The building has two storeys, of which only one can be seen from the south. From architectural point of view the plan of the ossuary looks foreign to the local traditions. It is reminiscent of Syrian-Palestine mortuaries with its two floors of identical design. Each floor has a narthex, a single nave and an apse. The ground floor

1820-625: The eastern and the western frontiers of the empire. Later Gregory was involved in a coup that removed Nikephoros III. The new Emperor, Alexios I Komnenos , appointed him " megas domestikos of All the West" and gave him many more properties in the Balkans . He possessed numerous estates in various parts of the Byzantine Empire and was afforded a variety of privileges by the emperor, including exemption from certain taxes. In 1081, he commanded

1872-565: The elite from the Tao region, considered Georgia his homeland and strove for its spiritual, cultural and political prosperity. Taking into account all the evidence available on Pakourianos, the scholar Nina G. Garsoïan proposed that "the most likely explanation is that [the Pakourian family] belonged to the mixed Armeno-Iberian Chalcedonian aristocracy, which dwelt in the border district of Tayk/Tao." Anna Comnena described Pakourianos as having

1924-524: The fruit, calling it nabk . It could be dried and kept for winter or made into a paste which was used as bread. In Persian cuisine , the dried drupes are known as annab , while in neighboring Armenia , it is commonly eaten as a snack, and is known as unab . Confusion in the common name apparently is widespread. The unab is Z. jujuba . Rather, ber is used for three other cultivated or wild species, e.g., Z. spina-christi , Z. mauritiana and Z. nummularia in parts of India and

1976-473: The fruits. The ultimate source of the name is Ancient Greek ζίζυφον zízyphon . This was borrowed into Classical Latin as zizyphum (used for the fruit) and zizyphus (the tree). A descendant of the Latin word into a Romance language, which may have been French jujube or medieval Latin jujuba , in turn gave rise to the common English jujube . This name is not related to jojoba , which

2028-647: The genus Ziziphus in the buckthorn family Rhamnaceae . It is often confused with the closely related Indian jujube, Z.   mauritiana . The Chinese jujube enjoys a diverse range of climates from temperate to tropical, whereas the Indian jujube is restricted to warmer subtropical and tropical climates. It is a small deciduous tree or shrub reaching a height of 5–12 metres (16–39 feet), usually with thorny branches. The leaves are shiny-green, ovate-acute, 2–7 centimetres ( 3 ⁄ 4 – 2 + 3 ⁄ 4 inches) long and 1–3 cm ( 3 ⁄ 8 – 1 + 1 ⁄ 8  in) wide, with three conspicuous veins at

2080-595: The great deal of artistic mastery, is why these murals look fresh today. Gregory Pakourianos Gregory Pakourianos (died 1086) was a Byzantine politician and military commander. He was the founder of the Monastery of the Mother of God Petritzonitissa in Bachkovo and author of its typikon . The monks of this Orthodox monastery were Iberians . Gregory's origins are a matter for scholarly dispute. He

2132-556: The ingredients used in Chinese medicine to modulate the effects of other herbs, preventing overpowering effects or clashing properties. The fruit contains many different healthy properties like vitamins and amino acids . In Japan, the natsume has given its name to a style of tea caddy used in the Japanese tea ceremony , due to the similar shape. Its hard, oily wood was, along with pear, used for woodcuts to print books starting in

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2184-514: The jujube and its relatives were sufficiently distinct from Rhamnus to be placed in a separate genus (as it had already been by the pre-Linnaean author Tournefort in 1700), and in the 1768 edition he gave it the name Ziziphus jujuba (using Tournefort's spelling for the genus name). For the species name, he used a different name, as tautonyms (repetition of exactly the same name in the genus and species) are not permitted in botanical naming. However, because of Miller's slightly different spelling,

2236-616: The left flank against the Normans at the Battle of Dyrrachium . A year later he evicted the Normans from Moglena . He died in 1086 fighting the Pechenegs at the battle of Beliatoba, charging so vigorously he crashed into a tree. Gregory was also known as a noted patron and promoter of Christian culture. He together with his brother Abas (Apasios) made, in 1074, a significant donation to

2288-480: The mediaeval Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Patriarch Euthymius , was exiled by the Turks and worked in the school of the monastery in the early 15th century. Although the monastery survived the first waves of Turkish invasion in Bulgarian lands, it was then looted and destroyed, but restored near the end of the 15th century. The refectory, whose mural paintings by an anonymous painter bear a significant artistic value,

2340-529: The monastery, but their traditions were preserved until the beginning of 14th century and an Armenian Gospel from the 10th century that came from this monastery still exists today. During the time of the Second Bulgarian Empire , Bachkovo Monastery was patronized by Tsar Ivan Alexander , which is evidenced by an image of him on the arches of the ossuary's narthex . It is believed that the founder of Tarnovo Literary School and last patriarch of

2392-715: The other species in the genus, it tolerates fairly cold winters, surviving temperatures down to about −15 °C (5 °F), and the tree is, for instance, commonly cultivated in Beijing. This wide tolerance enables the jujube to grow in mountain or desert habitats, provided there is access to underground water throughout the summer. The jujube ( Z. jujuba ) grows in cooler regions of Asia. Five or more other species of Ziziphus are widely distributed in milder climates to hot deserts of Asia and Africa. This plant has been introduced in Madagascar and grows as an invasive species in

2444-467: The outside wall of the refectory, represents the history of Bachkovo monastery pictorially. It provides a bird's eye view of the monastery with all the surrounding buildings at the time of the painting. Under the influence of different atmospheric conditions like rain, snow, fog, cold, wind, the biggest scenic mural on the Balkan peninsula has preserved the freshness of its paint. The painter Alexi Atanasov,

2496-483: The river side can be seen. Central place was given to the founders of the monastery, who were depicted in monastic attire. The Emperor Alexius Comnenus is among them. At their side are the donors from the 14th century: George and Gabriel. The surroundings of the monastery are shown: the nunnery in Assenovgrad; Assen's fortress; the chapels nearby. The painter gave us a good idea from ethnographical point of view, about

2548-651: The species Z. spina-christi is called sidr . An ancient jujube tree in the city Al-Qurnah , Iraq , is claimed by locals as the Tree of Knowledge mentioned in the Bible. Local tradition holds that the place where the city was built was the original site of the Garden of Eden (a passage in the Book of Genesis creation narrative says that a river flowed from the garden and split into Tigris and Euphrates rivers, where

2600-490: The western part of the island, threatening mostly protected areas. It is cultivated in parts of southern California. Witch's broom , prevalent in China and Korea, is the main disease affecting jujubes, though plantings in North America currently are not affected by any pests or diseases. In Europe, the last several years have seen some 80%–90% of the jujube crop eaten by insect larvae (see picture), including those of

2652-775: Was of vrats , or "Georgian," origin, though here he was likely referring to Pakourianos' being part of the Georgian Orthodox Church rather than necessarily being an ethnic Georgian. Gregory himself proclaimed that he belonged to "the glorious people of the Iberians " and insisted his monks to know the Georgian language . Under Byzantine suzerainty, the population of Upper Tao identified itself as 'Georgian'. The élite of Tao (Basil Bagratisdze, P'eris Jojikisdze, Abas and Grigol Bakurianisdze) regarded Georgia as 'our country' and strove for its spiritual, cultural and political prosperity. Thus, he, like other representatives of

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2704-405: Was reconstructed in 1601 and the Church of Mary, still preserved today, was finished in 1604. Bachkovo Monastery is the final resting place of both Patriarch Euthymius (1330–1404) and Patriarch Cyril (1953–1971). The only part that has survived from the monastery's original structure is the ossuary , which has a specific architectural design and ancient frescoes, and is situated 300 m away from

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