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52-584: Years on the calendar are annotated with the date notation of BE (Baháʼí Era). The Baháʼí year 181 BE started on 20 March 2024. The Baháʼí calendar started from the original Badíʿ calendar, created by the Báb in the Kitabu'l-Asmáʼ and the Persian Bayán (5:3) in the 1840s. An early version of the calendar began to be implemented during his time. It used a scheme of nineteen months of nineteen days, with

104-541: A Gregorian leap year. The Universal House of Justice selected Tehran , the birthplace of Baháʼu'lláh , as the location at which the time and date of the vernal equinox is to be determined according to astronomical tables from reliable sources. These changes, which "unlocked" the Badíʿ calendar from the Gregorian calendar, came into effect at the start of year 172 BE. As the name Badíʿ ( wondrous or unique ) suggests,

156-679: A Ramadan dawn prayer by Imam Muhammad al-Baqir , the fifth Imam of Twelver Shiʻah Islam . These month names are considered to be referring to attributes of God. In the Persian Bayan the Báb divides the months into four groups known as "fire", "air", "water" and "earth" – which are three, four, six and six months long respectively. Robin Mirshahi suggests a possible link with four realms described in Baháʼí cosmology . Ismael Velasco relates this to

208-668: A general tax from the known world by Octavian or the end of the roman conquest of the peninsula during the civil war of the Second Triumvirate . Either way the date traditionally marks the establishment of Roman rule in Spain and was used in official documents by the Suebian and Visigothic kingdoms and later in Portugal , Aragon , Valencia , Castile , and southern France . This system of calibrating years fell to disuse in

260-421: A name as shown in the table below. The tenth Váḥid of the 1st Kull-i-S͟hayʼ started on 21 March 2015, and the eleventh Váḥid will begin in 2034. The current Baháʼí year, year 181 BE (20 March 2024 – 20 March 2025), is the year Ḥubb of the tenth Váḥid of the first Kull-i-S͟hayʼ. The second Kull-i-S͟hayʼ will begin in 2205. The concept of a nineteen-year cycle has existed in some form since

312-710: Is Asmá, or "Names". The Baháʼí week starts on Saturday, and ends on Friday. As in Judaism and Islam , days begin at sunset and end at sunset of the following solar day. Baháʼí writings indicate that Friday is to be kept as a day of rest. The practice of keeping Friday as a day of rest is currently not observed in all countries; for example, in the UK, the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís confirmed it does not currently keep this practice. Also existing in

364-451: Is a religious event featuring readings from Baha'i scriptures. The Báb , the founder of Bábi religion , instituted the Badíʻ calendar composed of 19 months, each of 19 days. The first month, and the first day of each month, are both named Bahá , an Arabic word meaning splendour or glory. Thus Naw-Rúz, the first day of the year, is the day of Bahá in the month of Bahá. The day was called

416-416: Is held during the final month of ʻAláʼ. The month of fasting is followed by Naw-Rúz , the new year. The monthly Nineteen Day Feast is celebrated on the first day of each month, preferably starting any time between the sunset on the eve of the day to the sunset ending the day. The nineteen days in a month have the same names as the months of the year (above), so, for example, the 9th day of each month

468-486: Is strictly defined as the number of days between the opening and closing days of the year, with the number of intercalary days adjusted as needed. The year ends on the day before the following vernal equinox. The first day of each year ( Naw-Rúz ) is the day (from sunset to sunset) in Tehran containing the moment of the vernal equinox . This is determined in advance by astronomical computations from reliable sources. Since

520-491: The Most Great Name of God, and was instituted as a festival for those who observed the fast. The symbolic notion of the renewal of time in each religious dispensation was made explicit by the writings of the Báb and Baháʼu'lláh and the calendar and the new year made this spiritual metaphor more concrete. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá , Baháʼu'lláh's son and successor, explained that significance of Naw-Rúz in terms of spring and

572-749: The Baháʼí calendar year and one of eleven holy days for adherents of the Baháʼí Faith . It occurs on the vernal equinox , on or near March 21, which is also the traditional Persian New Year . The traditional Nowruz holiday, from which the Baha'i holiday derives, has been celebrated since ancient times in Iran , and is observed by culturally-adjacent peoples in Azerbaijan , Turkey , Uzbekistan , Turkmenistan , Iraq , Armenia , Georgia , Russia , Afghanistan , Pakistan , Syria , and Tajikistan . The Báb ,

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624-688: The Early Middle Ages , roughly between the 6th and 10th centuries. The era based on the Incarnation of Christ was introduced by Dionysius Exiguus in 525 and is in continued use with various reforms and derivations. The distinction between the Incarnation occurring with the conception or the Nativity of Jesus was not drawn until the late ninth century. The first day of the numbered year varied from place to place and depended on

676-468: The Gregorian calendar by starting the year at sunset on March 20, regardless of when the vernal equinox technically occurs, meaning that the extra day of a leap year occurred simultaneously in both calendars. The intercalary days always stretched from 26 February to 1 March, automatically including the Gregorian leap day so that there were four intercalary days in a regular year, and five in

728-596: The Universal House of Justice before the calendar can be observed uniformly worldwide. On 10 July 2014 the Universal House of Justice announced provisions that will enable the common implementation of the Badíʿ calendar worldwide, beginning at sunset 20 March 2015, coinciding with the completion of the ninth cycle of the calendar (see below). Before that time, the Baháʼí calendar was synchronized to

780-521: The " arc of ascent ". In the following table, the Gregorian date indicates the first full day of the month when Naw-Rúz coincides with 21 March. The month begins at sunset of the day previous to the one listed. The introduction of intercalation marked an important break from Islam , as under the Islamic calendar the practice of intercalation had been specifically prohibited in the Qurʼan . The number of

832-526: The 20th century except for Japan , where they are still used. For over a thousand years, ancient Assyria used a system of eponyms to identify each year. Each year at the Akitu festival (celebrating the Mesopotamian new year), one of a small group of high officials (including the king in later periods) would be chosen by lot to serve as the limmu for the year, which meant that he would preside over

884-577: The 3rd year of the 6th Olympiad. Because the Parilia had become associated with the founding of the city by his time, he took the specific date to have been 21 April 753   BC. This became the official chronology of the empire by at least the time of Claudius , who held Secular Games in AD 47 to celebrate the city's 800th anniversary. The 900th and 1000th anniversaries were then celebrated in 148 under Antoninus Pius and in 248 under Philip I . The AUC era

936-642: The Akitu festival and the year would bear his name. The earliest attested limmu eponyms are from the Assyrian trading colony at Karum Kanesh in Anatolia, dating to the very beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, and they continued in use until the end of the Neo-Assyrian Period , c.  612 BC . Assyrian scribes compiled limmu lists, including an unbroken sequence of almost 250 eponyms from

988-409: The Baháʼí calendar is indeed a unique institution in the history of human culture. Sociologist Eviatar Zerubavel notes that the nineteen-day cycle creates a distinctive rhythm which enhances group solidarity. (Zerubavel argues that the nineteen-day cycle is more properly defined as a week , rather than a month , because it bears "no connection whatsoever" to the lunar cycle .) Furthermore, by finding

1040-459: The Baháʼí calendar system is a nineteen-year cycle called Váḥid and a 361 year (19×19) supercycle called Kull-i-S͟hayʼ (literally, "All Things"). The expression Kull-i-Shayʼ was used frequently by the Báb . It has its origins in Sufism and the significance of the numbers 19 and 361 were possibly already associated by Ibn Arabi (1165–1240). Each of the nineteen years in a Vahid has been given

1092-430: The Báb or Baháʼu'lláh. It is usually a festive event observed with meetings for prayer and music and dancing. Since the new year also ends the Baháʼí month of fasting the celebration is often combined with a dinner. As with all Baháʼí holy days, there are few fixed rules for observing Naw-Rúz, and Baháʼís all over the world celebrate it as a festive day, according to local custom. Persian Baháʼís may observe some of

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1144-453: The Day of God by the Báb, and was associated with He whom God shall make manifest , a messianic figure in the Báb's writings. Baháʼu'lláh , the founder of the Baháʼí Faith who is recognized as the messianic figure expected by the Báb, adopted the new calendar and the use of Naw-Rúz as a holy day. The day follows the Baháʼí month of fasting , and he explained that Naw-Rúz was associated with

1196-721: The Early Modern Age and was replaced by today's Anno Domini . The months and years are the same as the Julian Calendar . Throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods, the Decapolis and other Hellenized cities of Syria and Palestine used the Pompeian era , counting dates from the Roman general Pompey 's conquest of the region in 63 BC. A different form of calendar was used to track longer periods of time, and for

1248-447: The Gregorian calendar is not tied to the equinox, the Gregorian calendar shifts around by a day or two each year, as shown in the following table. The Baháʼí calendar is composed of nineteen months, each with nineteen days. The intercalary days, known as Ayyám-i-Há , occur between the eighteenth and nineteenth months. The names of the months were adopted by the Báb from the Du'ay-i-Sahar ,

1300-409: The Gregorian calendar. These dates are pre-calculated years in advance. All dates in the Baháʼí calendar are set in relation to Naw-Rúz and thus may shift on the Gregorian calendar by a day or two depending on the timing of the vernal equinox . Naw-Rúz is one of nine Baháʼí holy days where work and school must be suspended; the only one that is not associated with an event in the lives of either

1352-732: The Western Christian era (the Coptic Orthodox and Ethiopian Orthodox churches have their own Christian eras). In antiquity, regnal years were counted from the accession of a monarch. This makes the chronology of the ancient Near East very difficult to reconstruct, based on disparate and scattered king lists, such as the Sumerian King List and the Babylonian Canon of Kings . In East Asia, reckoning by era names chosen by ruling monarchs ceased in

1404-643: The beginning of the year. Modern application of the AUC era generally ignores this, the known mistakes in Varro's own calculations, and the 752   BC epoch used by the Fasti and later Secular Games, such that AD 2024 is generally considered equivalent to AUC 2777 (2024 + 753). Another system that is less commonly found than might be thought was the use of the regnal year of the Roman emperor . At first, Augustus indicated

1456-410: The calendar in use: when, in 1600, Scotland adopted 1 January as the first day of the year, this was already the case in much of continental Europe. England adopted this practice in 1752. The Hindu Saka Era influences the calendars of southeast Asian indianized kingdoms . Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD Naw-R%C3%BAz Naw-Rúz ( Persian : نوروز , romanized :  Nowruz ) is the first day of

1508-589: The calendar year is taken as starting on 1 Tishri or on 1 Nisan (respectively the start of the Jewish civil and ecclesiastical years) the Seleucid era begins either in 311 BC (the Jewish reckoning) or in 312 BC (the Greek reckoning: October–September). An early and common practice was Roman ' consular ' dating. This involved naming both consules ordinarii who had taken up this office on 1 January (since 153 BC) of

1560-473: The choice of a particular spot on the Earth and was left to the Universal House of Justice , the governing body of the Baháʼís, to decide. In 2014, the Universal House of Justice chose Tehran as the particular spot. Since Baháʼí days start at sundown, if the equinox occurs just before sunset, the day which started on the previous sunset is Naw-Rúz. Thus Naw-Rúz could fall between March 19th and March 21st of

1612-531: The closest approximation of the square root of the annual cycle, Baháʼís "have managed to establish the most symmetrical relationship possible between the week and the year, which no one else throughout history has ever managed to accomplish." Years in the Baháʼí calendar are counted from Thursday 21 March 1844, the beginning of the Baháʼí Era or Badíʿ Era (abbreviated BE or B.E. ). Year 1 BE thus began at sundown 20 March 1844. The length of each year

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1664-575: The cycle, an indiction being a year in duration. Documents and events began to be dated by the year of the cycle (e.g., "fifth indiction", "tenth indiction") in the 4th century, and this system was used long after the tax ceased to be collected. It was used in Gaul , in Egypt until the Islamic conquest , and in the Eastern Roman Empire until its conquest in 1453. A useful chart providing all

1716-408: The early 1st millennium BC. This is an invaluable chronological aid, because a solar eclipse was recorded as having taken place in the limmu of Bur-Sagale, governor of Guzana . Astronomers have identified this eclipse as one that took place on 15 June 763 BC , which has allowed absolute dates of 892 to 648 BC to be assigned to that sequence of eponyms. This list of absolute dates has allowed many of

1768-479: The emperor Justinian I discontinued appointing consuls. The last consul nominated was Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius . Soon afterwards, imperial regnal dating was adopted in its place. Another method of dating was ab urbe condita (Latin for "from the founding of the city" of Rome) or anno urbis conditae (Latin for "in the year of the founding of the city"), both abbreviated AUC. Several epochs for this date were in use by Roman historians , all based on

1820-528: The equivalents can be found in Chaîne's book on chronology, and can easily be consulted online at the Internet Archive, from page 134 to page 172 . A rule for computing the indiction from an AD year number was stated by Dionysius Exiguus : add 3 and divide by 15; the remainder is the indiction, with 0 understood to be the fifteenth indiction. Thus the indiction of 2001 was 9. The beginning of

1872-583: The events of the Neo-Assyrian Period to be dated to a specific year, avoiding the chronological debates that characterize earlier periods of Mesopotamian history. Among the ancient Greek historians and scholars, a common method of indicating the passage of years was based on the Olympic Games , first held in 776 BC . The Olympic Games provided the various independent city-states with a mutually recognizable system of dates. Olympiad dating

1924-525: The founder of Bábism , and then Baháʼu'lláh , the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, adopted the day as a holy day and associated it with the Most Great Name of God. The Baha'i holiday as now calculated does not always fall on the same day as the traditional festival (but may differ by one day), and does not incorporate a number of Persian cultural practices associated with the traditional holiday, but

1976-529: The founder of the Baháʼí Faith, who claimed to be the one prophesied by the Báb, confirmed and adopted this calendar. Around 1870, he instructed Nabíl-i-Aʻzam , the author of The Dawn-Breakers , to write an overview of the Badíʿ calendar. In the Kitáb-i-Aqdas (1873) Baháʼu'lláh made Naw-Rúz the first day of the year, and also clarified the position of the Intercalary days to immediately precede

2028-436: The fourth century  BCE . The Metonic cycle represents an invented measure that approximately correlates solar and lunar markings of time and which appears in several calendar systems. Calendar era A calendar era is the period of time elapsed since one epoch of a calendar and, if it exists, before the next one. For example, it is the year 2024 as per the Gregorian calendar, which numbers its years in

2080-404: The incomplete surviving list of Roman consuls and the myths of the city's founding by Romulus and Remus . The chronology established by Marcus Terentius Varro in the 1st century BC intercalated several years of dictatorships , a period of anarchy, and a standardized length of reign for all of Rome's former kings to arrive at a year running from 754–753   BC, taken as equivalent to

2132-598: The inscription of calendar dates (i.e., identifying when one event occurred in relation to others). This form, known as the Long Count , is based upon the number of elapsed days since a mythological starting-point. According to the calibration between the Long Count and Western calendars accepted by the great majority of Maya researchers (known as the GMT correlation), this starting-point is equivalent to 11 August, 3114 BC in

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2184-407: The intercalary days is determined in advance to ensure that the year ends on the day before the next vernal equinox. This results in 4 or 5 intercalary days being added. These days are inserted between the 18th and 19th months, falling around the end of February in the Gregorian calendar. The number of days added is unrelated to the timing of the Gregorian leap year. The annual Nineteen Day Fast

2236-456: The last month. Baháʼu'lláh set Naw-Rúz to the day on which the sun passes into the constellation Aries . Baháʼís interpret this formula as a specification of the vernal equinox , though where that should be determined was not defined. The calendar was first implemented in the West in 1907. The Baháʼí scriptures left some issues regarding the implementation of the Badíʿ calendar to be resolved by

2288-582: The memory of the Roman Republic faded (about AD 200), when they began to use their regnal year openly. Some regions of the Roman Empire dated their calendars from the date of Roman conquest, or the establishment of Roman rule. The Spanish era , or the Era of Caesar , counted the years from 38 BC and, although the exact reasons for this are unknown, it is usually attributed to either the levy of

2340-573: The new life it brings. He explained that the equinox is a symbol of the Manifestations of God , who include Jesus , Muhammad , the Báb and Baháʼu'lláh among others, and the message that they proclaim is like a spiritual springtime, and that Naw-Rúz is used to commemorate it. Baháʼu'lláh, in the Kitáb-i-Aqdas , defines Naw-Rúz as the day on which the vernal equinox occurs. The exact timing of Naw-Rúz for Baháʼís worldwide depends on

2392-463: The product of 361 days, plus intercalary days to make the calendar a solar calendar . The first day of the early implementation of the calendar year was Nowruz , while the intercalary days were assigned differently than the later Baháʼí implementation. The calendar contains many symbolic meanings and allusions including connections to prophecies of the Báb about the next Manifestation of God termed He whom God shall make manifest . Baháʼu'lláh ,

2444-499: The proleptic Gregorian calendar or 6 September in the Julian calendar (−3113 astronomical). A great many local systems or eras were also important, for example the year from the foundation of one particular city, the regnal year of the neighboring Persian emperor , and eventually even the year of the reigning Caliph . Most of the traditional calendar eras in use today were introduced at the time of transition from Late Antiquity to

2496-408: The relevant civil year. Sometimes one or both consuls might not be appointed until November or December of the previous year, and news of the appointment may not have reached parts of the Roman empire for several months into the current year; thus we find the occasional inscription where the year is defined as "after the consulate" of a pair of consuls. The use of consular dating ended in AD 541 when

2548-633: The year for the indiction varied. The Seleucid era was used in much of the Middle East from the 4th century BC to the 6th century AD, and continued until the 10th century AD among Oriental Christians. The era is computed from the epoch 312 BC: in August of that year Seleucus I Nicator captured Babylon and began his reign over the Asian portions of Alexander the Great 's empire. Thus depending on whether

2600-472: The year of his reign by counting how many times he had held the office of consul, and how many times the Roman Senate had granted him the power of a tribune ( Latin : tribunicia potestas , abbr. TRP), carefully observing the fiction that his powers came from these offices granted to him, rather than from his own person or the many legions under his control. His successors followed his practice until

2652-477: Was not used in everyday life. This system was in use from the 3rd century BC. The modern Olympic Games (or Summer Olympic Games beginning 1896) do not continue the four year periods from ancient Greece: the 669th Olympiad would have begun in the summer of 1897, but the modern Olympics were first held in 1896. The indiction cycle was an agricultural tax cycle implemented in Roman Egypt. 15 indictions made up

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2704-662: Was seldom used in the traditional Roman or early Julian calendars . Naming each year by its two consuls or by the emperor's regnal years predominated, with Hadrian 's aurei and sestertii marking the Romaea in AUC 874 ( ann dccclxxiiii nat vrb ) a notable exception. AUC dating became more common in late antiquity, appearing in Censorinus , Orosius , and others. During the early Middle Ages, some church officials like Boniface IV employed AUC and AD dating together. Historical Roman dating employed several different dates for

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