( Tokhara Yabghus , Turk Shahis )
92-602: The Pechenegs ( / ˈ p ɛ tʃ ə n ɛ ɡ / ) or Patzinaks were a semi-nomadic Oghuz Turkic people from Central Asia who spoke the Pecheneg language . In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Pechenegs controlled much of the steppes of southeast Europe and the Crimean Peninsula . In the 9th century the Pechenegs began a period of wars against Kievan Rus' , and for more than two centuries launched raids into
184-571: A Tengriist Oghuz clan, also known as Uzes or Torks , overthrew Pecheneg supremacy in the frontier of the Russian steppes; those who settled along the frontier were gradually Slavicized ; the almost feudal Black Hat principality grew with its own military aristocracy. Others, harried by the Kipchak Turks, crossed the lower Danube and invaded the Balkans, where they were stopped by
276-682: A doctorate from the latter, before teaching at the University of Hamburg . During his European period Pritsak initiated the establishment of the International Association of Ural – Altaic Studies . In 1958–1965 he served as its President and Editor-in-Chief of the Ural–Altaische Jahrbücher in 1954–1960. In the 1960s, he moved to the United States , where he taught at the University of Washington for
368-595: A "territorialist" history of Ukraine that would include the Polish, Turkic, and other peoples who have inhabited the country from ancient times. This idea was later taken up by his younger contemporary Paul Robert Magocsi , who was for some time an associate of the Harvard Ukrainian Institute. Pritsak sought to improve quality and extent of Ukrainian studies at Harvard University. He supported establishing three different chairs for Ukrainian studies in
460-672: A combined Byzantine and Cuman army under Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos . Alexios I recruited the defeated Pechenegs, whom he settled in the district of Moglena (today in Macedonia ) into a tagma "of the Moglena Pechenegs". Attacked again in 1094 by the Cumans, many Pechenegs were slain or absorbed. The Byzantines defeated the Pechenegs again at the Battle of Beroia in 1122, on the territory of modern-day Bulgaria. With time
552-638: A plague and became mercenaries for the Byzantine imperial forces (1065). Oghuz warriors served in almost all Islamic armies of the Middle East from the 1000s onwards, and as far as Spain and Morocco. In the late 13th century after the fall of the Seljuks, the Ottoman dynasty gradually conquered Anatolia with an army also predominantly of Oghuz, besting other local Oghuz Turkish states . In legend,
644-575: A prefixed numeral; this confusion is also reflected in Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi , who listed 12 Oghuz tribes, who were ruled by a "Toquz Khaqan" and some of whom were Toquz-Oghuz, on the border of Transoxiana and Khwarazm. At most, the Oghuz were possibly led by a core group of Toquz Oghuz clans or tribes. Noting that the mid-8th-century Tariat inscriptions , in Uyghur khagan Bayanchur 's honor, mentioned
736-651: A western Turkic people who spoke the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family . In the 8th century, they formed a tribal confederation conventionally named the Oghuz Yabgu State in Central Asia. Today, much of the populations of Turkey , Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan are descendants of Oghuz Turks. Byzantine sources call them Uzes ( Οὖζοι , Ouzoi ). The term Oghuz was gradually supplanted by
828-507: A while, before moving to Harvard at the invitation of the prominent linguist , Roman Jakobson , who was interested in proving the authenticity of the twelfth century " Song of Igor " through the use of oriental sources. In 1973 he founded the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute at Harvard . Two years later he became the first Mykhailo Hrushevsky Professor of Ukrainian History (1975). In 1977 he started
920-454: A wide range of both East Asian and West-Eurasian physical appearances and genetic origins, in part through long-term contact with neighboring peoples such as Iranian , Mongolic , Tocharian , Uralic and Yeniseian peoples , and others. In early times, they practiced a Tengrist religion, erecting many carved wooden funerary statues surrounded by simple stone balbal monoliths and holding elaborate hunting and banqueting rituals. During
1012-671: Is a Common Turkic word for "tribe". By the 10th century, Islamic sources were calling them Muslim Turkmens , as opposed to those of Tengrist or Buddhist religion; and by the 12th century this term was adopted into Byzantine usage, as the Oghuzes were overwhelmingly Muslim. The name "Oghuz" fell out of use by 13th century. Linguistically, the Oghuz belong to the Common Turkic speaking group, characterized by sound correspondences such as Common Turkic /-ʃ/ versus Oghuric /-l/ and Common Turkic /-z/ versus Oghuric /-r/ . Within
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#17327660279441104-639: Is hinted at in the remark of al-Biruni regarding a people that "are of the race of al-Lān and that of al-Ās and their language is a mixture of the languages of Khwarazmians and the Badjanak.". If the latter assumption is valid, the Kangars' ethnonym suggests that (East) Iranian elements contributed to the formation of the Pecheneg people but Spinei concedes that Pechenegs were of "a predominantly Turkic character... beyond any doubt". This may be mirrored in
1196-721: Is the origin". Later, Charuklug from Kashgari's list would be omitted. Rashid-al-Din and Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur added three more: Kïzïk, Karkïn, and Yaparlï, to the list in Jami' al-tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles) and Shajare-i Türk (Genealogy of the Turks), respectively. According to Selçukname , Oghuz Khagan had 6 children (Sun – Gün, Moon – Ay, Star – Yıldız, Sky – Gök, Mountain – Dağ, Sea – Diŋiz), and all six would become Khans themselves, each leading four tribes. Omeljan Pritsak Omeljan Yosypovych Pritsak ( Ukrainian : Омелян Йосипович Пріцак ; 7 April 1919 – 29 May 2006)
1288-537: Is uncertain whether this group's formation is connected to the Pechenegs' first or second migration (as it is proposed by Pritsak and Golden, respectively). According to Mahmud al-Kashgari, one of the Üçok clans of the Oghuz Turks was still formed by Pechenegs in the 1060s. In the 9th century, the Byzantines allied with the Pechenegs, using them to fend off other, more dangerous tribes such as Kievan Rus' and
1380-465: The Oghuzname , Battalname , Danishmendname , Köroğlu epics which are part of the literary history of Azerbaijanis, Turks of Turkey and Turkmens. The modern and classical literature of Azerbaijan , Turkey and Turkmenistan are also considered Oghuz literature since it was produced by their descendants. The Book of Dede Korkut is a valuable collection of epics and stories, bearing witness to
1472-472: The "Eurasian" approach to Ukrainian and Russian history and would have nothing to do with its Russian nationalist postulates. Unlike his predecessors Mykhailo Hrushevsky , Dmytro Doroshenko , and Ivan Krypiakevych , who wrote national histories or histories of the Ukrainian people, Pritsak followed the Ukrainian historian of Polish background, Vyacheslav Lypynsky , in proposing the ideal of writing
1564-721: The Chagatai word gang ("chariot"), semantically related to the Turkic Gaoche . Omeljan Pritsak proposed that the name had initially been a composite term (Kängär As , mentioned in Old Turkic texts) deriving from the Tocharian word for stone (kank) and the ethnonym As , suggesting that they were Tocharian-speaking or at least formed a confederation consisting of Tocharian, Eastern Iranian and Bulgaric Turkic elements. Their connection with Eastern Iranian elements
1656-596: The Hungarians , and expelled them from the lands along the Kuban River and the upper course of the river Donets . There is no consensual date for this second migration of the Pechenegs: Pritsak argues that it took place around 830, but Kristó suggests that it could hardly occur before the 850s. The Pechenegs settled along the rivers Donets and Kuban . It is plausible that the distinction between
1748-682: The Kangly ; however, Wang Pu 's institutional historical work Tang Huiyao apparently distinguishes the Kang(ju) from the Kangheli (aka Kangly ). Menges saw in Kang-ar-as the plural-suffix -as , and Klyashtorny the Turkic numerus collectivus -ar- , -er- . Mahmud al-Kashgari , an 11th-century man of letters who specialized in Turkic dialects argued that the language spoken by the Pechenegs
1840-589: The Magyars (Hungarians). The Uzes, another Turkic steppe people, eventually expelled the Pechenegs from their homeland; in the process, they also seized most of their livestock and other goods. An alliance of Oghuz , Kimeks , and Karluks was also pressing the Pechenegs, but another group, the Samanids , defeated that alliance. Driven further west by the Khazars and Cumans by 889, the Pechenegs in turn drove
1932-629: The New York Metropolitan Museum of Art displayed East Asian features. Over time, Oghuz Turks' physical appearance changed. Rashid al-Din Hamadani stated that "because of the climate their features gradually changed into those of Tajiks. Since they were not Tajiks, the Tajik peoples called them turkmān , i.e. Turk-like (Turk-mānand)" . Ḥāfiẓ Tanīsh Mīr Muḥammad Bukhārī also related that the "Oghuz Turkic face did not remain as it
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#17327660279442024-692: The Norman king of Sicily , William the Bad . A group of Pechenegs was present at the Battle of Andria in 1155. The Pechenegs as a group were last mentioned in 1168 as members of Turkic tribes known in the chronicles as the " Chorni Klobuky (Black Hats)". It is likely that the Pecheneg population of Hungary was decimated by the Mongol invasion of Hungary , but names of Pecheneg origin continue to be reported in official documents. The title of "Comes Bissenorum" (Count of
2116-802: The Oghuz Yabgu State were not the same tribal confederation as the Toquz Oghuz from whom emerged the founders of Uyghur Khaganate . Istakhri and Muhammad ibn Muhmad al-Tusi kept the Toquz Oghuz and Oghuz distinct and Ibn al-Faqih mentioned: "the infidel Turk-Oghuz, the Toquz-Oghuz, and the Qarluq" Even so, Golden notes the confusion in Latter Göktürks ' and Uyghurs ' inscriptions , where Oghuz apparently referred to Toquz Oghuz or another tribal grouping, who were also named Oghuz without
2208-600: The Old Rus translation of Josephus Flavius (ed. Meshcherskiy, 454) which adds "the Yas , as is known, descended from the Pecheneg tribe." On the basis of their fragmentary linguistic remains, scholars view them as Common Turkic -speakers, most probably Kipchak ( Németh , followed by Ligeti ) or Oguz ( Baskakov ). Hammer-Purgstall classifies the Chinese Kangju and Byzantine Kangar as purely Turkic name variants of
2300-778: The Pindus ( Epirus , Greece ), the Šar Mountains ( North Macedonia ), the Pirin and Rhodope Mountains ( Bulgaria ) and Dobrudja . An earlier offshoot of the Yörüks, the Kailars or Kayılar Turks were amongst the first Turkish colonists in Europe, ( Kailar or Kayılar being the Turkish name for the Greek town of Ptolemaida which took its current name in 1928) formerly inhabiting parts of
2392-608: The Shevchenko Scientific Society and attended its seminar on Ukrainian history led by Ivan Krypiakevych . After the Soviet annexation of Galicia, he moved to Kyiv where he briefly studied with the premier Ukrainian orientalist, Ahatanhel Krymsky . During World War II , Pritsak was taken to the west as a Ostarbeiter . Following the war, he studied at the universities in Berlin and Göttingen , receiving
2484-614: The " Torkmens , Pechenegs, Torks , and Polovcians " descended from "the godless sons of Ishmael , who had been sent as a chastisement to the Christians". The Turkic Khaganate collapsed in 744 which gave rise to a series of intertribal confrontations in the Eurasian steppes . The Karluks attacked the Oghuz Turks , forcing them to launch a westward migration towards the Pechenegs' lands. The Uighur envoy's report testifies that
2576-629: The "Turkic Pechenegs" and "Khazar Pechenegs" mentioned in the 10th-century Hudud al-'alam had its origin in this period. The Hudud al-'Alam —a late 10th-century Persian geography—distinguished two Pecheneg groups, referring to those who lived along the Donets as "Turkic Pechenegs", and to those along the Kuban as "Khazarian Pechenegs". Spinei proposes that the latter denomination most probably refers to Pecheneg groups accepting Khazar suzerainty, implies that some Pecheneg tribes had been forced to acknowledge
2668-622: The 2nd century BC, according to ancient Chinese sources, a steppe tribal confederation known as the Xiongnu and their allies, the Wusun (probably an Indo-European people ) defeated the neighboring Indo-European-speaking Yuezhi and drove them out of western China and into Central Asia. Various scholarly theories link the Xiongnu to Turkic peoples and/or the Huns . Bichurin claimed that
2760-677: The 700s, the Oghuz Turks made a new home and domain for themselves in the area between the Caspian and Aral seas and the northwest part of Transoxania, along the Syr Darya river. They had moved westward from the Altay mountains passing through the Siberian steppes and settled in this region, and also penetrated into southern Russia and the Volga from their bases in west China. In the 11th century,
2852-656: The Besenyő territory of the Pechenegs, where he taught and converted individuals to Islam. In the late 12th century, Abu Hamid al-Gharnati referred to Hungarian Pechenegs – probably Muslims – living disguised as Christians. In the southeast of Serbia, there is a village called Pečenjevce founded by Pechenegs. After war with Byzantium, the remnants of the tribes found refuge in the area, where they established their settlement. [REDACTED] Media related to Pechenegs at Wikimedia Commons Oghuz Turks The Oghuz Turks ( Middle Turkic : ٱغُز , romanized: Oγuz ) were
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2944-569: The Caspian and Aral Seas, during the period of the caliph Al-Mahdi (after 775 AD). By 780, the eastern parts of the Syr Darya were ruled by the Karluk Turks and to their west were the Oghuz. Transoxiana, their main homeland in subsequent centuries became known as the "Oghuz Steppe". During the period of the Abbasid caliph Al-Ma'mun (813–833), the name Oghuz starts to appear in
3036-477: The Chazars and the so-called Uzes. But fifty years ago the so-called Uzes made common cause with the Chazars and joined battle with the Pechenegs and prevailed over them and expelled them from their country, which the so-called Uzes have occupied till this day. [...] At the time when the Pechenegs were expelled from their country, some of them of their own will and personal decision stayed behind there and united with
3128-475: The Common Turkic group, the Oghuz languages share these innovations: loss of Proto-Turkic gutturals in suffix anlaut, loss of /ɣ/ except after /a/ , /ɡ/ becoming either /j/ or lost, voicing of /t/ to /d/ and of /k/ to /ɡ/ , and */ð/ becomes /j/ . Their language belongs to the Oghuz group of the Turkic languages family. Kara-Khanid scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari wrote that of all
3220-459: The Greek regions of Thessaly and Macedonia . Settled Yörüks could be found until 1923, especially near and in the town of Kozani . Mahmud al-Kashgari listed 22 Oghuz tribes in Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk . Kashgari further wrote that "In origin they are 24 tribes, but the two Khalajiyya tribes are distinguished from them [the twenty-two] in certain respects and so are not counted among them. This
3312-412: The Kangars received this denomination because "they are more valiant and noble than the rest" of the people "and that is what the title Kangar signifies". Because no Turkic word with a similar meaning is known, Ármin Vámbéry connected the ethnonym to the Kyrgyz words kangir ("agile"), kangirmak ("to go out riding") and kani-kara ("black-blooded"), while Carlile Aylmer Macartney associated it with
3404-433: The Karachuk Mountains towards the Caspian Sea was called the "Oghuz Steppe Lands" from where the Oghuz Turks established trading, religious and cultural contacts with the Abbasid Arab caliphate who ruled to the south. This is around the same time that they first converted to Islam and renounced their Tengriism belief system. The Arab historians mentioned that the Oghuz Turks were ruled by a number of kings and chieftains. It
3496-414: The Khazars supremacy. In addition to these two branches, a third group of Pechenegs existed in this period: Constantine Porphyrogenitus and Ibn Fadlan mention that those who decided not to leave their homeland were incorporated into the Oghuz federation of Turkic tribes. Originally, the Pechenegs had their dwelling on the river Atil (Volga), and likewise on the river Geïch , having common frontiers with
3588-409: The Magyars west of the Dnieper River by 892. Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria employed the Pechenegs to help fend off the Magyars. The Pechenegs were so successful that they drove out the Magyars remaining in Etelköz and the Pontic steppes , forcing them westward towards the Pannonian plain , where they later founded the Hungarian state . By the 9th and 10th centuries, Pechenegs controlled much of
3680-400: The Nine-Oghuzes as "[his] people" and that he defeated the Eight-Oghuzes and their allies, the Nine Tatars , three times in 749.; according to Klyashtorny and Czeglédy, eight tribes of the Nine-Oghuzes revolted against the leading Uyghur tribe and renamed themselves Eight-Oghuzes. Ibn al-Athir , an Arab historian, claimed that the Oghuz Turks were settled mainly in Transoxiana , between
3772-422: The Oghuz Turks adopted Arabic script, replacing the Old Turkic alphabet . In his accredited 11th-century treatise titled Diwan Lughat al-Turk , Karakhanid scholar Mahmud of Kashgar mentioned five Oghuz cities named Sabran , Sitkün , Qarnaq , Suğnaq , and Qaraçuq (the last of which was also known to Kashgari as Farab, now Otrar ; situated near the Karachuk mountains to its east). The extension from
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3864-429: The Oghuz and Pecheneg waged war against each other already in the 8th century, most probably for the control of the trade routes. The Oghuz made an alliance with the Karluks and Kimaks and defeated the Pechenegs and their allies in a battle near the Lake Aral before 850, according to the 10th-century scholar, Al-Masudi . Most Pechenegs launched a new migration towards the Volga River , but some groups were forced to join
3956-416: The Oghuz inhabited the steppe of the rivers Sari-su , Turgai and Emba north of Lake Balkhash in modern-day Kazakhstan . They embraced Islam and adapted their traditions and institutions to the Islamic world, emerging as empire-builders with a constructive sense of statecraft. In the 11th century, the Seljuk Oghuz clan entered Persia , where they founded the Great Seljuk Empire . The same century,
4048-461: The Oghuz. The latter formed the 19th tribe of the Oghuz tribal federation in the 11th century. The Pechenegs who left their homeland settled between the Ural and Volga rivers. According to Gardizi and other Muslim scholars who based their works on 9th-century sources, the Pechenegs' new territory was quite large, with a 30-day-walk extension, and were bordered by the Cumans , Khazars , Oghuz Turks and Slavs . The same sources also narrate that
4140-407: The Oghuzes were located outsides of the Ten Arrows' jurisdiction, west of the Altai Mountains , near lake Issyk-Kul , Talas river 's basin and seemingly around the Syr Darya basin, and near the Chumul, Karluks , Qays , Quns , Śari , etc. who were mentioned by al-Maṣudi and Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi . According to Ahmad ibn Fadlan , the Oghuz were nomads, but also had cultivated crops, and
4232-420: The Pecheneg Horde moved towards the Danube , crossed the river, and disappeared out of the Pontic steppes . Pecheneg mercenaries served under the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert . After centuries of fighting involving all their neighbours—the Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria , Kievan Rus', Khazaria, and the Magyars—the Pechenegs were annihilated as an independent force in 1091 at the Battle of Levounion by
4324-400: The Pecheneg realm, stretched west as far as the Siret River (or even the Eastern Carpathian Mountains ), and was four days distant from "Tourkias" (i.e. Hungary ). The whole of Patzinakia is divided into eight provinces with the same number of great princes. The provinces are these: the name of the first province is Irtim; of the second, Tzour; of the third, Gyla; of the fourth, Koulpeï; of
4416-419: The Pechenegs attacked and besieged Kiev ; some joined the Prince of Kiev, Sviatoslav I , in his Byzantine campaign of 970–971, though eventually they ambushed and killed the Kievan prince in 972. According to the Primary Chronicle , the Pecheneg Khan Kurya made a chalice from Sviatoslav's skull, in accordance with the custom of steppe nomads. The fortunes of the Rus'-Pecheneg confrontation swung during
4508-417: The Pechenegs made regular raids against their neighbors, in particular against the Khazars and the latter's vassals, the Burtas , and sold their captives. The Khazars made an alliance with the Ouzes against the Pechenegs and attacked them from two directions. Outnumbered by the enemy, the Pechenegs were forced into a new westward migration. They marched across the Khazar Khaganate, invaded the dwelling places of
4600-404: The Pechenegs south of the Danube lost their national identity and became fully assimilated, mostly with Romanians and Bulgarians . Significant communities settled in the Hungarian kingdom , around 150 villages. In the 12th century, according to Byzantine historian John Kinnamos , the Pechenegs fought as mercenaries for the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos in southern Italy against
4692-512: The Pechenegs spoke a Turkic language. The Pechenegs are thought to have belonged to the Oghuz branch of the Turkic family , but their language is poorly documented and therefore difficult to further classify. Byzantine emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos lists eight Pecheneg tribal groupings, four on each side of the Dnieper river , reflecting the bipartite left-right Turkic organization. These eight tribes were in turn divided into 40 sub-tribes, probably clans. Constantine VII also records
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#17327660279444784-411: The Pechenegs) lasted for at least another 200 years. In 15th-century Hungary, some people adopted the surname Besenyö ( Hungarian for "Pecheneg"); they were most numerous in the county of Tolna . One of the earliest introductions of Islam into Eastern Europe came about through the work of an early 11th-century Muslim prisoner who was captured by the Byzantines. The Muslim prisoner was brought into
4876-412: The Turkic Uyghurs ; however, this is controversial and has few scholarly adherents. Yury Zuev (1960) links the Oghuz to the Western Turkic tribe 姑蘇 Gūsū < ( MC * kuo-suo ) in the 8th-century encyclopaedia Tongdian (or erroneously Shǐsū 始蘇 in the 11th century Zizhi Tongjian ). Zuev also noted a parallel between two passages: Based on those sources, Zuev proposes that in the 8th century
4968-544: The Turkic languages, that of the Oghuz was the simplest. He also observed that long separation had led to clear differences between the western Oghuz and Kipchak language and that of the eastern Turks. According to historians and linguists, the Proto-Turkic language originated in Central-East Asia, potentially in Altai-Sayan region , Mongolia or Tuva . Initially, Proto-Turkic speakers were potentially both hunter-gatherers and farmers, but later became nomadic pastoralists . Early and medieval Turkic groups exhibited
5060-475: The Turks, made from fermented horse milk), Pekmez (a syrup made of boiled grape juice) and helva made with wheat starch or rice flour, tutmac (noodle soup), yufka (flattened bread), katmer (layered pastry), chorek (ring-shaped buns), bread, clotted cream, cheese, yogurt, milk and ayran (diluted yogurt beverage), as well as wine. Social order was maintained by emphasizing "correctness in conduct as well as ritual and ceremony". Ceremonies brought together
5152-527: The connective tissues of their society. In Oghuz traditions, "society was simply the result of the growth of individual families". But such a society also grew by alliances and the expansion of different groups, normally through marriages. The shelter of the Oghuz tribes was a tent-like dwelling, erected on wooden poles and covered with skin, felt, or hand-woven textiles, which is called a yurt . Their cuisine included yahni (stew), kebabs , Toyga soup (meaning "wedding soup"), Kımız (a traditional drink of
5244-467: The country of the Rum ", where Rum was the Turkic word for the Eastern Roman Empire or Anatolia , and "a branch of Oghuz Turks "; he subsequently described the Oghuz as being formed of 22 branches, of which the Pecheneg were the 19th. Pechenegs are mentioned as one of 24 ancient tribes of Oghuzes by 14th-century statesman and historian of Ilkhanate -ruled Iran Rashid-al-Din Hamadani in his work Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh ("Compendium of Chronicles") with
5336-495: The economy was based on a semi-pastoralist lifestyle. Byzantine emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos mentioned the Uzi and Mazari ( Hungarians ) as neighbours of the Pechenegs . By the time of the Orkhon inscriptions (8th century AD) "Oghuz" was being applied generically to all inhabitants of the Göktürk Khaganate. Within the khaganate, the Oghuz community gradually expanded, incorporating other tribes. A number of subsequent tribal confederations bore
5428-427: The family was based on age, gender, relationships by blood, or marriageability. Males, as well as females, were active in society, yet men were the backbones of leadership and organization. According to the Book of Dede Korkut , which demonstrates the culture of the Oghuz Turks, women were "expert horse riders, archers, and athletes". The elders were respected as repositories of both "secular and spiritual wisdom". In
5520-407: The fifth, Charaboï; of the sixth, Talmat; of the seventh, Chopon; of the eighth, Tzopon. At the time at which the Pechenegs were expelled from their country, their princes were, in the province of Irtim, Baïtzas; in Tzour, Kouel; in Gyla, Kourkoutai; in Koulpeï, Ipaos; in Charaboï, Kaïdoum; in the province of Talmat, Kostas; in Chopon, Giazis; in the province of Tzopon, Batas. Paul Pelliot originated
5612-443: The first certain reference to the Pechenegs. The report recorded an armed conflict between the Be-ča-nag and the Hor ( Uyghurs or Oghuz Turks ) peoples in the region of the river Syr Darya . Ibn Khordadbeh (c. 820 – 912 CE), Mahmud al-Kashgari (11th century), Muhammad al-Idrisi (1100–1165), and many other Muslim scholars agree that the Pechenegs belonged to the Turkic peoples. The Russian Primary Chronicle stated that
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#17327660279445704-418: The first usage of the word Oghuz appears to have been the title of Oğuz Kağan , whose biography shares similarities with the account, recorded by Han Chinese, of Xiongnu leader Modu Shanyu (or Mau-Tun), who founded the Xiongnu Empire . However, Oghuz Khan narratives were actually collected in Compendium of Chronicles by Ilkhanid scholar Rashid-al-Din in the early 14th century. Sima Qian recorded
5796-413: The founder Osman 's genealogy traces to Oghuz Khagan , the legendary ancient ancestor of Turkic people , giving the Ottoman sultans primacy among Turkish monarchs. The dynasties of Khwarazmians , Qara Qoyunlu , Aq Qoyunlu , Ottomans , Afsharids and Qajars are also believed to descend from the Oghuz-Turkmen tribes of Begdili , Yiva, Bayandur , Kayi and Afshar respectively. The name Oghuz
5888-472: The history of Kievan Rus'. His magnum opus , The Origin of Rus' , only one volume of which has appeared in English (1981), inclines toward, but does not totally adopt, a Normanist interpretation of Rus' origins. He saw Kievan Rus' as a multi-ethnic polity. In addition to the early Rus', Pritsak's works focused on Eurasian nomads and steppe empires such as those created by the Bulgars , Khazars , Pechenegs , and Kipchaks . However, he firmly rejected
5980-514: The inhabitants of Rûm are of confused ethnic origin. Among its notables there are few whose lineage does not go back to a convert to Islam." The militarism that the Oghuz empires were very well known for was rooted in their centuries-long nomadic lifestyle. In general, they were a herding society which possessed certain military advantages that sedentary societies did not have, particularly mobility. Alliances by marriage and kinship, and systems of "social distance" based on family relationships were
6072-429: The journal Skhidnyi svit ( The World of the Orient ). Pritsak spent his final years back in the United States and died in Boston at the age of 87. Pritsak was a medievalist who specialized in the use of oriental , especially Turkic , sources for the history of Kievan Rus' , early modern Ukraine , and the European Steppe region. He was also a student of Old Norse and was familiar with Scandinavian sources for
6164-518: The journal, Harvard Ukrainian Studies . In 1988 he cofounded the International Association of Ukrainianists , established in Naples and became its Executive Board member and Head of Archeographic Commission. In 1989, he retired from his Harvard professorship . After the emergence of an independent Ukraine in 1991 , Pritsak returned to Kyiv where he founded the Oriental Institute of the National Academy of Sciences and became its first Director (since 1999 – Honorary Director). Also he re-established
6256-445: The lands of Rus', which sometimes escalated into full-scale wars (like the 920 war on the Pechenegs by Igor of Kiev , reported in the Primary Chronicle ). The Pecheneg wars against Kievan Rus' caused the Slavs from Walachian territories to gradually migrate north of the Dniestr in the 10th and 11th centuries. Rus'/Pecheneg temporary military alliances also occurred however, as during the Byzantine campaign in 943 led by Igor. In 968
6348-489: The lands of Rus', which sometimes escalated into full-scale wars. The Pechenegs were mentioned as Bjnak , Bjanak or Bajanak in medieval Arabic and Persian texts, as Be-ča-nag in Classical Tibetan documents, and as Pačanak-i in works written in Georgian . Anna Komnene and other Byzantine authors referred to them as Patzinakoi or Patzinakitai . In medieval Latin texts, the Pechenegs were referred to as Pizenaci , Bisseni or Bessi . East Slavic peoples use
6440-510: The language, the way of life, religions, traditions, and social norms of the Oghuz Turks in Azerbaijan, Turkey, Iran (West Azerbaijan, Golestan) and parts of Central Asia including Turkmenistan. Yörüks are an Oghuz ethnic group, some of whom are still semi-nomadic, primarily inhabiting the mountains of Anatolia and partly Balkan peninsula. Their name derives from the verb from Chagatai language , yörü- "yörümek" (to walk), but Western Turkic yürü- (yürümek in infinitive), which means "to walk", with
6532-489: The meaning of the ethnonym as "the one who shows eagerness". The 17th-century Khan of the Khanate of Khiva and historian Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur mentions the Pechenegs as bechene among 24 ancient tribes of Turkmens (or Oghuzes) in his book Shajara-i Tarākima (“Genealogy of the Turkmen") and provides for its meaning as "the one who makes". Three of the eight Pecheneg "provinces" or clans were collectively known as Kangars . According to Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus ,
6624-461: The name Wūjiē 烏揭 ( LHC : * ʔɔ-gɨat ) or Hūjiē 呼揭 ( LHC : * xɔ-gɨat ), of a people hostile to the Xiongnu and living immediately west of them, in the area of the Irtysh River , near Lake Zaysan . Golden suggests that these might be Chinese renditions of *Ogur ~ *Oguz , yet uncertainty remains. According to one theory, Hūjiē is just another transliteration of Yuezhi and may refer to
6716-624: The name Oghuz, often affixed to a numeral indicating the number of united tribes. These include references to the simple Oguz , Üch-Oghuz ("three Oghuz"), Altï Oghuz ("six Oghuz"), possibly the Otuz Oghuz ("thirty Oghuz"), Sekiz-Oghuz ("eight Oghuz"), and the Tokuz-Oghuz ("nine Oghuz"), who originally occupied different areas in the vicinity of the Altai Mountains. Golden (2011) states Transoxanian Oghuz Turks who founded
6808-495: The names of eight former tribal leaders who had been leading the Pechenegs when they were expelled by the Khazars and Oghuzes . Golden , following Németh and Ligeti , proposes that each tribal name consists of two parts: the first part being an equine coat color , the other the tribal ruler's title. The Erdim, Čur, and Yula tribes formed the Qangar/Kenger ( Greek : Καγγαρ) and were deemed "more valiant and noble than
6900-731: The proposal that the Book of Sui —a 7th-century Chinese work—preserved the earliest record on the Pechenegs. The book mentioned a people named Bĕirù , who had settled near the Ēnqū and Alan peoples (identified as Onogurs and Alans , respectively), to the east of Fulin (or the Eastern Roman Empire ). Victor Spinei emphasizes that the Pechenegs' association with the Bĕirù is "uncertain". He proposes that an 8th-century Uighur envoy's report, which survives in Tibetan translation, contains
6992-745: The rebellious Igdir tribe who had revolted against him, Klyashtorny considers this as one piece of "direct evidence in favour of the existence of kindred relations between the Tokuz Oguzs of Mongolia, The Guzs of the Aral region, and modern Turkmens ", besides the facts that Kashgari mentioned the Igdir as the 14th of 22 Oghuz tribes; and that Igdirs constitute part of the Turkmen tribe Chowdur . The Shine Usu inscription, also in Bayanchur's honor, mentioned
7084-650: The reign of Vladimir I of Kiev (990–995), who founded the town of Pereyaslav upon the site of his victory over the Pechenegs, followed by the defeat of the Pechenegs during the reign of Yaroslav I the Wise in 1036. Shortly thereafter, other nomadic peoples replaced the weakened Pechenegs in the Pontic steppe : the Cumans and the Torks . According to Mykhailo Hrushevsky ( History of Ukraine-Ruthenia ), after its defeat near Kiev
7176-676: The rest". According to Omeljan Pritsak , the Pechenegs are descendants from the ancient Kangars who originate from Tashkent . The Orkhon inscriptions listed the Kangars among the subject peoples of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate . Pritsak says that the Pechenegs' homeland was located between the Aral Sea and the middle course of the Syr Darya, along the important trade routes connecting Central Asia with Eastern Europe, and associates them with Kangars . According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus , writing in c. 950, Patzinakia,
7268-520: The scattered members of the society to celebrate birth, puberty, marriage, and death. Such ceremonies had the effect of minimizing social dangers and also of adjusting persons to each other under controlled emotional conditions. Patrilineally related men and their families were regarded as a group with rights over a particular territory and were distinguished from neighbours on a territorial basis. Marriages were often arranged among territorial groups so that neighbouring groups could become related, but this
7360-425: The so-called Uzes, and even to this day they live among them, and wear such distinguishing marks as separate them off and betray their origin and how it came about that they were split off from their own folk: for their tunics are short, reaching to the knee, and their sleeves are cut off at the shoulder, whereby, you see, they indicate that they have been cut off from their own folk and those of their race. However, it
7452-403: The steppes of southeast Europe and the Crimean Peninsula . Although an important factor in the region at the time, like most nomadic tribes their concept of statecraft failed to go beyond random attacks on neighbours and spells as mercenaries for other powers. In the 9th century the Pechenegs began a period of wars against Kievan Rus' . For more than two centuries they had launched raids into
7544-903: The terms Pečenegi or Pečenezi (plural of Pečeneg ), while the Poles mention them as Pieczyngowie or Piecinigi . The Hungarian word for Pecheneg is Besenyő ; the Romanian term is Pecenegi . According to Max Vasmer and some other researchers the ethnonym may have derived from the Old Turkic word for "brother-in-law, relative” ( baja , baja-naq or bajinaq ; Azerbaijani : bacanaq , Kyrgyz : baja , Turkmen : baja and Turkish : bacanak ), implying that it initially referred to an "in-law related clan or tribe". Peter Golden considers this derivation by no means certain. In Mahmud Kashgari 's 11th-century work Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk , Pechenegs were described as "a Turkic nation living around
7636-661: The terms Turkmen and Turcoman ( Ottoman Turkish : تركمن , romanized : Türkmen or Türkmân ) by 13th century. The Oghuz confederation migrated westward from the Jeti-su area after a conflict with the Karluk allies of the Uyghurs . In the 9th century, the Oghuz from the Aral steppes drove Pechenegs westward from the Emba and Ural River region. In the 10th century,
7728-747: The university: Ukrainian history, Ukrainian literature and Ukrainian philology. In 2009 Omeljan Pritsak Research Center for Oriental Studies named in honour of the Professor was founded in 2009. It is based on an extensive library and archive collection of Omeljan Pritsak, which he made a pledge to transfer to Kyiv-Mohyla Academy after his death. The heritage, collected by Omeljan Pritsak for 70 years contains manuscripts, printed editions, publications, historical sources, archival documents and artistic and cultural monuments on philosophy, linguistics, world history, Oriental Studies, Slavic Studies, Scandinavian Studies, archeology, numismatics, philosophy etc. Thus it
7820-568: The word Yörük or Yürük designating "those who walk, walkers". The Yörük to this day appear as a distinct segment of the population of Macedonia and Thrace where they settled as early as the 14th century. While today the Yörük are increasingly settled, many of them still maintain their nomadic lifestyle, breeding goats and sheep in the Taurus Mountains and further eastern parts of mediterranean regions (in southern Anatolia ), in
7912-399: The works of Islamic writers. The Book of Dede Korkut , a historical epic of the Oghuz, contains historical echoes of the 9th and 10th centuries but was likely written several centuries later. Al-Masudi described Yangikent 's Oghuz Turks as "distinguished from other Turks by their valour, their slanted eyes, and the smallness of their stature". Stone heads of Seljuq elites kept at
8004-496: Was a variant of the Cuman and Oghuz idioms. He suggested that foreign influences on the Pechenegs gave rise to phonetical differences between their tongue and the idiom spoken by other Turkic peoples. Anna Komnene likewise stated that the Pechenegs and the Cumans shared a common language. Although the Pecheneg language itself died out centuries ago, the names of the Pecheneg "provinces" recorded by Constantine Porphyrogenitus prove that
8096-609: Was after their migration into Transoxiana and Iran ". Khiva khan, Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur , in his Chagatai-language treatise Genealogy of the Turkmens , wrote that "their (Oghuz Turks) chin started to become narrow, their eyes started to become large, their faces started to become small, and their noses started to become big after five or six generations". Ottoman historian Mustafa Âlî commented in Künhüʾl-aḫbār that Anatolian Turks and Ottoman elites are ethnically mixed: "Most of
8188-757: Was brought to the National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy in 2007. Research center as well as the library and the archive collection are now open to the public. Pritsak was a political conservative and during his youth in eastern Galicia under the Polish Republic , and later also during the Cold War was a supporter of the conservative " Hetmanite " or monarchist movement among Ukrainians. This led him to criticize Hrushevsky 's political radicalism and historical populism, although, ironically, he claimed that Hrushevsky's "school" of history
8280-527: Was in this area that they later founded the Seljuk Empire, and it was from this area that they spread west into western Asia and eastern Europe during Turkic migrations from the 9th until the 12th century. The founders of the Ottoman Empire were also Oghuz Turks. Oghuz Turkish literature includes the famous Book of Dede Korkut which was UNESCO 's 2000 literary work of the year, as well as
8372-603: Was the first Mykhailo Hrushevsky Professor of Ukrainian History at Harvard University and the founder and first director (1973–1989) of the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute . From 1921 to 1936 he lived in Ternopil , where he graduated the state Polish gymnasium. Pritsak began his academic career at the University of Lviv in interwar Poland where he studied Middle Eastern languages under local orientalists and became associated with
8464-403: Was the only organizing principle that extended territorial unity. Each community of the Oghuz Turks was thought of as part of a larger society composed of distant as well as close relatives. This signified "tribal allegiance". Wealth and materialistic objects were not commonly emphasized in Oghuz society and most remained herders, and when settled they would be active in agriculture. Status within
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